Ultrasound curriculum taught by first-year medical students: A four-year experience in Tanzania

BACKGROUND: Diagnostic imaging is an integral aspect of care that is often insufficient, if not altogether absent, in rural and remote regions of low to middle income countries (LMICs) such as Tanzania. The introduction of ultrasound can significantly impact treatment in these countries due to its portability, low cost, safety, and usefulness in various medical assessments. This study reviews the implementation of a four-week ultrasound course administered annually from 2013-2016 in a healthcare professional school in Mwanza, Tanzania by first-year allopathic US medical students.METHODS: Participants (n=582, over 4 years) were recruited from the Tandabui Institute of Health Sciences and Technology to take the ultrasound course. Subjects were predominantly clinical officer students, but other participants included other healthcare professional students, practicing healthcare professionals, and school employees. Data collected includes pre-course examination scores, post-course examination scores, course quiz scores, demographic surveys, and post-course feedback surveys. Data was analyzed using two-tailed t-tests and the single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA).RESULTS: For all participants who completed both the pre- and post-course examinations (n=229, 39.1% of the total recruited), there was a significant mean improvement in their ultrasound knowledge of 42.5%, P<0.01.CONCLUSION: Our data suggests that trained first-year medical students can effectively teach a point of care ultrasound course to healthcare professional students within four weeks in Tanzania. Future investigation into the level of long-term knowledge retention, impact of ultrasound training on knowledge of human anatomy and diagnostic capabilities, and how expansion of an ultrasound curriculum has impacted access to care in rural Tanzania is warranted.     

Cultural encounters in reflective dialogue about nursing care: a qualitative study

Title.  Cultural encounters in reflective dialogue about nursing care: a qualitative study.
Aim.  This paper is a report of a study to explore how students developed reflective nursing practice through cultural encounters between students from Tanzania and Norway.
Background.  Nursing students need to develop cultural care competence to care for patients in a globalized world. One way to achieve this goal may be through international practice experience. Previous studies have shown that students visiting developing countries matured personally and intellectually more than those who experienced encounters between developed countries.
Method.  The study was exploratory, using qualitative data about nursing practice and cultural encounters experienced by nursing students from Tanzania and Norway. Data were collected through participatory observation, students' logs and focus group interviews in 2006.
Findings.  The encounter was characterized with an open attitude facilitating a good context for co-learning between the students. Three main themes were identified. The Norwegian students emphasized nurse–patient relationships, individualized care, direct communication and emotional involvement. The Tanzanian nursing students demonstrated a collectivist approach in nursing characterized by nurse–relative–patient relationships, and they emphasized curing attributes with skilful performance of procedures.
Conclusion.  A cultural encounter between students from different culture proved to be a fruitful way of teaching nurses. The opportunity to share thoughts, reflect on value systems and personal practice through dialogue with students from a different culture offer possibility in terms of cultural competence, reflexivity and consciousness of various ways practising nursing. This may contribute to bringing the practice of nursing a step forward in both cultures.     

Madagascar nursing needs assessment: education and development of the profession

Purpose: To address how Madagascar is improving nursing education and the profession to strengthen their nursing workforce. Background: The sub‐Saharan Africa nursing workforce shortage is more than 600 000. Madagascar measures among affected countries. Nursing in Madagascar with reference to the Malagasy Lutheran Church Health Department (SALFA) is examined in this paper. The Malagasy Lutheran Nursing School (SEFAM) was established in 1956 to prepare nurses and midwives. The school recently relocated to better meet SALFA goals to increase nurses in the system and improve nursing education. A US nursing faculty and the SEFAM director proposed to conduct programme assessment to ensure that nursing and midwifery education meet health, social and community needs in Madagascar. Data source/methods: An in‐depth needs assessment of the school programme, facilities and resources occurred. Site visits and informal interviews were held. Field study visits to nursing schools and health‐care facilities in Kenya and Tanzania assisted the authors in learning how nursing developed in those countries. Data analysis included comparison of the authors' comprehensive notes for congruity and accuracy. Outcomes: Strategies are needed to support and maintain quality education, improve quality and quantity of nursing care services in hospitals and dispensaries, and improve conditions for nurses and other health‐care workers. Compared with Madagascar, Kenya and Tanzania have more well‐developed systems of nursing education and professional development. Limitations: There were limited written sources for some information but methods, such as verbal accounts, compensated for this limitation. Implications/conclusions: Implications include advantages, disadvantages, facilitators and barriers to nursing educational and professional development in Madagascar. Development of nursing education, regulation and the profession will continue with support from key stakeholders. Kenya and Tanzania can serve as role models for Madagascar nurses. Countries with similar nursing education and professional development issues can be informed by lessons learned in this project.     

