依赖NKG2D的肿瘤免疫逃避

活化性受体NKG2D（natural—killer group 2,member D）和其配基在NK、γδ^＋T和CD8^＋T细胞介导的肿瘤免疫应答中扮演了重要角色。NKG2D识别肿瘤细胞表面的配体激活效应细胞,产生有效的抗肿瘤免疫应答。但是在完全具有免疫能力的机体内,表达NKG2D配基的肿瘤仍能够生长发育,因此,在患肿瘤小鼠和肿瘤病人中一定存在着依赖NKG2D的免疫逃避机制。本文就依赖于NKG2D的免疫逃避作一详细综述,主要包括：干涉NKG2D受体的免疫逃避、干涉NKG2D配基的免疫逃避、细胞因子破坏NKG2D受体和配基的免疫逃避、抑制性细胞参与NKG2D介导的免疫逃避。这些研究为抗肿瘤治疗提供了新的途径。     

电离辐射对肿瘤细胞SCC25表面NKG2D配体表达的影响及对肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用

目的 探讨电离辐射对口腔鳞状细胞癌细胞SCC25表面NKG2D配体表达的影响及其对肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用.方法 SCC25细胞培养至对数生长期时,通过抽签的方式完全随机设计为对照组(未作处理)和实验组(2Gy电离辐射处理).对照组和实验组细胞培养24 h后,流式细胞术检测SCC25表面NKG2D配体主要组织相容性复合体Ⅰ类链相关分子(MIC)A、MICB、UL16结合蛋白(ULBP)1的表达量.实验组和对照组细胞培养24 h后,实时荧光定量PCR (RT-PCR)法检测SCC25细胞表面NKG2D配体mRNA表达的变化;制备细胞,将细胞分为空白对照组(NC)、2Gy电离辐射(R)组、NK1组(效靶比为5∶1)、NK2组(效靶比为20∶1)、NK1+R组(效靶比5∶1,2Gy电离辐射)、NK2+R组(效靶比20∶1,2Gy电离辐射),各组细胞培养24 h后,细胞增殖-毒性试验(CCK8)法检测电离辐射和自然杀伤(NK)细胞对口腔鳞状细胞癌SCC25细胞的杀伤能力.结果 流式细胞术结果显示,NKG2D配体MICA对照组和实验组的荧光值分别为21.04±0.39、22.90±0.40(江2.465,P=0.069),MICB荧光值分别为27.58±0.50、29.83±1.05(t=1.936,P=0.125),ULBP1的荧光值分别为21.04±0.40、21.78±0.50(t=1.154,P=0.313),表明SCC25经过电离辐射后,其表面NKG2D配体MICA、MICB、ULBP1的表达量稍有上升,但差异无统计学意义.RT-PCR显示,MICB、ULBP1 mRNA表达对照组和实验组差异均有统计学意义(t=18.334,P=0.000;t=6.381,P=0.008),实验组的表达量分别是对照组的6.49、1.64倍;CCK8结果显示,NK1、NK2组和NC组相比,细胞杀伤能力的差异有统计学意义(F=344.600,P=0.000),表明NK细胞可以明显杀死肿瘤细胞,且提高NK细胞与SCC25的比例后杀伤作用更强.R组和NC组相比,细胞杀伤能力差异无统计学意义(P =0.567),NK1+R组和NK1组相相比,差异无统计学意义(P=0.915),NK2+R组和NK2组相比,差异亦无统计学意义(P =0.678),表明电离辐射杀伤作用不明显.结论 电离辐射可以使NKG2D配体MICB、ULBP1的mRNA表达增强,可能为肿瘤的免疫治疗提供新的途径.电离辐射对细胞的杀伤作用不明显,可能与辐射剂量低且细胞仅培养24h有关.     

