左布比卡因与吗啡硬膜外术后镇痛对细胞因子、皮质醇影响的临床研究

目的观察左布比卡因与吗啡硬膜外术后镇痛对白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和皮质醇的影响。方法择期下腹部手术病人32例随机分为4组。术毕前15min,分别负荷量后PCEA,泵100ml生理盐水中含吗啡6mg(M组),左布比卡因0.15g(L组),吗啡4mg 左布比卡因0.125g(ML组),C组为100ml生理盐水。测术前、术毕、术后1、2、5天IL-6、TNF-α和皮质醇浓度。结果各组术毕及术后1天皮质醇浓度均高于术前(P<0.05),术后2天C组仍高于术前(P<0.05)。术后1和2天,M组、L组、ML组血清皮质醇浓度均低于C组(P<0.05),ML组最低。各组血清IL-6、TNF-α浓度于术毕至术后2天均较术前升高(P<0.05)。术后1和2天,M组、L组、ML组IL-6、TNF-α浓度均低于C组(P<0.05),ML组最低。镇痛效果MR组最优。结论吗啡与左布比卡因单独或联合硬膜外镇痛能减少血清皮质醇、IL-6和TNF-α的升高,应激反应较轻。     

术前应用低分子肝素对老年人工髋关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓的预防作用

目的 探讨术前应用低分子肝素(LMWH)预防老年人工髋关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)的有效性和安全性.方法 全麻下行人工髋关节置换术患者50例,年龄>65岁,随机分为治疗组(T组)和对照组(C组),每组25例.治疗组:术前2天,每天下午4点于患者腹部皮下注射LMWH 5 000 U;术后每天注射1次,剂量同术前,术后治疗7天.对照组术前、术后均不应用LMWH.2组术后处理相同.记录治疗组使用LMWH的并发症,评价安全性;比较2组DVT的发生率.结果 2组患者术中出血量、手术时间、血红蛋白(Hb)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).2组血小板(PLT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、D-2聚体(DD)之间差异有统计学意义.C组术后第1天及第3天PLT高于T组(P<0.05),C组PT术后第1天及第3天低于T组(P<0.05),C组术后第3天APTT低于T组(P<0.05),C组术后第1天及第3天DD水平高于T组(P<0.05).2组患者术后下肢DVT发生率差异有统计学意义,C组高于T组(P<0.05).结论 LMWH术前应用可以预防髋关节置换术后DVT的发生,对于已发生的DVT有良好的治疗效果,不良反应发生率低.     

喉罩持续正压通气对肺病患者围术期肺功能的影响

目的:通过与气管内插管对比,观察喉罩持续正压通气对术前合并有肺部疾病的老年人腹腔镜腹部手术围术期肺氧合功能的影响.方法:择期行腹腔镜腹部手术术前有肺部疾病的老年患者55例,按机械通气模式不同随机分成4组:A组15例(气管内插管,术后用SIMV模式)、B组10例(喉罩,术后用SIMV模式)、C组15例(气管内插管,术后用SIMV+CPAP模式)和D组15例(喉罩,术后用SIMV+CPAP模式).观察麻醉前(T0)、注气后1 h(T1)和2 h(T2)、拔管后45 min(T3)、术后第1天(T4)、第2天(T5)、第3天(T6)天的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)和血气分析.结果:与麻醉前相比,术中4组患者的氧合指数(OI)、肺泡氧分压-动脉血氧分压差(A-aDO2)和动脉氧分压(PaO2)于T1、T2增高.A组和B组PaO2和OI于T6恢复,A-aDO2高于T0.C组于T6完全恢复.D组于T5完全恢复.D组OI于T3、T4、T5高于A组(P<0.01),C组和D组A-aDO2从T3开始低于A组(P<0.01).A组和B组T3、T4、T5的PaCO2增高(P<0.05或P<0.01),pH变化不大(P>0.05),C组和D组变化不大(P>0.05).结论:喉罩联合持续正压通气用于伴有肺病的老年患者腹腔镜手术,能保证氧供及CO2的排出,显著改善术后肺功能.     

