虫草及其发酵制品抗氧化能力研究

目的：考察天然冬虫夏草、蛹虫草及其发酵制品水和乙醇提取物体外抗氧化活性。方法：测定样品的6个抗氧化指标：抑制亚油酸氧化的能力；清除DPPH自由基、羟自由基、过氧化氢和超氧阴离子的活性以及螯合金属离子(Fe²⁺)的效果。结果：各样品具有不同程度的抗氧化能力,没有一种提取物在所有测试中均显示出很强的活性,但可以认为天然蛹虫草水提物的抗氧化能力为8个样品中最高,它在抑制亚油酸氧化,螯合金属离子以及清除DPPH自由基和羟自由基的实验中都显示了很高的活性。研究同时表明天然及发酵虫草水和醇提物中多酚类的含量差异很大。结论：虫草及其发酵制品可作为一种潜在的天然抗氧化剂,发酵培养能够影响虫草制品的抗氧化活性,而天然与发酵虫草的抗氧化能力与其含有的多酚类的量没有显著相联。     

Evaluation of antioxidant potential of the cultured mycobiont of a lichen Usnea ghattensis

The biologically active compounds, antioxidant activities and free radical scavenging effects of dry matter of cultural medium (DMCM), filtrate (DMF) and different solvent extracts of mycobiont from lichen species Usnea ghattensis in submerged culture (UGSC) were investigated. DMF showed the strongest inhibition of lipid peroxidation as a function of its concentration, and was comparable to the antioxidant activity of BHA at the same concentration of 0.2 mg/mL. The hexane extract of mycobiont had the weakest antioxidant ability, whereas other mycobiont extracts exhibited a modest to strong inhibition of lipid peroxidation and in free radical scavenging activity. The antioxidant activities of mycobiont extracts were correlated with the presence of total polyphenol content in the extract. It was found that antioxidant components in methanol, acetone, ethanol and hexane extracts must be derived from the secondary metabolites produced by the lichen mycobiont. The results presented herein indicate that extracts of cultured mycobiont of lichen Usnea ghattensis could possibly act as chemopreventing agent with respect to free radical-related diseases.     

Determination of antioxidant activity of lichen Cetraria islandica (L) Ach

The study was aimed at evaluating the antioxidant activity of aqueous extract of C. islandica. The antioxidant activity, reducing power, superoxide anion radical scavenging and free radical scavenging activities were studied. The antioxidant activity increased with the increasing amount of extracts (from 50 to 500 microg) added to linoleic acid emulsion. About 50, 100, 250, and 500 microg of aqueous extract of C. islandica showed higher antioxidant activity than 500 microg of alpha-tocopherol. The samples showed 96, 99, 100, and 100% inhibition on peroxidation of linoleic acid, respectively. On the other hand, the 500 microg of alpha-tocopherol showed 77% inhibition on peroxidation on linoleic acid emulsion. Like antioxidant activity, the reducing power, superoxide anion radical scavenging and free radical scavenging activities of C. islandica depends on concentration and increasing with increased amount of sample. The results obtained in the present study indicate that C. islandica is a potential source of natural antioxidant.     

Antioxidant activities of some common ingredients of traditional chinese medicine, Angelica sinensis, Lycium barbarum and Poria cocos

The antioxidant activities of three popular ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine, namely Angelica sinensis (AS), Lycium barbarum (LB) and Poria cocos (PC) were evaluated in this study. The results showed that aqueous extracts of these crude drugs exhibited antioxidant activities in a concentration-dependent manner. All extracts displayed an inhibitory effect on FeCl2-ascorbic acid induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenate in vitro, with the order of activity LB > AS > PC. The tested extracts showed a superoxide anion scavenging activity ranging from 28.8% to 82.2% and anti-superoxide activity varying from 38.0% to 84.5%. Among the different extracts, LB extract exhibited the lowest IC50 values (0.77-2.55 microg/mL) in all model systems tested in this study. The present study concludes that LB extract possessed the strongest inhibition on malondialdehyde formation in rat liver homogenate, and superoxide anion scavenging and anti-superoxide formation activities. These results also suggest that LB extract is a good source of antioxidant agent in the daily dietary supplement.     