An Fc‐optimized NKG2D‐immunoglobulin G fusion protein for induction of natural killer cell reactivity against leukemia

Recruitment of Fc‐receptor‐bearing effector cells, such as natural killer (NK) cells, is a feature critical for the therapeutic success of antitumor antibodies and can be improved by the modifications of an antibody's Fc part. The various ligands of the activating immunoreceptor NKG2D, NKG2DL) are selectively expressed on malignant cells including leukemia. We here took advantage of the tumor‐associated expression of NKG2DL for targeting leukemic cells by NKG2D–immunoglobulin G (IgG)1 fusion proteins containing modified Fc parts. Compared to NKG2D–Fc containing a wild‐type Fc part (NKG2D–Fc–WT), our mutants (S239D/I332E and E233P/L234V/L235A/ΔG236/A327G/A330S) displayed highly enhanced (NKG2D–Fc–ADCC) and abrogated (NKG2D–Fc–KO) affinity to the NK cell Fc receptor, respectively. Functional analyses with allogenic as well as autologous NK cells and primary malignant cells of leukemia patients revealed that NKG2D–Fc–KO significantly reduced NK reactivity by blocking immunostimulatory NKG2D–NKG2DL interaction. NKG2D–Fc–WT already enhanced antileukemia reactivity by inducing antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) with NKG2D–Fc–ADCC mediating significantly stronger effects. Parallel application of NKG2D–Fc–ADCC with Rituximab caused additive effects in lymphoid leukemia. In line with the tumor‐associated expression of NKG2DL, no NK cell ADCC against resting healthy blood cells was induced. Thus, NKG2D–Fc–ADCC potently enhances NK antileukemia reactivity despite the inevitable reduction of activating signals upon binding to NKG2DL and may constitute an attractive means for immunotherapy of leukemia.     

NKG2D signaling in cancer immunosurveillance

The immune system is able to detect and eliminate transformed cells. The activating receptor NKG2D is particularly relevant for cancer immunosurveillance. NKG2D ligand expression renders tumor cells more susceptible to be killed by NK and T cells, and correlates with the clinical outcome of the disease. However, tumors develop mechanisms to overcome the NKG2D‐mediated immune response, which has been associated with poor prognosis and impairment of the clinical benefits of immunotherapy in many human cancers. The highly specific pattern of expression displayed by the NKG2D ligands, mainly confined to tumor cells, together with the strong immune response triggered by this receptor clearly supports the idea that the NKG2D‐mediated pathway may be a powerful target for the treatment of cancer. This review draws together the most recent discoveries concerning the biology of the NKG2D signaling and their therapeutic relevance in the context of cancer.     

Regulation Roles of MICA and NKG2D in Human Renal Cancer Cells

Objective: Our aim was to investigation the roles of MHC class I chain-related gene A(MICA) and naturalkiller cell group 2D(NKG2D) in human renal cancer cells. Materials and Methods: The expression of membraneMICA (mMICA) on renal cells and NKG2D on NK cells were detected by flow cytometry (FCM); the contentof sMICA were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the distribution of mMICA onrenal tumor tissues by immunohistochemistry; the interaction between MICA and NKG2D was observed byantibody closed method. Results: Our results showed that the expression of mMICA in renal cancer tissues wassignificantly higher than in controls, where the soluble MICA was not expressed. Cytotoxic activity of NK cellswas significantly reduced after exposure to NKG2D and MICA antibodies (P<0.05), and serum containing sMICAcan obviously lower the function of NKG2D (P<0.05). Conclusions: The interaction of mMICA and NKG2Dplay important roles in mediation of cytotoxicity of NK cells in RCC. On the other hand, sMICA may mediatetumor immune escape through down- regulated NKG2D expression.     

NKG2D defines tumor-reacting effector CD8+ T cells within tumor microenvironment

For successful immunotherapy for cancer, it is important to understand the immunological status of tumor antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cells in the tumor microenvironment during tumor progression. In this study, we monitored the behavior of B16OVA-Luc cells in mice immunized with a model tumor antigen ovalbumin (OVA). Using bioluminescence imaging, we identified the time series of OVA-specific CD8⁺ T-cell responses during tumor progression: initial progression, immune control, and the escape phase. As a result of analyzing the status of tumor antigen-specific CD8⁺ cells in those 3 different phases, we found that the expression of NKG2D defines tumor-reacting effector CD8⁺ T cells. NKG2D may control the fate and TOX expression of tumor-reacting CD8⁺ T cells, considering that NKG2D blockade in OVA-vaccinated mice delayed the growth of the B16OVA-Luc2 tumor and increased the presence of tumor-infiltrating OVA-specific CD8⁺ T cells.     