基于创客模式本科护生创新能力培养的效果观察

目的 基于创客模式开展护理创新课程,探讨对本科护生创新能力的影响。方法 选取某医学院2016级护理本科的一个教学班级护生（n=57）作为研究对象,开展基于创客模式的创新课程教学,比较创新课程教学前后护生的创造力倾向和创造性思维,并通过调查法了解护生对基于创客模式创新教学的效果评价。结果 课程干预后本科护生的创造力倾向与创造性思维得分均高于干预前,干预前创造力得分为（109.52±7.48）分,干预后创造力得分为（114.02±6.47）分;干预前创造性思维得分为（17.54±4.58）分,干预后创造性思维得分为（21.12±4.12）分,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）,本科护生对该教学模式持肯定态度。结论 基于创客模式的创新教学有助于激发本科护生创新意识,培养其创新思维并提高其的创新能力。     

护理硕士专业学位研究生循证护理课程的效果评价

目的评估护理硕士专业学位研究生循证护理(evidence-based nursing,EBN)课程的教学效果。方法便利抽样法选取本校护理学院2013、2014级护理硕士专业学位研究生62名为研究对象。采用中文版循证实践知识、态度、行为问卷(evidence-based practice questionnaire,EBPQ)和EBN课程反馈问卷在EBN课程教学前、后对学生进行教学评价。结果在接受EBN课程后,护理硕士专业学位研究生的循证实践行为、态度、知识技能3个维度的得分及总分较课程前均有很大提升(均P0.01)。学生对EBN课程的反馈评价良好,对教学内容、教学方法、考核方式、总体评价的满意度分别为91.9%、85.5%、85.5%、90.3%。结论在护理硕士专业学位研究生教育中开展循证护理课程,能提升学生的循证实践知信行水平,其对课程满意度较高。     

全程护理模式在雾化吸入治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺气肿患者中的应用效果

目的 探讨全程护理模式在雾化吸入治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺气肿患者中的应用效果。方法 选取我院2019年3月至2021年3月接收的102例老年慢性阻塞性肺气肿患者,根据随机数字表法将其分为对照组（51例,雾化吸入治疗+常规护理）和观察组（51例,雾化吸入治疗+全程护理）。比较两组患者的肺功能指标、护理效果及护理满意度。结果 干预后,观察组的FEV1、FVC、FEV1/FVC均高于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组的护理总有效率为96.08%,显著高于对照组的82.35%(P<0.05)。观察组的护理满意度为96.08%,显著高于对照组的82.35%(P<0.05)。结论 全程护理模式在雾化吸入治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺气肿患者中的应用效果显著,能够有效促进患者肺功能恢复,提高护理效果和护理满意度。     

Professional nursing care in Tanzania: a descriptive study of nursing care in Ilembula Lutheran Hospital in Tanzania

The purpose of this ethnonursing study is to find new knowledge of the professional nursing care practised in a Bantu cultural context in Tanzania The main questions are How do Bantu nurses describe nursing? What components are there in professional nursing care in Ilembula Lutheran Hospital? The data were collected through participant observation, interviews and personal working diaries in Ilembula Lutheran Hospital Six Tanzaman nurses were interviewed The findings indicated that nursing was based on formal training on one hand, and on a natural mother-child relationship on the other hand The idea of respect towards life, which is central to the Bantu philosophy of life, guided nursing care In professional nursing care there emerged curing and caring components Protection, encouragement and comfort were distinguished as the main constructs of caring     

Road2IR: Supporting the Global Development of Interventional Radiology Nursing

This article discusses the global health-care initiative Road2IR to improve health care throughout the world starting with Tanzania. Although Road2IR is a multidisciplinary program, this article will focus on nursing development. We discuss the global importance of education and the advancement of interventional radiology nursing. The goal is to improve patient safety and well-being.     

Seminar-CBL联合模式在护生人际交往效能感及护患沟通能力中的应用*

目的: 探讨Seminar-CBL联合模式对强化护理本科生人际交往效能感和护患沟通能力的实践效果。方法: 基于《护理人际沟通》课程教学,将147名大三护生随机分为对照组与观察组,对照组按传统的传授式进行教学;观察组则采用Seminar-CBL联合模式,课程结束后比较两组教学效果的差异。结果: 观察组在人际交往效能感、护患沟通能力、课程考核成绩、护生满意率方面均优于对照组（P<0.05）。结论: Seminar-CBL联合模式有助强化护生人际交往效能感和护患沟通能力。     