Determination of antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L. Family Lamiaceae) assayed by different methodologies

The antioxidant properties of plants have been investigated, in the light of recent scientific developments, throughout the world due to their potent pharmacological activities and food viability. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L. Family Lamiaceae) is used as a kitchen herb and as an ornamental plant in house gardens. In the present study, the possible radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of the water (WEB) and ethanol extracts (EEB) of basil was investigated using different antioxidant methodologies: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, scavenging of superoxide anion radical-generated non-enzymatic system, ferric thiocyanate method, reducing power, hydrogen peroxide scavenging and metal chelating activities. Experiments revealed that WEB and EEB have an antioxidant effects which are concentration-dependent. The total antioxidant activity was performed according to the ferric thiocyanate method. At the 50 microg/mL concentration, the inhibition effects of WEB and EEB on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion were found to be 94.8% and 97.5%, respectively. On the other hand, the percentage inhibition of a 50 microg/mL concentration of BHA, BHT and alpha-tocopherol was found to be 97.1%, 98.5% and 70.4% inhibition of peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion, respectively. In addition, WEB and EEB had effective DPPH radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, reducing power and metal chelating activities. Additionally, these various antioxidant activities were compared with BHA, BHT and alpha-tocopherol as reference antioxidants. The additional total phenolic content of these basil extracts was determined as the gallic acid equivalent and were found to be equivalent.     

Antioxidant and antihepatotoxic activities of Phellinus rimosus (Berk) Pilat

The antioxidant and antihepatotoxic activities of a wood inhabiting macrofungus, Phellinus rimosus were studied. The superoxide anion scavenging, Fe(2+)-ascorbate induced lipid peroxidation inhibiting, hydroxyl radical scavenging and nitric oxide scavenging activities of the ethyl acetate extract were determined. The results indicated that ethyl acetate extract of P. rimosus exhibited significant in vitro antioxidant activity. The ethyl acetate extract of P. rimosus also showed potent antihepatotoxic activity against carbontetrachloride-induced acute toxicity in rat liver. The amelioration of liver toxicity by the ethyl acetate extract was evident from its significant effect on the levels of serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The results suggest that hepatoprotective effect of P. rimosus is possibly related to the free radical scavenging activity.     

Inhibitory effects of water extracts from fruiting bodies of cultured Cordyceps sinensis on raised serum lipid peroxide levels and aortic cholesterol deposition in atherosclerotic mice

We investigated the effects of the water extracts of the fruiting bodies of cultured Cordyceps sinensis (WECS) on lipid metabolism in mice fed an atherogenic diet. WECS was orally administered at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks. WECS showed no toxic effects on the growth rate, liver or kidney weights of the mice. Mice fed the atherogenic diet showed marked increases in serum lipid and lipid peroxide levels and also aortic cholesterol levels, particularly cholesteryl ester level, a major lipid constituent in atherosclerotic lesions. WECS significantly suppressed the increased serum lipid peroxide level but not other lipid levels in a dose-dependent manner. WECS also suppressed the increased aortic cholesteryl ester level in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that WECS prevents cholesterol deposition in the aorta by inhibition of LDL oxidation mediated by free radicals rather than by reduction in serum lipid level. WECS may exert beneficial effects on the formation of the atherosclerotic lesion induced by oxidative stress with few side effects.     

