兔胫骨牵引成骨后新生骨移植修复下颌骨缺损

目的 通过动物实验观察牵引成骨后新生骨是否可以作为自体骨移植材料修复兔下颌骨缺损,并探讨其成骨过程。方法 12只大耳白兔行单侧胫骨牵引,延长14mm后,截取1.2cm×0.5cm×0.5cm大小的新生骨修复左侧下颌骨缺损,对侧为自体髂骨移植做对照。结果 早期新生骨移植后成骨现象明显,12周后两者对兔下颌骨缺损的修复情况已无明显区别。结论 本实验表明,牵引成骨后生成的新生骨可以作为下颌骨缺损的修复材料。     

三焦点牵引成骨下颌骨缺损重建的实验研究

目的探讨采用内置式三焦点牵引器在犬下颌骨骨段缺损功能重建中牵引成骨的特点、规律。方法使用内置式三焦点牵引器对4只成年犬下颌骨骨段缺损进行牵引成骨重建。制作3cm下颌骨缺损区,同期植入内置式三焦点牵引器。牵引间歇期8天,牵引速度0.5mm×2次/天,稳定期3个月。结果下颌骨牵引成骨约30mm,牵引成骨过程中无感染、成骨不良等并发症。牵引完成后第3个月X线片、组织学观察及扫描电镜观察均可见新生骨的形成,新生骨的形态、组织结构接近正常下颌骨。结论三焦点牵引成骨技术重建的颌骨形态、组织结构和功能接近正常颌骨,牵引成骨区和压力成骨区局部应用rh-BMP2可以促进新骨的形成及钙化。     

下颌骨牵引成骨过程及机理的实验研究

目的　观察猴下颌骨牵引成骨的动态过程 ,探讨其成骨方式及机理。方法　恒河猴 10只行单侧下颌骨牵引 ,间歇期 5天 ,牵引速度 0 .5mm× 2次 /日 ,共 15天。于牵引后不同时期拍摄X线片 ,行四环素荧光双标记 ,将牵引区骨块标本平分 ,上部骨块制作不脱钙树脂切片 ,5u切片行甲苯胺蓝染色 ,2 0u切片荧光显微镜下测骨组织沉积率 ;下部骨块制作脱钙石蜡切片 ,HE染色。结果　牵引后早期 ,牵引区以平行于牵引方向排列的胶原纤维为主 ,可见纤细骨小梁及大量骨吸收陷窝 ,X线片上表现为低密度透光区。稳定期新骨逐渐由两端向中间形成 ,牵引后 4周 ,牵引中心充满平行排列的骨小梁 ,新骨密度仍低于正常 ;牵引后 6～ 12周 ,牵引区粗大的骨小梁呈网状排列 ,可见成熟哈佛氏系统 ,新骨表面形成骨皮质 ,X线片表现接近正常。牵引完成时骨组织沉积率为对照组的4.2倍 ,在稳定期逐渐减慢 ,但牵引后 12周时仍较对照高 40 .91%。结论　缓慢有规律地牵引下颌骨可明显促进新骨形成速度 ,延长骨段。牵引后足够时间的稳定期是新骨生成的必要条件。牵引区主要以膜内成骨方式形成新骨 ,成骨过程为新生与改建并存。     

应用三焦点牵引成骨术重建下颌骨缺损的初步临床研究

目的:探讨三焦点牵引成骨技术在下颌骨骨段缺损重建中的应用和在重建骨行种植义齿修复牙列缺失的可行性。方法:4例下颌体骨段切除患者,使用内置式三焦点牵引器同期行下颌骨缺损牵引成骨重建。牵引间歇期8天,牵引速度0.25mm×4次/d,稳定期4个月;1例于稳定期结束后在成骨区行种植义齿修复。结果:下颌骨牵引成骨最长45mm。牵引成骨区骨量充足,组织结构及硬度接近正常颌骨。牵引成骨区种植义齿可满足正常功能的需要。结论:三焦点牵引成骨技术可成功用于下颌骨骨段缺损的功能性重建,并可满足种植义齿修复的要求。     