苹果酸舒尼替尼诱导高表达三磷酸腺苷结合转运蛋白G超家族成员2的耐药鼻咽癌细胞高表达NKG2D配体

目的:探讨苹果酸舒尼替尼(sunitinib malate, SU11248)对高表达三磷酸腺苷结合转运蛋白G超家族成员2(ATP-binding cassette superfamily G member 2,ABCG2)耐药鼻咽癌细胞CNE2/DDP(ABCG2high CNE2/DDP)表达NKG2D配体的诱导作用.方法:利用免疫磁珠技术分离ABCG2highCNE2/DDP细胞及同种异体反应性自然杀伤细胞(allo-reactive natural kill cell, Allo-NK),流式细胞技术检测分离后细胞的纯度及苹果酸舒尼替尼处理前后ABCG2highCNE2/DDP细胞NKG2D配体表达率,LDH释放测定法检测苹果酸舒尼替尼处理前后ABCG2highCNE2/DDP细胞对Allo-NK细胞的杀伤敏感性.结果:ABCG2highCNE2/DDP细胞分离后ABCG2的表达率为(91.40±2.32)%,Allo-NK细胞分选后CD3-CD16 CD56 细胞的纯度达90%以上.经苹果酸舒尼替尼处理后,ABCG2highCNE2/DDP细胞的NKG2D配体MICA、MICB、ULBP1、ULBP2、ULBP3的表达率由药物处理之前的(2.92±0.33)%、(4.27±0.33)%、(5.80±0.62)%、(11.10±3.15)%、(7.75±1.14)%分别上升到(89.12±4.56)%、(66.10±2.22)%、(67.56±4.19)%、(69.37±8.83)%、(63.28±3.31)%.在效靶比为10∶1、20∶1时,苹果酸舒尼替尼处理前后Allo-NK细胞对ABCG2highCNE2/DDP细胞的杀伤率分别为(15.32±13.86)%、(27.26±6.81) % 及(41.12±4.12)%、(57.25±2.37)%,处理后的杀伤率有明显的提高(F=15.58, P＝0.000).结论:苹果酸舒尼替尼通过诱导高表达NKG2D配体(MICA/B、ULBP1-3),使ABCG2high CNE2/DDP细胞对Allo-NK细胞的杀伤敏感性明显增强.     

紫杉醇增强肺癌细胞NKG2D配体表达和CIK细胞杀伤活性

目的研究不同浓度紫杉醇作用人肺腺癌A549细胞48小时后NKG2D配体表达的改变及CIK细胞杀伤活性的变化。方法 采用MTT法测定紫杉醇对A549细胞24小时的50%抑制率(IC50);流式细胞术检测IC50、1/2 IC50、1/4 IC50浓度紫杉醇作用A549细胞48小时后A549细胞表面NKG2D配体(MICA、MICB、ULBP1、ULBP2、ULBP3)表达的变化;乳酸脱氢酶释放法检测不同效靶比时,CIK细胞对IC50浓度的紫杉醇作用前及作用48小时后A549细胞的杀伤活性。结果 不同浓度紫杉醇作用48小时后A549细胞表面MICA、MICB、ULBP2、ULBP3表达显著升高,ULBP1表达降低(P<0.05)。效靶比10∶1、20∶1、30∶1时,CIK细胞对A549细胞的杀伤活性分别为(11.08±1.22)%、(36.22±0.91)%、(45.73±2.00)%;CIK细胞对IC50浓度紫杉醇作用48小时后的A549细胞杀伤活性分别为(20.79±3.33)%,(53.47±1.62)%、(66.39±0.77)%,与作用前比较均明显增强(P<0.05)。结论 紫杉醇作用后能提高A549细胞NKG2D配体(MICA、MICB、ULBP2、ULBP3)的表达,从而增强A549细胞对CIK细胞杀伤的敏感性。     