经阴道混合NOTES和普通腹腔镜肾切除术对机体应激反应的对照研究

目的 通过与普通腹腔镜肾切除术(LN)分阶段比较机体应激反应相关指标的变化,评价经阴道混合NOTES肾切除术(THNN)对机体的影响.方法 分别选择THNN开展初期(N1组)和后期(N2组)各20例与同期LN各20例(L1和L2组),各组全麻诱导、麻醉维持和术后镇痛方法相同,术中麻醉深度用脑电双频指数维持在50左右,分别在麻醉诱导前(T0)、手术结束时(T1)、术后第1天(T2)、术后第2天(T3)、术后第3天(T4)早6:00抽取静脉血检测空腹血糖(Glu)、皮质醇(CORT)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、C反应蛋白(CRP)含量.结果 N1组和L1组Glu值T1、T2、T3均比T0高(P<0.05),但组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组CORT、IL-6值T1、T2、T3均比T0高(P<0.05),在T1时,N1组比L1组高(P<0.05),其余时间组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组CRP值T2、T3、T4均比T0高(P<0.05),但组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);N1组手术时间较L1组长(P<0.05).N2和L2组Glu、CORT、IL-6值T1、T2、T3均比T0高(P<0.05),组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组CRP值T2、T3、T4均比T0高(P<0.05),但组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),两者手术时间亦差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 随着THNN技术改进和手术时间缩短,其对机体的应激影响与LN相似.     

乌司他丁对幕上肿瘤切除术患者血清TNF-α、MMP-9和TIMP-1的影响

目的 探讨乌司他丁对幕上肿瘤切除术患者血清肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-9和基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂(TIMP)-1的影响.方法 择期行幕上肿瘤切除术的患者纳入本研究,随机分为对照组(C组)和乌司他丁组(U组).U组在手术开始前30 min内静脉输注乌司他丁6 000 U/kg,C组则静脉输注等容量生理盐水.分别于麻醉诱导前10 min(T0)、剪硬膜即刻(T1)、术毕(T2)、术后24 h(T3)和术后72 h(T4)检测血清TNF-α、MMP-9和TIMP-1浓度.记录术后第1、3天头痛、恶心及呕吐评分,患者ICU停留时间和术后住院时间.结果 50例患者纳入本研究,每组25例.与T0比较,C组T2、T3时点血清TNF-α浓度明显升高(P＜0.05).2组T1时点血清MMP-9浓度均较T0明显升高,U组T3时点血清MMP-9浓度明显降低,2组T1～T4血清TIMP-1浓度均明显升高(P均＜0.05).与C组比较,U组T2、T3时点血清TNF-α浓度及T3时点血清MMP-9浓度明显降低(P均＜0.05),T1、T3时点血清TIMP-1浓度明显升高(P＜0.05).与C组比较,U组患者术后第1天呕吐评分降低(P＜0.05).结论 乌司他丁能够降低神经外科患者术后血清TNF-α浓度,降低术后MMP-9水平,可能具有一定的神经保护作用.     

