系数倍率法测定痤疮酊中氯霉素和水杨酸的含量

目的　建立测定痤疮酊中氯霉素和水杨酸含量的方法。方法　采用系数倍率法。结果　测定波长为 2 31nm和2 78nm ,水杨酸和氯霉素的平均回收率分别为 10 0 9% (RSD =0 9% )和 99 8% (RSD =0 7% )。结论　本方法准确、简单、快速 ,可作为痤疮酊中氯霉素和水杨酸的含量测定方法。     

双波长光谱法测定复方氯霉素酊中氯霉素与水杨酸的含量

目的：对复方氯霉素酊的含量测定进行研究。方法：采用双波长光谱法不经分离直接测定复方氯霉素酊中氯霉素与水杨酸的含量。选定氯霉素的测定波长为274．5nm,参比波长为326nm;水杨酸的测定波长为290nm,参比波长为260nm。结果：平均回收率：氯霉素为99．4％,RSD为1．8％（n=6),水杨酸为100．1％,RSD为2．1％（n=6)。结论：该方法简便、快速,准确可靠,适用于该制剂的含量测定。     

联立方程新解法测定复方氯霉素洗剂中两组分含量

目的研究复方氯霉素洗剂中水杨酸和氯霉素的含量测定方法。方法采用联立方程新解法，以两组分的最大吸收波长277．4nm和296．4nm为测定波长，以水作为空白，不经分离直接测定。结果氯霉素的平均回收率为99．96％，RSD为0．83％（n=5）；水杨酸的平均回收率为100．27％，RSD为0．89％（n=5）。结论所用方法简便快速，重现性好，消除了两组分的相互干扰，结果满意。     

氯霉素滴眼液及其相关物质二醇物的毛细管电泳分析法

目的　建立适合氯霉素滴眼液含量测定及其杂质二醇物检测的高效毛细管电泳定量检测方法。 方法 　采用毛细电泳法 ,以水杨酸为内标 ,运行电压 2 5 KV,运行缓冲液为 2 5 mmol· L- 1 磷酸盐缓冲液 (p H=6.0 ) ,检测波长 2 14 nm。结果 　氯霉素滴眼液及二醇物线性范围分别为 5 0～ 2 5 0 μg·ml- 1 (r=0 .9992 )和 4.0～ 2 0 .0 μg· ml- 1 (r=0 .9988)。平均回收率分别为 99.8%和 10 1.5 % ,RSD分别为 0 .8%和 2 .0 % (n=5 )。结论 　本方法能同时进行含量测定和杂质检测 ,对控制氯霉素滴眼液的质量有一定的价值     

氯雌霜中氯霉素的含量测定

目的　对氯雌霜中氯霉素的含量测定。方法　采用单波长分光光度法 ,在 (2 74± 1)nm波长处检测。结果　平均回收率为 10 0 .2 % ,RSD =0 .30 % (n =5 )。结论　检测方法简便 ,结果准确 ,适用于医院制剂的质量控制。     

双波长分光光度法测定复方鬼臼毒素酊剂含量

目的 :采用双波长分光光度法测定复方鬼臼毒素酊剂中鬼臼毒素和水杨酸含量。方法 :以 95 %乙醇为溶媒 ,在波长为 2 5 9,2 92 ,30 3,313nm处进行测定。结果 :鬼臼毒素在 4～ 32 μg·mL-1,水杨酸在 8～ 6 4 μg·mL-1浓度范围内 ,浓度与吸收度差值线性关系良好 ,鬼臼毒素平均回收率为 10 0 2 8% ,RSD为 0 4 3% (n =6 ) ,水杨酸平均回收率为 10 0 72 % ,RSD为 0 38% (n =6 )。结论 :该方法测定简便、快速、准确可靠 ,适用于医院制剂快速分析     

梯度洗脱高效液相色谱法测定宁肤露中3 组分的含量

目的 :建立梯度洗脱反相高效液相色谱法测定宁肤露中水杨酸、醋酸氯己定、醋酸地塞米松含量的方法。方法 :ODS2色谱柱 ;流动相 :乙腈 0 .0 1mol·L-1 磷酸氢二钠溶液 (用磷酸调 pH3.6 )梯度洗脱 ,检测波长 2 4 0nm。结果 :水杨酸、醋酸氯己定、醋酸地塞米松的平均回收率分别为 99.4 5 %,RSD为 1 .1 %(n =9) ;99.33%,RSD为 1 .4 %(n =9) ;1 0 0 .1 %,RSD为1 .1 %(n =9)。结论 :用HPLC同时测定宁肤露中水杨酸、醋酸氯己定、醋酸地塞米松含量 ,操作简便 ,结果准确。     

吸收度比值分光光度法测定复方氯霉素洗剂含量

目的对复方氯霉素洗剂中氯霉素和水杨酸进行定量。方法应用吸收度比值分光光度法不经分离直接在278nm、296nm波长处直接测定。结果氯霉素在6～14μg·mL-1范围内呈线性关系,r=0.9997,平均回收率100.6±0.7%(RSD=0.7%,n=5),水杨酸在12～28μg·mL-1范围内呈线性关系,r=0.9998,平均回收率99.4±0.8%(RSD=0.8%,n=5)。结论方法简单,结果准确。     

复方氯霉素醇溶液中氯霉素和水杨酸的含量测定

目的建立复方氯霉素醇溶液中氯霉素和水杨酸的含量测定方法.方法采用联立方程组新解法,测定复方氯霉素醇溶液中氯霉素和水杨酸的含量.结果测定波长为278 nm和296 nm,平均回收率氯霉素为98.38%,RSD＝0.85%;水杨酸为99.41%,RSD＝0.70%.结论该法适宜于测定复方氯霉素醇溶液中氯霉素和水杨酸的含量.     

最小二乘——分光光度法测定复方氯霉素洗剂中二组分的含量

本文应用最小二乘——分光光度法,借助微机,选择10个波长,不经分离同时测定复方氯霉素洗剂中氯霉素和水杨酸的含量,平均回收率(n=5):氯霉素100.11％,RSD=0.78％;水杨酸99.85％,RSD=0.56％。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.