内置式下颌骨牵引成骨术的早期并发症及防治

目的 总结内置式下颌骨牵引成骨术(DO)术中和术后早期并发症，探讨其有效防治方法。方法 对1997年11月～2002年12月间应用DO治疗的48例(83侧)下颌骨畸形或缺损患者进行分析。其中颞下颌关节强直伴小颌畸形双侧13例、单侧9例，下颌骨发育不足或小颌畸形14例，第一、二鳃弓综合征单侧5例、双侧1例，爆炸伤或肿瘤术后缺损畸形5例，Treacher Colins综合征1例，伴睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAHS)者19例。所有病例均采用口内或(联合)口外切口并应用内置式牵引器。总结自施行手术开始至牵引完成期间的并发症及处理措施。结果 6例患者出现术中或术后早期并发症，发生率为12．5％，其中牵引机械装置故障2例，骨皮质切开术不彻底1例，早期感染1例，前牙严重开He1例，牵引早期疼痛剧烈1例，积极处理后均达到预期治疗目的。结论 减少DO术中及术后早期并发症的关键在于充分理解下颌骨牵引成骨术的机理，熟悉掌握下颌骨及邻近解剖结构，熟练操作规范，充分的术前准备和术后护理尤为重要。     

计算机辅助设计二次牵引成骨术修复下颌骨缺损

目的 探讨计算机辅助设计(CAD)在定向二次牵引成骨术修复半侧下颌骨缺损中的应用及效果.方法 8例因肿瘤术后致下颌骨缺损患者,采用三维螺旋CT扫描结合CAD,制定手术方案,定制牵引器,Ⅰ期手术牵引下颌骨体部,Ⅱ期手术牵引下颌骨升支部.结果 手术过程顺利,创口均Ⅰ期愈合,下颌外形恢复良好,局部成骨较满意,无感染等并发症.下颌骨体部单侧最大牵引幅度为5.5 cm,平均4.9 cm,升支部最大4.5 cm,平均3.6 cm.张口度3～5 cm,健侧咬合良好,均取得了满意的治疗效果.牵引完成8个月后拆除牵引器.结论 对肿瘤术后导致半侧下颌骨缺损的患者,通过CAD实现定向二次牵引成骨,效果稳定可靠.为准确诊断、确定治疗方案提供指导,为实现手术导航和下颌骨缺损的精确修复重建提供仿真平台.缺点是整个治疗时间长,需3次手术.     

MS-1型内置式下颌骨骨牵引延长器及其动物实验

目的：报告自行研究开发的内置式下颌骨骨牵引延长器,探讨其用于动物实验的可行性。方法：１５只犬采用ＭＳ－１型下颌骨牵引延长器,并进行单、双侧下颌骨体部牵引延长２０ｍｍ,并进行Ｘ线与组织学观察。结果：实验犬下颌骨牵引延长效果肯定,器械均未见断裂或松动变形,牵引区成骨明显。结论：ＭＳ－１型内置式牵引器具有临床应用可能性。     

转移盘牵引成骨整复山羊下颌骨缺损体内实验

目的：观察自行研制的转移盘牵引成骨器（bifocal distraction osteogenesis）整复山羊下颌骨节段性缺损的治疗效果。方法：采用皮质骨切开术制备转移盘,修复下颌骨缺损15mm,延迟期7d,骨牵引每日1．0mm,每日2次,牵引完成后转移盘与对侧骨残端加压压迫3d,固定期X线观察及组织学研究。结果：转移盘为带有下牙槽动脉血供的骨块,骨牵引器固位良好,下颌骨在解剖关系状态下完成骨缺损修复,固定期2周放射影象可见新骨生成,4周可见骨样结构,2－3月骨质修复完成,结论：该牵引器设计合理,固位可靠,手术方法简单,治疗程序有效,可以完成下颌骨缺损的整复。     