MicroRNA-mediated down-regulation of NKG2D ligands contributes to glioma immune escape

Malignant gliomas are intrinsic brain tumors with a dismal prognosis. They are well-adapted to hypoxic conditions and poorly immunogenic. NKG2D is one of the major activating receptors of natural killer (NK) cells and binds to several ligands (NKG2DL).Here we evaluated the impact of miRNA on the expression of NKG2DL in glioma cells including stem-like glioma cells. Three of the candidate miRNA predicted to target NKG2DL were expressed in various glioma cell lines as well as in glioblastomas in vivo: miR-20a, miR-93 and miR-106b. LNA inhibitor-mediated miRNA silencing up-regulated cell surface NKG2DL expression, which translated into increased susceptibility to NK cell-mediated lysis. This effect was reversed by neutralizing NKG2D antibodies, confirming that enhanced lysis upon miRNA silencing was mediated through the NKG2D system. Hypoxia, a hallmark of glioblastomas in vivo, down-regulated the expression of NKG2DL on glioma cells, associated with reduced susceptibility to NK cell-mediated lysis. This process, however, was not mediated through any of the examined miRNA. Accordingly, both hypoxia and the expression of miRNA targeting NKG2DL may contribute to the immune evasion of glioma cells at the level of the NKG2D recognition pathway. Targeting miRNA may therefore represent a novel approach to increase the immunogenicity of glioblastoma.     

肺癌患者调节性T细胞与NK细胞活化受体NKG2D的相关性及其临床意义

目的 分析肺癌患者外周血中CD+4 CDHi25 CDLo127调节性T细胞及自然杀伤细胞(NK细胞)活化受体NKG2D的表达水平之间的关系,探讨其在肿瘤免疫逃逸机制中的作用及临床意义.方法 选择70例肺癌患者,均经病理确诊.采用流式细胞术(FCM)检测患者外周血中CD+4 CDHi25 CDLo127调节性T细胞、NK细胞及NKG2D表达水平,并以50名健康人为对照.结果 肺癌患者外周血中CD+4 CDHi25 CDLo127调节性T细胞比例较健康对照组明显升高[(8.4±4.1)％与(6.7±1.7)％],差异有统计学意义(t=3.09,P＜0.05);肺癌组NK细胞比例与健康对照组比较[(15.6±8.3)％与(17.2±4.2)％],差异无统计学意义(t=-1.33,P＞0.05);肺癌组NKG2D较健康对照组明显降低[(83.3±4.9)％与(87.4±2.9)％],差异有统计学意义(t=3.16,P＜ 0.05).CD+4 CDHi25 CDLo127调节性T细胞与NKG2D呈负相关性(r=-0.302,P＜0.05).结论 在肺癌患者外周血中调节性T细胞可能通过下调NKG2D,参与肿瘤免疫逃逸机制,二者可作为评估肺癌患者免疫功能状态及预后的参考指标.     

非小细胞肺癌EGFR基因突变异质性研究进展

 表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（TKIs）在EGFR基因活化突变阳性晚期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）患者中疗效显著,然而,同样是EGFR活化突变阳性的NSCLC患者接受EGFR-TKIs治疗后,疗效仍有明显差异;同一个患者的不同瘤灶也会对EGFR-TKIs出现不同的反应,这些现象可能与EGFR基因突变异质性有关,同一瘤灶的不同部分、同一患者的不同瘤灶、以及同一瘤灶治疗前后EGFR突变状态都有可能不一致。本文将从这三个方面对EGFR突变异质性研究进展作一综述。     

Comparison of level of NKG2D ligands between normal and tumor tissue using multiplex RT-PCR

