重要人兽共患寄生虫病研究进展

人兽共患寄生虫病不仅严重威胁人体健康,而且一些还造成畜牧业的巨大经济损失。因此,本文主要就危害严重的人兽共患寄生虫病如血吸虫病、弓形虫病、猪带绦虫病、疟疾和旋毛虫病的致病性、侵袭机制、诊断方法等方面的最新研究进行概述,尤其是分子生物学技术在诊断和预防人兽共患疾病中的应用,以及新的防治方法及策略。目的是提高人们对上述人兽共患寄生虫病的认识,了解最新研究进展,积极主动预防和控制人兽共患寄生虫病的发生。     

胰岛素分泌细胞的来源

糖尿病是严重危害人类健康的重大疾病之一。且近年来此病的发病率星上升趋势，目前治疗该病的有效方法是胰岛索治疗，给社会和家庭带来了沉重的负担。胰岛移植虽是治疗此病的有效手段，但面临胰岛供体匮乏，免疫排斥以及使用免疫抑制剂给病人带来痛苦等困难。能找到可以避免上述困难又能有效分泌胰岛素的细胞将给亿万糖尿病病人带来福音。     

隐孢子虫病原分类研究进展

隐孢子虫是一种危害严重的人兽共患的传染病原，不但给畜牧业生产造成巨大损失，甚至威胁人类健康，已成为全球寄生虫学和环境科学领域研究的热点之一，具有重要的公共卫生意义。本文就隐孢子虫在分类学上的研究进展作一综述。     

隐孢子虫体外培养研究进展

隐孢子虫是一种重要的人兽共患寄生性原虫,可引起儿童和免疫低下人群以及幼龄动物发生严重胃肠道疾病.长期以来围绕建立隐孢子虫体外培养模型国外学者做了大量探索,国内则在该领域尝试不多.为了研究隐孢子虫详细的内生发育过程,快速筛选抗隐孢子虫的有效药物、研究功能基因表达和外源基因的有效表达等,需要建立有效的体外培养模型.本文就20多年来国内外隐孢子虫培养概况进行了综述.     

狂犬病毒疫苗新研究

狂犬病是由狂犬病毒引起的世界性人兽共患疾病，几乎遍及世界各个国家和地区。它的传播途径主要为咬伤，一旦临床症状出现，病人则无可挽救地死亡，自然条件免疫群永远不会建立。目前尚无有效的治疗方法，其控制主要依赖于疫苗的接种即是一种建立免疫群的方法。随着分子生物学研究的飞速发展，狂犬病毒分子生物学方面亦取得了显著进展。这对于研究狂犬病毒的基因工程疫苗具有重要指导意义。     

几种内科主要疾病防治指南研究

21世纪的疾病控制既面临挑战又充满机遇。糖尿病、高血压、冠心病、脑卒中、恶性肿瘤、意外伤亡等非传染病的发病率不断增多 ,对人类健康构成巨大威胁 ,也给社会带来巨大负担 ,并随着人口的老化、环境污染、国际、国内旅游业的发展及病原体的演变等等 ,使疾病控制面临巨大的挑战。同时 ,人口素质的提高 ,健康教育的促进、医学的发展、新疫苗的不断问世及新的有效预防措施的实施 ,又使 2 1世纪的疾病控制充满机遇。预防为主是几种内科主要疾病控制的主旋律。1　循证医学在内科疾病的应用近年来 ,心血管疾病防治的巨大进展和大量的随机双盲、…     

曼氏血吸虫Sm28GST疫苗研究进展

曼氏血吸虫病（schistosomiasis mansoni）是由曼氏血吸虫（Schistosoma，mansoni，Sm）引起的一种严重危害人类健康的人兽共患寄生虫病．主要流行于非洲、拉丁美洲和亚洲的53个国家和地区。本文综述了Sm28GST蛋白分子、DNA疫苗、rSt疫苗以及rBCG疫苗等方面的研究进展。     

日本血吸虫Sj23疫苗研究进展

血吸虫病是一种严重危害人类健康的人兽共患寄生虫病,研制疫苗防治该病已成为目前研究的热点领域。本文主要针对日本血吸虫膜蛋白（Sj23）的重组抗原、蛋白质疫苗、DNA疫苗、树突状细胞疫苗等方面的研究进展作综述。     

血吸虫14-3-3蛋白疫苗的研究现状

血吸虫病是一种严重危害人类健康的人兽共患寄生虫病,主要流行于亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲的76个国家和地区。采用疫苗防治该病是当前研究的热点领域,本文综述了血吸虫14-3-3的蛋白质疫苗、DNA疫苗、rBCG疫苗、重组酵母疫苗和Bm-Sj14疫苗等方面的研究现状。     