在本科护理教育中设置循证护理课程的研究

目的探讨在本科护理教育中设置循证护理课程,为循证护理教育和临床护理人员循证实践的相关培训提供依据和参考。方法采用德尔菲专家咨询法对17名护理管理、临床护理、护理教育专家进行3轮问卷调查,听取专家的意见和建议,筛选循证护理课程设置指标条目。结果 70.59%的专家认为在护理专业本科教育中开设循证护理课程"非常必要",29.41%的认为"必要";70.59%的专家建议将循证护理课程列入护理专业本科的选修课程,学时数为17-24学时;76.47%的专家建议将循证护理课程安排在整个护理学学习的中后期,即基础课程学习后期,临床实习前期;76.47%的专家建议从事临床工作的教师担任本科循证护理课程教学任务。结论本科循证护理课程开课形式为选修课;开课时机为基础课程学习后期,临床实习前期;学时数为17-24学时;师资来源为从事临床工作的临床教师。     

全程无缝隙多护理联合模式在儿童面部清创缝合中的应用

目的 探讨全程无缝隙多护理联合模式在儿童面部清创缝合中应用效果.方法 800例儿童面部清创缝合患者分别采用两种不同的护理方式,其中常规护理方式493例(常规组),全程无缝隙多护理联合模式方式307例(多护理联合组).比较两种护理方式的手术效率、患儿配合的、满意度、随访依从性及疼痛评分.结果 全程无缝隙多护理联合模式患儿...     

Development of the undergraduate nursing course in the University of Manchester

The diploma in community nursing was set up in the University of Manchester in 1959 and was unique in the United Kingdom (UK) as an experimental course in nurse education in which nursing was taught as a university subject. It sought to provide a university education in nursing, demonstrating also that integration of hospital and community nursing was possible in the basic course. It was thought that this might prove a better preparation for health visiting than the conventional method of following nurse training by a special course in public health nursing. In 1964, at the end of the experimental period, the course was revised and better integration of practical experience was achieved. The student also had greater opportunity to participate in university activities, an essential aspect of university education. Recruitment to the course increased considerably over the years and it was evident that there were sufficient entrants of high calibre whose work was of a quality comparable to that in degree courses. The revised course therefore became the prototype for a degree course and, in 1969, the first group of students graduated bachelor of nursing.
Miss Jean K. McFarlane was appointed head of nursing studies in 1971, becoming the first professor of nursing in England and Wales in 1974. Since 1972, the annual intake of students has been increased from 12 to 25, though this number has been exceeded (153 students in the years 1972–1976). Courses have also been developed for qualified and experienced nurses–a diploma in advanced nursing studies and a master of science degree course (nursing option). Since 1970, research fellows have also been appointed, firstly in the department of social and preventive medicine and secondly, since its inception, in the department of nursing.     

The implementation of a mental health nursing clinical course in a rehabilitation setting

Locating clinical sites for psychiatric/mental health nursing students had become increasingly difficult due to deinstitutionalization of mental health patients. The rehabilitation setting provides a unique opportunity for student nurses to learn about adjustment to disability and other psychosocial issues related to disability. A clinical course was developed and implemented by two rehabilitation clinical nurse specialists at a 55-bed regional rehabilitation center at the request of an associate degree nursing program. The clinical course helped nursing students meet the requirements for their psychiatric/mental health nursing course. The objectives and content for the clinical course are described in this paper. Implementation of the course was successful and the program has been repeated for three years.     

基于峰终定律的带教模式在实习护生带教中应用效果

目的 探讨基于峰终定律的带教模式在实习护生带教过程中的应用效果。方法 选取2020年实习的150名实习护生,将其随机分成对照组和观察组,对照组采用传统带教方法,观察组实施基于峰终定律的带教方法,将带教过程分为熟悉环境阶段、理论浸润阶段、能力提升阶段以及素养渗透阶段。实施“分阶段、渐进性”的带教模式,运用自行设计的带教满意度调查量表和一般自我效能感量表对2组进行评估。结果 对照组自我效能得分为（28.54±2.84）分,观察组得分为（34.32±2.09）分,2者比较,差异有统计学意义（t=14.20,P<0.01）。观察组护生对教学计划、教学内容、教学方式、课程安排、带教老师的满意度均高于对照组（P<0.01）。结论 带教过程中实施基于峰终定律的带教模式,有效地把护生的真实需求和峰值体验与带教过程和带教内容紧密结合,将峰值体验融入带教过程,调动护生的主观能动性,激发护生的实习兴趣,还增加了实习护生的自信和底气,提高了自我效能感,提升了护生的学习质量,增加了师生之间的信任。     