Antioxidant and antiglycation properties of total saponins extracted from traditional Chinese medicine used to treat diabetes mellitus

Eleven antidiabetic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) extracts rich in saponins were examined for their antioxidant and antiglycation activities. The antioxidant activities of these extracts were evaluated by studying the inhibition of lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes induced by ascorbate/Fe2+, cumine hydroperoxide (CHP) or CCl4/reduced form of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). The antioxidant capacities were also evaluated by studying the scavenging of 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. The antiglycation activities of these extracts were evaluated by hemoglobin-delta-gluconolactone (delta-Glu) assay, bovine serum albumin (BSA)-glucose assay and N-acetyl-glycyl-lysine methyl ester (GK peptide)-ribose assay. Aralia taibaiensis outperformed other extracts in most of the assays except inhibition of early glycation products formation, where Acanthopanax senticosus showed higher activity. Aralia taibaiensis was particularly potent in inhibiting the late glycation and formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) on proteins. The antioxidant and antiglycation activities of most extracts were correlated with the saponin content. The results demonstrate that the antidiabetic activities of most extracts could be explained, at least in part, by their combined antioxidant and antiglycation properties.     

雪灵芝提取物清除羟自由基和抑制脂质过氧化作用

目的研究雪灵芝提取物清除羟自由基(·OH)和抑制脂质过氧化作用。方法采用组织匀浆MDA比色法测定不同浓度的雪灵芝提取物对小鼠肝脏自发性脂质过氧化的作用。利用Fenton反应产生·OH,研究雪灵芝提取物对·OH的清除作用,计算半数抑制率(IC50)。结果雪灵芝提取物对小鼠肝组织自发性MDA的抑制率醇提物水提物;·OH的IC50为醇提物水提物。结论雪灵芝提取物有较强的体外抗氧化活性,且活性与浓度呈明显的量效关系。     

Antioxidant and analgesic activities of turpentine of Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallsiana (Lamb.) Holmboe

The aim of this study is to examine possible antioxidant and analgesic activities of turpentine exudes from Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallsiana (Lamb.) Holmboe (TPN). Total antioxidant activity, reducing power, superoxide anion radical scavenging, free radical scavenging, metal chelating, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities were studied. The total antioxidant activity increased with the increasing amount of extracts (100, 300, and 500 microg) added to linoleic acid emulsion. All of the doses of TPN showed higher antioxidant activity than alpha-tocopherol. The samples showed 49, 70, and 91% inhibition on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion, respectively. On the other hand, the 300 microg of alpha-tocopherol showed 40% inhibition on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion. There is correlation between antioxidant activity and the reducing power, superoxide anion radical scavenging, free radical scavenging, metal chelating, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities. Like antioxidant activity, the reducing power, superoxide anion radical scavenging, free radical scavenging, metal chelating, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities of TPN depending on concentration and increasing with increased concentration of TPN. These properties may be the major reasons for the inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The results obtained in the present study indicate that the TPN has a potential source of natural antioxidant. In addition, analgesic effect of TPN was investigated in present study and TPN had strong analgesic effect. The analgesic effect of TPN compared with metamizol as a standard analgesic compound.     

三种虫草抗氧化活性的化学发光法研究

为研究冬虫夏草、蛹虫草、蒙山虫草3种虫草的抗氧化活性，考察实验条件对结果的影响，采用化学发光法测定3种虫草清除超氧阴离子自由基的活性。结果显示，3种虫草的水提液中蛹虫草样品的抗氧化活性较高，蒙山虫草和冬虫夏草的抗氧化活性比较接近。提示：蛹虫草和蒙山虫草有着良好的应用前景，有望替代冬虫夏草应用于临床。     

Anti-inflammatory and related pharmacological activities of cultured mycelia and fruiting bodies of Cordyceps militaris

This study aimed to elucidate pharmacological activities of Cordyceps militaris. The 70% ethanolic extracts of cultured mycelia (CME) and fruiting bodies (FBE) of Cordyceps militaris were prepared. CME was able to directly scavenge the stable free radical diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), indicating its antioxidant activity. Both CME and FBE showed topical anti-inflammatory activity in the croton oil-induced ear edema in mice. CME was found to contain acute anti-inflammatory activity, which was evaluated using the carrageenin-induced edema, and also strong antinociceptive activity in writhing test. CME and FBE contain potent inhibitory activity on the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) angiogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. Cordycepin, a metabolite of Cordyceps militaris, appeared to be at least partly responsible for its anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic activities. CME concentration-dependently inhibited the NO production and iNOS expression upon stimulation by lipoposaccharide in RAW 264.7, a murine macrophage cell line. In brief, we demontrate that Cordyceps militaris possesses anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activites, and related antioxidant, anti-angiogenic, and NO production-inhibitory activities.     