涉及下颌骨体部和升支部缺损的定向二次牵引成骨治疗

目的探讨分期牵引成骨技术在下颌骨体部和升支部同期缺损修复中的应用方法及临床意义。方法对2001～2006年就诊的因各种原因导致下颌骨体部和升支部同期缺损患者12例,应用计算机辅助设计制作三维头颅模型,在模型上进行牵引成骨设计,预制个性化内置式颌骨牵引器,先期完成下颌体部及角部牵引,Ⅱ期完成下颌升支牵引。结果①下颌体及角部牵引长度4.5 cm～6.0 cm,平均5.2 cm;下颌升支牵引长度4.0 cm～6.0 cm,平均5.4 cm。②创口I期愈合,下颌外形良好,无感染等情况发生,下颌体及升支部成骨良好,健侧咬颌关系无偏斜。③平均追踪37.8个月,面下1/3外形恢复良好,张口度正常,咬合关系正常,牵引器放置软组织区无红肿等炎症表现。结论三维头颅模型为下颌骨体部和升支部同期缺损分期牵引成骨修复提供了精细的设计和操作平台,分期牵引成骨修复下颌骨体部和升支部同期缺损疗效确切。     

个体化内置式牵引器在修复下颌骨部分缺损中的应用

目的：应用个体化设计的内置式下颌骨牵引器,通过牵引成骨技术修复下颌骨部分缺损。方法：对因肿瘤行下颌骨部分切除的2例患者,术前根据头颅三维模型,设计个体化内置式牵引器,同期（1例）行肿瘤切除与牵引成骨手术,或二期1例行牵引成骨手术,运用转移盘牵引方式修复下颌骨部分缺损,固定期8～9个月,行X线及CT检查。结果：2例患者均成功进行了牵引器植入手术,术后牵引顺利,其中（1例）出现伤口感染,给予抗生素后得到控制,未影响牵引成骨治疗的进行。2例患者新骨形成均良好,转移盘远端骨质连接间隙处在拆除牵引器时需以植骨或钛板固定。结论：个体化设计的内置式下颌骨牵引器,可以根据不同患者颌骨缺损情况,进行一次性复杂牵引成骨,修复下颌骨部分缺损。     

两焦点与三焦点牵张成骨方式在下颌骨缺损修复中的应用

目的对山羊下颌骨缺损进行两焦点与三焦点牵张,比较两种方式的新骨成骨量。方法将8只成年山羊随机分成两组,每组4只,分别采用两焦点和三焦点牵张成骨术来进行骨缺损修复。牵张结束后固定8周后处死两组动物取牵张区新生骨组织标本进行X线、组织学、骨密度分析。结果两组牵张区均有新骨形成,质无明显区别,在量的比较上,三焦点组X线、组织学、骨密度测定的结果均优于两焦点组,骨密度测定分析结果有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论三焦点牵张成骨在大面积颌骨缺损的修复中新骨的成骨量优于两焦点牵张成骨。     

Trifocal distraction osteogenesis for segmental mandibular defect: a technical innovation

Distraction osteogenesis in the mandible is a promising method, not only for correction of mandibular hypoplasia such as hemifacial microsomia, but also for reconstruction of segmental bone defects in the mandible. The authors report a case in which a mandibular segmental defect, about 60 mm in length, was reconstructed by distraction osteogenesis. The patient was a 45-year-old man who had been treated for an oral floor cancer. After preoperative chemotherapy and irradiation therapy, the mandible had been resected from the second incisor on the right side to the first molar on the left side, and had been reconstructed with a titanium plate and a vascularized rectus-abdominis compound flap. However, an infection developed around the titanium plate and this plate had to be removed. Therefore, trifocal distraction using an original three-dimensional distractor was performed, at the rate of 1 mm per day (0.5 mm in the morning and 0.5 mm in the evening). During the distraction period, the skin flap was pushed out from the bone defect. Although small free bone transplants were needed for complete continuity, the segmental bone defect was almost filled by the regenerated bone with the lengthened gingiva. Radiographic observation showed successful new bone formation in the lengthened area.     