护理模拟引导者培训课程的初步构建

目的 构建护理模拟引导者的培训课程,促进护理模拟教育学科的理论与实践研究。方法 通过文献回顾、现状调查、专家咨询及层次分析法,确定护理模拟引导者培训课程及各指标权重。结果 2轮专家咨询的问卷回收率分别为88.46%、100%,专家权威系数均数为0.881,专家肯德尔和谐系数分别为0.203、0.244（均P<0.01）。最终形成的护理模拟引导者培训课程包括5个维度、24个一级指标、95个二级指标。结论 构建的护理模拟引导者培训课程具有较高的可靠性,可为护理教师的模拟教学能力培养与护理模拟教学学科发展提供借鉴与参考。     

微课程在基础护理教学中的实践研究

目的探讨将微课程应用于基础护理学教学对提高护生的学习效果和自我导向学习能力的影响。方法 2015年9-12月采用整群抽样方法,选取上海中医药大学二年级护理本科护生166名为研究对象,根据其自主选课分为教学观察组和对照组。对照组护生采用传统教学模式,观察组护生采用微课程学习,干预时间为4个月。以学期末的理论和操作考核成绩作为评价护生微课程的学习效果,以自我导向学习能力量表评估微课程教学后护生自我导向学习能力的变化。结果护生对于基础护理学微课程的接受度较高,网上资源的访问量平均71次/人,线上讨论次数平均6次/人,100%完成了学习任务点。实施微课程教学前后对两组护生期末考试理论成绩及自我导向学习能力,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组护生操作成绩高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论基础护理学引入微课程教学模式,护生接受度高,与传统教学的教学效果无明显差别,但能明显提高护生的操作实践能力。     

Effects of self-reflection-focused career course on career search efficacy,career maturity,and career adaptability in nursing students: A mixed methods study

BackgroundCareer education in nursing can affect career search efficacy, career preparation behavior, career maturity, perception of the nursing profession, and decision-making style. Reflection is essential for an in-depth approach to learning, and plays an important role in professional practice as well as in improving learning.PurposeThe aim is to investigate the effects of a self-reflection-focused career course, and what could improve a self-reflection-focused career course.MethodsAn explanatory sequential mixed methods design was used. The career search efficacy, career maturity, and career adaptability were measured three times in both the experimental and the control group. After the class ended, a focus group interview was conducted with the students in the experimental group.ResultsThe quantitative results suggested that the self-reflection focused career course was more effective on career adaptability than the general career course (F = 4.60, p < .001). The qualitative findings supported the quantitative results and also provided new information, in which nursing students became acquainted with themselves through the self-reflection-focused career course, developed a positive mind about nursing, had realized that they were well-connected to nursing care, and that they would prepare the future nurse.ConclusionThe self-reflection-focused career course was effective tools in the career development of nursing students.     

循证护理课程教学效果的评价

目的 评价在护理学专业研究生课程进修班开设循证护理课程的教学效果.方法 以复旦大学护理学院研究生课程进修班学生为研究对象,2007级为实验组（22名）参与36学时的循证护理教育,2006级为对照组（26名）.使用课题小组自行设计的问卷评价教学效果.结果 一学期的教学结束后,实验组教学后循证护理理论知识得分（Z=3.582,P〈0.01）和文献评鉴技能得分（t=3.674,P〈0.01）较对照组显著提高;但实验组循证护理态度得分与对照组比较差别无统计学意义（t=0.310,P〉0.05）;课程反馈问卷评价中,学生认为循证护理课程教学内容深浅合适、讲解透彻、基本能够掌握;访谈结果提示,通过系统学习,学生能够运用循证护理的方法开展系统评价和循证护理实践,但该课程具有一定的挑战性,学生对该课程的内容和安排提出建设性意见.结论 系统循证护理教学能够提高护理专业研究生课程进修班学生的循证护理理论知识和实践技能,对学生循证护理态度的影响仍需进一步研究加以证实.     

护理专业本科教学计划分析

为了分析我国高等护理教育教学计划的优缺点，为教学改革提供基础依据，笔者对北京医科大学、天津医科大学、中国医科大学等19所医学院校护理本科专业教学计划中开设课程门数、课时数及课程结构进行统计分析。显示：我国护理本科专业教学计划平均开设课程39门，教学总时数3638．4学时，其中公共课和医学基础课占总时数的54．35％，护理学专业课程总计不足20％。讲习比例为1．61：1，理论课所占比例明显偏大，和临床医学本科相比教学任务偏重。有多数院校没有涉及到护理科研教学．建议按照突出护理、注重整体、加强人文、体现社区的原则修订护理本科专业的教学计划．使其更能体现护理专业的特点。