青少年脊柱侧凸矫形术后认知功能障碍 与血清皮质醇的关系

目的观察青少年脊柱侧凸矫形手术患者的术后认知功能障碍（POCD）的发生,并探讨其 发生与血清皮质醇浓度的关系。方法选入择期行脊柱后路矫形手术患者75例,年龄11？18岁,美国麻 醉医师协会（American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA）分级I-II级。于术前1 d、术后7 d及3月采用简易 智能评估量表（MMSE）、视觉词语学习测验等一套神经心理学测验来综合评估患者的认知功能水平,同时 测定患者人院后第2天及术后第2天的血清皮质醇水平,标为T1时刻、T2时刻,并记录患者的年龄、受教 育年限等资料以及手术时间等相关指标,进行统计分析。结果66例患者配合完成所有测试及血标本采 集,根据诊断标准,术后7 d及3月分别共有19例、5例患者发生POCD,即发生率分别为28.8%、7.6%,分 别根据两次的认知功能评估结果分组,进行统计分析。术后7 d POCD组的T2时刻皮质醇浓度[（311.01 ±mol/L]较术后 7 d 非 P0CD 组[（409.63±179.28） nmol/L]低,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;术后 3 月 P0CD 组 T1 时刻的皮质醇浓度[（ 183.80±70.35）nmOl/L]较术后 3m 非 P0CD 组低[（337.35±132.77） nmol/L],且 T2 时刻该组皮质醇浓度[（214.12± 124.77） nmol/L]亦低于非 P0CD 组[（394.94± 167.64） nmol/L],差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;使用Marm-Whitney U检验分析两组皮质醇人院及术后浓度变化程度 发现,术后7 d分组中组间差异具有统计学意义（P=0.001）;对组间比较显示差异有统计学意义的变量进行 Logistic回归分析发现,术后1 d的分组中,两组皮质醇人院及术后浓度变化程度可能为POCD发生的危险 因素[P=0.046,OR=1.004,95% C/（ 1.000,1.007）]。结论青少年脊柱侧凸矫形术后认知功能障碍的发 生可能与围术期血清皮质醇浓度的变化有关,值得进一步研究。     

右美托咪定对上肢手术患者罗哌卡因肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞效果的影响

目的 评价右美托咪定对上肢手术患者罗哌卡因肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞效果的影响.方法 拟行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的上肢手术患者200例,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机分为两组:对照组(C组,n=100)和右美托咪定组(D组,n=100),C组神经阻滞用药为0.4%罗哌卡因30 mL,D组用药为右美托咪定100 μg +0.4%罗哌卡因混合液30 mL.评价感觉和运动阻滞的效果,记录感觉阻滞和运动阻滞的起效时间和维持时间,于麻醉前(T0),神经阻滞后10 min(T1)、30 min(手术开始,T2)、60 min(T3),手术结束(T4)采静脉血放免法检测血浆皮质醇浓度.记录术中恶心呕吐、呼吸抑制、心动过缓等并发症的发生情况,术中主诉疼痛的患者静脉注射芬太尼3 μg/kg,仍无法完成手术的患者则改为全身麻醉.结果 C组4例使用芬太尼,1例更改麻醉方式;D组无一例使用芬太尼,1例因患者要求更改麻醉方式,7例心动过缓.两组均未见恶心呕吐、呼吸抑制等并发症.与C组比较,D组感觉阻滞、运动阻滞维持时间延长(P<0.05),起效时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);D组T2、T3 时皮质醇浓度均低于C组(P<0.05).结论 右美托咪定联合罗哌卡因应用于肌间沟臂丛阻滞可增强后者臂丛神经阻滞效果.     

高龄病人腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术对内脏蛋白影响

目的 了解高龄病人腹腔镜与开腹结直肠癌根治术围手术期血清内脏蛋白的差异.方法 选择行腹腔镜手术高龄结直肠癌病人(腹腔镜组)20例,行开腹结直肠癌根治术高龄病人(开腹组)21例,于术前、术后第1 天、术后第2天、术后第3天晨采血,检测血清清蛋白(ALB)、前清蛋白(PRE)、转铁蛋白(TRF)、视黄醇结合蛋白(RbP)水平.结果 腹腔镜组手术时间、术中出血量和术后排气时间明显少于开腹组(t=2.268～6.615,P<0.05),两组术前ALB、PRE、TRF、RbP水平差异无显著性(P>0.05).术后第1、2、3天腹腔镜组与开腹组4种蛋白水平均较术前明显下降,差异有显著性(F=30.35～126.30,q=7.85～20.14,P<0.01);腹腔镜组及开腹组术后1～3 d组内4种蛋白水平比较,差异无显著性(P>0.05).术后第1、2 天两组之间4种蛋白水平比较,差异无显著性(P>0.05);术后第3天腹腔镜组4种蛋白水平均明显高于开腹组(t=6.55～11.16,P<0.01).结论 高龄病人腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术较开腹手术创伤小,有利于人体内脏蛋白的恢复.     