杨梅核提取物的体外抗氧化活性研究

目的:考察杨梅核不同溶剂提取物的体外抗氧化活性。方法:采用分光光度法,测定杨梅核不同溶剂提取物对DPPH、脂质过氧化的清除能力和总还原力,考察了杨梅核提取物体外抗氧化活性。结果:杨梅核不同溶剂提取物具有较强的DPPH、脂质过氧化的清除能力和总还原力,其中杨梅核无水乙醇提取物的体外抗氧化作用最强。结论:杨梅核提取物具有显著的抗氧化活性。     

金铁锁体外抗氧化活性研究

目的:研究金铁锁体外抗氧化活性.方法:采用清除采用清除二苯代苦味酰基( DPPH)自由基、清除[2,2'-连氨-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二氨盐](ABTS)自由基及铁离子还原/抗氧化能力(FRAP)测定法,对金铁锁体外抗氧化活性进行评价,并阳性对照没食子酸丙酯(PG)、丁基羟基茴香醚(BHA)和二丁基羟基甲苯(BHT)比较.结果:金铁锁3个提取物体外抗氧化活性均弱于阳性对照PG,BHA,BHA.在3个提取物中,金铁锁乙酸乙酯提取物清除ABTS自由基(IC50=40.54mg·L-1)及还原Fe3+的能力[TEAC=(696.9±2.42) μmol·g-1]较强;正丁醇清除ABTS自由基(IC50=83.38 mg· L-1)及还原Fe3+的能力[TEAC =(166.1±1.06) μmol· g-1]次之,石油醚提取物最弱.结论:金铁锁乙酸乙酯部位体外抗氧化活性较强.     

Antioxidant,antioedema and analgesic activities of Andrographis paniculata extracts and their active constituent andrographolide

Andrographis paniculata (AP), a popular ingredient of Oriental folk medicine, is commonly used for treating infection, inflammation, fever and diarrhoea. In this study, extracts prepared from cultivated AP and their active constituent andrographolide were evaluated for antioxidant, antioedema and analgesic activities. The results showed that the aqueous AP extract (AP‐H₂O) exhibited a greater antioxidant activity than the ethanol AP extract (AP‐EtOH) in all model systems tested. At a concentration of 50 µg/mL, the free radical scavenging, xanthine oxidase inhibition and antilipid peroxidation activities for AP‐H₂O were 66.8%, 57.3% and 65.3%, respectively, and for AP‐EtOH were 57.8%, 52.6% and 34.2%, respectively. At a dosage of 100 mg/kg, AP‐H₂O and andrographolide, but not AP‐EtOH, showed antioedema and analgesic activities. In phytochemical analysis, AP‐H₂O showed a higher concentration of total flavanoid but a lower phenol content than AP‐EtOH. In conclusion, AP‐H₂O was more potent than AP‐EtOH in antioxidant activities. Furthermore, compared with andrographolide, AP‐H₂O as an extract also appears to possess potent antioedema and analgesic activities. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Free radical scavenging potential of Chlorophytum tuberosum Baker

Chlorophytum tuberosum Baker commonly referred as 'Musli' has been widely used as a potent 'Rasayana' drug in 'Ayurveda' as a rejuvenator and tonic. Antioxidant potential of Chlorophytum tuberosum has been investigated for their ability to scavenge 1,1,diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide radical along with their capacity to reduce lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenate, chelation of ferrous ion, radical scavenging potential using chemiluminescence and their total antioxidant capacity. Sugar, starch, protein, and Vitamin C content were estimated spectrophotometrically along with the percentages of the individual amino acids by HPLC and individual sugars by using HPTLC as standardization tool. The extract has been found to possess antioxidant activity in all the models tested as evident by IC50 values being 225.31, 888.44, 809.22 and 422.97 microg/ml for scavenging of DPPH, nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation and ferry bi-pyridyl complex, respectively, along with a integral anitoxidant activity of 2.986 nmol ascorbic acid/g equivalents in photochemiluminescence assay.     