弓形虫分子生物学诊断和基因型鉴定的研究进展

弓形虫病是一种呈世界性分布的人兽共患寄生虫病，严重危害人体健康并给全世界的畜牧业造成巨大的经济损失。但弓形虫病缺乏特异性临床症状和体征，诊断较为困难。传统的检测方法如病原学诊断、免疫学检测等费时且不够稳定。而以核酸扩增技术为基础的分子生物学技术的迅速发展。如实时定量PCR（RT-PCR）、巢式-PCR和PCR-RFLP等的应用，不仅为弓形虫病的诊断提供了快速、灵敏、特异及稳定的检测方法，而且通过对病原基因型的分析鉴定为弓形虫群体生物学、流行病学、疫苗研究及对基因型和疾病模式之间潜在的相关性研究等提供重要的依据。     

中国人群弓形虫病的流行特征分析

弓形虫病Toxoplasmsis是由刚地弓形虫Toxoplasma gondii引起的一种人兽共患寄生虫病,呈世界性分布.近年来我国人们生活方式和饮食习惯的改变及＂宠物热＂的现象增多,增加了弓形虫的感染机会,为探讨我国人群弓形虫感染情况,本文对近年来我国弓形虫病流行病学研究情况作一综述.     

Atopic dermatitis in children and adults

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disease characterized by itching and typical clinical features, depending on patient age. It is often associated with other atopic diseases such as asthma or allergic rhinitis, resulting from the complex etiology and pathogenesis. It occurs more frequently in people with genetic predisposition for atopic diseases. The intensity and extent of skin lesions (Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis, SCORAD Index) vary significantly among AD patients, depending on whether it is acute or chronic, and there are variations in laboratory parameters, especially immune. In the future, it will be necessary to reach consensus on the new criteria for defining AD instead of the old ones (brought by Hanifin and Rajka 31 years ago). What is needed is effective and safe treatment, and control of the early stages of AD as well as maintaining AD remission. The new therapeutic approach in AD has greatly improved the quality of life of AD patients. As the prevalence of the disease continues to increase, we emphasize the importance of prevention, prompt recognition and optimal treatment of the many patients with AD.     

Q Fever in Tunisia

Q fever is a common zoonosis with almost a worldwide distribution caused by Coxiella burnetii. Farm animals and pets are the main reservoirs of infection and transmission to humans is usually via inhalation of contaminated aerosols. Infection in humans is often asymptomatic, but it can manifest as an acute disease (usually a self-limited flu-like illness, pneumonia or hepatitis) or as a chronic form (mainly endocarditis, but also hepatitis and chronic-fatigue syndrome). In Tunisia, although prevalence of anti-Coxiella burnetii was high among blood donors, Q fever was rarely reported and frequently miss diagnosed by physicians. This study is a review of epidemiological and clinical particularities of Q fever in Tunisia.     

新发蜱媒传染病的国内外研究概况

蜱是一些人兽共患病的传播媒介和储存宿主,蜱媒传染病是虫媒传染病的重要组成部分。本文就国内外新发蜱媒传染病及其病原体研究热点进行扼要概述。     

Consultation rates and incidence of intercurrent morbidity among patients with chronic disease in general practice.

BACKGROUND. Information on frequency of consultation and presented morbidity among patients with chronic disease is relevant to the management of these patients in view of the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases. AIM. This study set out to examine consultation rates and incidence of intercurrent morbidity in general practice in cohorts of patients with five common chronic diseases: hypertension, chronic ischaemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic respiratory disease and osteoarthritis. METHOD. In seven practices with 15 general practitioners the records of all patients were screened for inclusion in the study. The data used for analysis were from 962 patients, whose diagnoses were made in agreement with diagnostic criteria, who were not under specialist care, and who were followed up for 21 months. A distinction was made between patients with one, or two or more of the five chronic diseases studied. For the single disease subgroups of patients with hypertension or diabetes two reference groups of people without a chronic disease, standardized for age and sex, were identified from the population in the same practices. RESULTS. Consultation rates were higher for patients with comorbidity than for patients with a single disease. Intercurrent diseases were presented more frequently to the general practitioner by patients with comorbidity than by patients with a single disease. Most intercurrent morbidity consisted of acute common diseases such as myalgia, upper respiratory tract infection and urinary tract infection. Patients with only hypertension or only diabetes had higher consultation rates than the corresponding reference group but did not have higher total incidence rates of intercurrent morbidity. CONCLUSION. Patients with chronic disease consult their general practitioner frequently, and patients with more than one chronic disease consult even more frequently. The general practitioner has to deal with chronic disease and intercurrent acute disease in a single patient.     