Mandibular reconstruction using intraoral trifocal bone transport: report of a case

On the mandibular reconstruction after tumor resection, it is easy to achieve esthetic and functional results when mandibular defect is relative small, however, it is difficult to reconstruct adequately larger defected mandible. Recently, with progress of devices, distraction osteogenesis that is the method of tissue regeneration is used as mandibular reconstruction. A 19-year-old male patient presented complaining of right lower jaw swelling. Biopsy suspected a multiple-cystic ameloblastoma in mandible. Under the general anesthesia, a mandibulectomy was performed from the right side ramus to the left side incisor. A mandibular reconstruction plate was attached to the proximal and distal bone segments. 2 types of intraoral distraction devices were placed inside the plate. These devices had 25 mm and 60 mm distraction length. After 9 days of latency, trifocal bone transport was started by 0.5 mm 2 times activation per day. After consolidation for 23 weeks, reconstruction plate and distraction devices were removed. 2.5 m x 2.0 cm iliac bone and cancellous bone were placed in the docking site with platelet rich plasma. The mandibular defect (85 mm) was reconstructed adequately using intraoral distraction osteogenesis trifocal bone transport technique. Symmetric facial balance was achieved. Now there is no recurrence and dental implants were placed on new bone.     

两、三焦点牵张成骨在下颌骨缺损修复中的应用

目的：通过两焦点、三焦点对山羊下颌骨缺损进行牵张,比较两种牵张成骨方式的新骨成骨量。方法：将8只成年山羊随机分成两组,每组4只,分别采用两焦点和三焦点牵张成骨术进行骨缺损修复。牵张结束后固定8周,处死动物取牵张区新生骨组织标本进行X线检查、组织学检查、骨密度分析。结果：两实验组牵张区新骨生长的质无明显区别,在量的比较上,三焦点组X线检查、组织学检查、骨密度测定的结果均好于两焦点组,骨密度测定分析结果有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：三焦点牵张成骨在大面积颌骨缺损的修复中新骨的成骨量好于两焦点牵张成骨组。     

膜引导辅助弹力牵引成骨重建节段缺失下颌骨的实验研究

目的利用膜引导骨再生技术促进记忆合金牵引器弹力自动牵引成骨进程。方法手术截除杂种犬一侧下颌骨2．5-4．0cm骨段，按bi-focal牵引成骨原理安置记忆合金牵引固定装置，并将聚四氟乙烯膜覆盖于骨膜剥离的下颌骨颊侧面；术后3个月取下颌骨观察并测量骨密度和强度。结果节段缺失下颌骨得到重建，传送盘前后各形成1．5-2．5cm再生骨段；新骨高度及厚度接近正常下颌骨，骨密度和强度接近或超过正常骨半量值。结论膜引导技术可以避免骨不连，加快弹力牵引再生骨的骨化成熟过程。     

有限元法探讨犬下颌不全截骨牵张的最佳截骨量

目的 利用不完全截骨牵张成骨重建犬下颌节段缺失的有限元模型,控制截骨程度,探讨最佳截骨量.方法 有限元模型模拟不完全截骨,在加力(12N)牵张过程中观察犬下颌皮质骨逐渐加大截骨量时截骨部位的Von Mises应力,并与犬下颌骨的极限抗拉强度比较,以获得牵引时不发生断裂(骨折)的最少剩余皮质骨量.结果 牵张过程中当连接处骨片剩余1mm时,滑动骨块和骨片的连接处Von Mises应力是47.76MPa,最接近犬下颌骨的极限抗拉强度(约49.35MPa).结论 犬下颌行半侧不全截骨牵张成骨时,当连接骨片的剩余宽度小于1mm时,将大大增加牵张区骨折的危险性.     