In vitro antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of the stem extracts from Graptopetalum paraguayense

This study was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant abilities of water (SGWE), 50% ethanolic (SGE50) and 95% ethanolic (SGE95) extracts from the stem of Graptopetalum paraguayense, and the extract with the highest antioxidant activity was assayed for its inhibitory effect on proliferation of human hepatoma (Hep G2) cell line. Antioxidant abilities of extracts were assessed their radical-scavenging abilities and effects on Fe/ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation in a liposome model system. The results of this study showed that antioxidant activities were increased with the increase of the extracts concentrations, and the activities correlated with both the total phenol and anthocyanin contents. A comparison of the 50% inhibition concentration (IC(50)) values of different antioxidant reactions revealed that SGWE was the more effective at scavenging superoxide anion radical and preventing lipid peroxidation than SGE50 and SGE95 (p<0.05). The flow cytometry results indicated that SGWE lowered cell viability, and induced G1 phase arrest and apoptosis in Hep G2 cells. These results demonstrated the antioxidant and anti-hepatoma potential of stem of Graptopetalum paraguayense.     

Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiulcer and analgesic activities of nettle (Urtica dioica L.)

In this study, water extract of nettle (Urtica dioica L.) (WEN) was studied for antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiulcer and analgesic properties. The antioxidant properties of WEN were evaluated using different antioxidant tests, including reducing power, free radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and metal chelating activities. WEN had powerful antioxidant activity. The 50, 100 and 250 μg amounts of WEN showed 39, 66 and 98% inhibition on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion, respectively, while 60 μg/ml of -tocopherol, exhibited only 30% inhibition. Moreover, WEN had effective reducing power, free radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and metal chelating activities at the same concentrations. Those various antioxidant activities were compared to standard antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), quercetin, and -tocopherol. In addition, total phenolic compounds in the WEN were determined as pyrocatechol equivalent. WEN also showed antimicrobial activity against nine microorganisms, antiulcer activity against ethanol-induced ulcerogenesis and analgesic effect on acetic acid-induced stretching.     

黄芩不同极性溶剂提取物抗氧化活性研究

目的比较黄芩不同溶剂提取物的抗氧化活性,并测定其黄酮含量。方法利用比色法测定黄芩不同溶剂提取物中的总黄酮含量,利用1,1-二苯基-2-苦苯肼(DPPH)自由基体系对黄芩不同溶剂提取物的抗氧化活性进行评价。结果黄芩不同溶剂提取物均具有一定的抗氧化活性,其中乙醇提取物清除DPPH自由基的能力最强,且总黄酮含量最高。结论黄芩的抗氧化活性受到不同溶剂的影响,并且与其含的黄酮含量成正相关。     

Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. standardized extract

Orthosiphon stamineus (OS), Benth. (Lamiaceae) is widely used in Malaysia for treatments of various kidney and liver ailments. In the experiment, DPPH* radicals scavenging, Fe(3+)-induced lipid peroxidation inhibiting activities and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) of methanol/water extract of Orthosiphon stamineus (SEOS) were determined. The results indicated that SEOS exhibited antioxidant, lipid peroxidation inhibition and free radical scavenging activities. The hepatoprotective activity of the SEOS was studied using CCl(4)-induced liver toxicity in rats. The activity was assessed by monitoring liver function tests through the measurement of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST). Furthermore, hepatic tissues were also subjected to histopathological studies. Pretreatment of SEOS (125, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg p.o.) dose-dependently reduced the necrotic changes in rat liver and inhibited the increase of serum ALT and AST activities. The results of the present study indicated that the hepatoprotective effect of Orthosiphon stamineus might be ascribable to its antioxidant and free radical scavenging property.