Picobirnavirus infections: viral persistence and zoonotic potential

Picobirnaviruses (PBVs) are small, non-enveloped, bisegmented double-stranded RNA genomic viruses of vertebrate hosts. Since their discovery in the late 1980s in clinical specimens from outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in children, significant efforts have been made to investigate the role of PBV in diarrheic diseases. PBV has been detected in sporadic episodes of diarrhea as sole pathogen or coinfection as well as in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis and in immunocompromised patients with diarrhea. However, PBV is frequently detected in non-diarrheic healthy hosts, and prolonged shedding has been observed in some individuals. Of interest, similar patterns of PBV infection have also been observed in pigs and other animal hosts. The increasing amount of PBV sequence data gathered from molecular epidemiological studies has evidenced a great sequence diversity of PBVs in various hosts and environmental samples. Importantly, evidence has been found for genetic relatedness between human and animal PBV strains, suggesting extant crossing points in the ecology and evolution of heterologous PBV strains. At present, no cell culture and animal model exists for PBVs. Well-structured epidemiological studies are still the only alternative to demonstrate the potential etiological role of PBVs in acute gastroenteritis or other diseases. This review aims to analyze the public health aspects of PBV infection, especially its possible association with zoonosis.     

中国15岁及以上居民慢性病患病情况分析

目的 分析我国15岁及以上居民慢性病患病及其分布情况。方法 2013年9月国家开展了第五次国家卫生服务现场调查,调查样本覆盖156个县（市、区）,共调查93613户、总计调查273688人。本文利用第五次国家卫生服务调查数据,从性别、年龄段、地区等维度对居民慢性病患病情况进行对比分析。结果 2013年我国15岁及以上居民慢性病患病率为330.70‰,其中男性患病率310.00‰、女性患病率350.50‰,城市居民366.70‰、农村居民294.70‰;15~24岁组、25~34岁组、35~44岁组、45~54岁组、55~64岁组和65岁及以上组慢性病患病率分别为14.40‰、38.30‰、115.00‰、235.40‰、389.00‰和539.90‰;慢性病患病率前5位的疾病分别是循环系统疾病、内分泌、营养和代谢疾病、肌肉骨骼系统和结缔组织疾病、消化系统疾病和呼吸系统疾病,其患病率分别是180.30‰、39.10‰、37.30‰、24.90‰和15.60‰。结论 我国15岁以上居民女性慢性病患病率高于男性,东部地区患病率高于中部地区、中部地区高于西部地区,随着年龄的增加慢性病患病率呈逐渐上升的趋势。     

Prevalence of atopic diseases and the use of topical corticosteroids. Is there any connection?

The prevalence of atopic diseases (atopic dermatitis, bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis) has considerably increased for the last 40 years. This tendency has coincided with the beginning of the epoch of the use of the topical corticosteroids, which have a potent immunomodulation action. This fact itself as well as a number of research results has allowed to formulate the following hypothesis: the use of topical corticosteroids in children of early age contributes to the increase of prevalence of atopic diseases in the developed countries. The offered hypothesis can explain lower prevalence of atopic diseases in rural areas and in children from families with the anthroposophic life style. In other side this hypothesis also capable to give explanation of increased level of atopic diseases among people with high socioeconomic level and in children from 1 child families. It is of a note that corticosteroids use in developing countries is limited due to economic reasons and active use of complementary medicine. If the proposed hypothesis is correct, a revision of the therapeutic approaches is necessary concerning the attitude towards application of topical corticosteroids in children suffering from various forms of eczema. The direct proof of this hypothesis can be found during prospective studies.     

Animal cutaneous mycoses in Japan

Human cases of dermatophytoses are occasionally transmitted from animals, and suffered from tinea corporis and sometimes Kerion celsi. The most frequent causative agent of these diseases is Microsporum canis. The other dermatophyte, Arthroderma benhamiae is now prevailing in rabbits, rodents and hedgehogs that are popular household pets in Japan. Therefore, some human cases of A. benhamiae infection were reported and the transmission of this infection from rabbits and rodents was confirmed.Cryptococcosis is regarded as dangerous zoonosis, but its transmission from animal to peoples has not been documented in Japan. Animal cases of cryptococcosis are possible to increase in number by developing immunosuppressive animals as well as by spreading of newly introduced C. gattii to Japan.Animal cases of sporotrichosis are rarely reported in Japan. However, feline sporotrichosis should be prevented and promptly treated since it easily transmitted to people from cat lesions and the exudates where copious numbers of organisms are found in tissues.