不同深度麻醉对老年腹部手术患者术后认知功能障碍及炎症反应的影响

目的探讨不同深度麻醉对老年腹部手术患者术后认知功能障碍(POCD)及炎症反应的影响。方法选择2014年6月至2016年6月于陕西中医药大学附属医院行腹部手术的老年患者90例,根据麻醉深度分为观察组和对照组,每组45例。2组患者均采取静脉-吸入复合麻醉,观察组患者术中脑电双频指数(BIS)维持在30~39,对照组患者术中BIS维持在50~59。记录2组患者入手术室时(T0)、气管插管后5 min(T_1)、开腹时(T_2)、关腹时(T_3)、气管插管拔管时(T4)的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)变化;分别于术前及术后第1、3、7天对2组患者进行简易智力状态检查(MMSE)评分,并统计POCD发生率;分别于术前、术毕及术后第1、3天检测2组患者血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、S-100β蛋白水平。结果对照组和观察组患者分别剔除5、6例,最终观察组39例、对照组40例患者获得评估。2组患者T1和T2时MAP显著低于T_0时(P<0.05),T_3及T_4时MAP与T0时比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);2组患者组内各时间点HR比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),2组患者各时间点MAP、HR比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2组患者术前MMSE评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);2组患者术后第1、3天MMSE评分显著低于术前及术后第7天(P<0.05),2组患者术后第7天MMSE评分与术前比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后第1、3天,观察组患者MMSE评分显著高于对照组(P<0.05);术后第7天,2组患者MMSE评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后第1、3、7天,观察组患者POCD发生率分别为28.21%(11/39)、15.38%(6/39)和7.69%(3/39),对照组患者POCD发生率分别为50.00%(20/40)、37.50%(15/40)和20.00%(8/40);术后第1、3天,观察组患者POCD发生率显著低于对照组(χ2=3.934、4.949,P<0.05);术后第7天2组患者POCD发生率比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.496,P>0.05)。2组患者术前血清IL-6及S-100β蛋白水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);术毕及术后第1、3天时2组患者血清IL-6及S-100β蛋白水平均显著高于术前(P<0.05);术毕及术后第1、3天,观察组患者血清IL-6及S-100β蛋白水平均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论深度麻醉(BIS维持在30~39)可降低老年腹部手术患者术后炎性因子水平和POCD发生率,减轻脑损伤。     

地佐辛对上腹部全麻手术后拔管的效果评估

目的 观察地佐辛抑制上腹部全麻患者术后气管拔管应激反应的效果和对患者意识,呼吸恢复的影响.方法 80 例择期上腹部手术患者随机分为地佐辛组(D 组) 和对照组(C 组) 各40 例,术毕前15min 停用依托咪酯,前3min 停用瑞芬太尼,术毕前15min D 组静注地佐辛5mg,C 组静注0.9% 氯化钠注射液5ml.分别于入室后诱导前(T0)、拔管后1min(T1)、3min(T2)、5min(T3) 记录收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压、心率,计算心率与收缩压乘积,并于各时点采集颈内静脉血,采用葡萄糖氧化酶法测定血糖,放射免疫法检测皮质醇浓度,记录患者清醒时间、拔管时间及拔管时患者是否出现躁动.结果 T1-T3时C 组MAP、HR、RPP 均明显高于T0 时(P<0.05),T1-T3 时MAP、HR、RPPD 组均明显低于C 组(P<0.05),T1-T3 时C 组血糖、皮质醇均明显高于T0 时(P<0.05),T1-T3 时D 组血糖、皮质醇均明显低于C 组(P<0.05),拔管时D 组躁动发生率明显低于C 组(P<0.05),患者清醒时间及拔管时间两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 全麻患者拔管前静注地佐辛可抑制拔管期的应激反应,而不影响意识恢复和呼吸恢复,不延长拔管时间.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.