Morphometric analysis of the Korean mandibular ramus for distraction osteogenesis using micro-computed tomography

When performing distraction osteogenesis, the osteotomy is normally applied to the cortical bone posterior to the mandibular second molar. We measured the topographic thickness of the cortical and trabecular bone of the mandibular ramus and at the mandibular canal (MC) to provide crucial anatomic data aimed at minimizing complications and elucidating the most appropriate site for placing the distractor. Forty sides of the mandibles were prepared from 20 Korean cadavers (10 men and 10 women with a mean age of 68 years). The specimens were scanned and reconstructed into three-dimensional images using a micro-computed tomography system. Coronal and horizontal sectional images of the mandibular ramus were taken at thickness intervals of 2 mm from the reconstructed three-dimensional images. Image analysis software was used to measure the thicknesses of the cortical and trabecular bone and to identify the locations of the MC within the body and the mandibular ramus on each section. The mean thicknesses of the buccal cortical plate, trabecular bone, and lingual cortical plate were 2.9 mm (men, 3.0 mm; women, 2.8 mm), 9.1 mm (men, 9.8 mm; women, 8.5 mm), and 2.2 mm (men, 2.3 mm; women, 2.1 mm), respectively. The distance from the buccal surface of the mandible to the MC increased from 5.3 to 10.0 mm (men, 5.3-10.0 mm; women, 5.3-9.1 mm) when moving progressively anterosuperior from the mandibular angle region. Morphometric analyses of the mandibular ramus can provide crucial data when performing mandibular osteotomy and locating an appropriate placement site for a distractor device during the distraction-osteogenesis procedure.     

内置自动弹力牵引成骨装置的设计应用

目的　完善记忆合金弹力牵引器的辅助固定导引装置设计,初步探索其应用的可行性。方法　利用正弦波形记忆合金弹力牵引器、医用重建钛板、小型钛板配合构成内置式自动弹力牵引装置,构建牵引成骨重建下颌骨颏部约6 cm节段缺失的杂种犬动物模型,观察新型装置的应用效果。结果　实验设计装置可基本按照预想方式自动完成骨牵引,手术后2个月内即可形成节段再生骨,可延长截短的双侧下颌骨。结论　内置自动弹力牵引装置显示了实际应用的可行性和优越性,但在牵引力控制等方面还需要深入研究。     

内置式曲线牵张器修复下颌角缺损的实验研究

目的:探讨自行设计的曲线牵张器修复下颌角弧形骨质缺损的可行性,曲线式牵张成骨的方式及其特点。方法:山羊4只,建立左侧下颌角弧形缺损的动物模型,制造骨转移盘,用自行设计的内置式曲线牵张器行BDO整复,牵引过程中摄X线片,进行骨密度测定,观察牵引进度及牵引间隙的成骨情况。结果:4只山羊中1只术后第3 d死亡,1只在牵引的末期牵引钢丝折断,2只顺利完成牵引,X线观察及骨密度测定见骨转移盘成功地沿预定的路径被牵引至缺隙的另一侧,固定2个月后牵引间隙的骨质已经与正常骨质的密度无显著性差异。结论:自行设计的内置式曲线牵张器可以完成下颌角弧形骨质缺损的修复。     

Vertical distraction osteogenesis of the mandible applied to an iliac crest graft: report of a case

OBJECTIVES: This clinical case represents a particular application of vertical distraction osteogenesis of the mandible. The surgical technique was applied to an iliac crest bone graft previously positioned on an anterior mandibular defect with the aim to restore the vertical height after a partial resorption in a trauma patient. CASE REPORT: Distraction osteogenesis was applied because it was necessary to restore the mandibular height in a young male patient who presented with a post-trauma anterior mandibular bony deficiency. Because of the irregularity of the mandibular surface and the depth of the defect, the patient first underwent an iliac crest bone grafting that, after 3 months, showed partial resorption. Vertical distraction osteogenesis was performed on the grafted mandible in order to obtain a satisfactory bony height of the mandibular ridge. Then the patient was successfully rehabilitated by means of an implant-supported prosthesis. CONCLUSION: Vertical distraction osteogenesis appears to be a versatile surgical procedure, which can be applied as a secondary treatment in patients presenting with mandibular trauma sequelae.