The abilities of NKG2D ligands to specifically mark stressed or transformed cells and activate NK cells suggest the possibility that the expression levels of NKG2D ligands in cancers may be helpful to predict the efficacy of NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, a multiplex RT-PCR was developed and used for rapid and simultaneous analysis of the expression level of NKG2D ligands in cancer cells and tissues. With total RNAs isolated from various cancer cell lines, the multiplex RT-PCR revealed various expression patterns of NKG2D ligands. With total tissue RNAs, the gastrointestinal tumors showed consistently increased NKG2D ligands, compared with adjacent normal tissues. However, NKG2D ligands were not always consistently increased in tumor tissues and expression patterns of NKG2D ligands were heterogeneous between patients, especially in breast and lung cancers. In addition, expression patterns of NKG2D ligands were very similar between various paired primary and their multidrug-resistant/metastatic cells, except MCF-7 sublines. These results demonstrated that the multiplex RT-PCR might be a useful diagnostics to detect the expression levels of NKG2D ligands in tissues as well as cells, and suggested that the gastrointestinal tumors might be good candidates for NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy, since it showed significantly higher levels of NKG2D ligands than adjacent normal tissues.     

食管癌患者外周血自然杀伤T 细胞及其表面受体NKG2A与NKG2D检测的临床意义

 【摘要】　目的　研究外周血中自然杀伤（NK）T细胞及其CD+8 NKT细胞亚群在食管癌患者与健康人中的表达水平及NKT细胞活性改变,探讨NKT细胞受体与临床病理分期的相关性及其临床意义。方法　采用流式细胞术分析53例食管癌患者及39名健康对照者外周血中NKT细胞及CD+8 NKT亚群,检测NKT细胞受体NKG2A和NKG2D的表达并结合临床病理因素作比较分析。结果　与健康对照组相比,食管癌患者外周血NKT细胞表达增加[（4.32±0.73）%,（5.97±1.29）%]（t＝3.562,P＜0.01）,NKT细胞表面NKG2D的表达水平降低[（17.56±5.92）%,（15.12±1.56）%]（t＝3.892,P＜0.05）,而NKG2A的表达水平升高[（4.02±1.41）%,（5.99±4.59）%]（t＝4.015,P＜0.05）,且其变化与食管癌的病情进展有关。结论　NKT细胞及其CD+8 NKT亚群在食管癌患者中表达增加,提示患者机体抗肿瘤效应的免疫反馈增强;NKT细胞表面活化性受体NKG2D表达减少与其表面抑制性受体NKG2A表达增加可能是致使NKT细胞活性降低及食管癌患者免疫逃逸的机制之一,且这种NKT细胞表面受体的变化和食管癌病情的发展有一定的相关性。     

Analysis of the Expression of Surface Receptors on NK Cells and NKG2D on Immunocytes in Peripheral Blood of Patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Background: The aberrant expression of surface receptors on immunocytes may represent potential markers of tumorescape for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of representativereceptors on natural killer (NK) cells and NK group 2, member D (NKG2D) on immunocytes in the peripheral bloodof patients with NPC. Methods: Patients (n = 64) with NPC prior to initiation of treatment were defined as the studygroup. Healthy volunteers (n = 31) served as the control group. The expression of NK cells and NKT cells; the triggeringreceptors NKp30, NKp44, and NKp46 on NK cells; the activating receptor NKG2D on NK cells, CD4+ T cells, andCD8+ T cells; and the inhibitory receptors CD158b and CD159a on NK cells were analyzed by flow cytometry in thetwo groups. Results: Here, our study showed that no differences were observed in terms of the numbers of NK cells orNKT cells, or the expression of CD158b and CD159a on the surface of NK cells between the two groups. Nevertheless,the expression levels of NKp30 and NKp46 on NK cells in the NPC patients were significantly lower than in the healthyindividuals (P < 0.05). No differences existed in the expression of NKG2D on NK cells, but NKG2D on CD8+ T cellsshowed a markedly lower expression in the study group (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Our findings may reflect a possiblemechanism of immune evasion for NPC. The enhancement of immunotherapy concerning NKp30, NKp46, and NKG2Dmay be an innovative treatment strategy for patients with NPC.     

NKG2D介导NK 细胞对鼻咽癌细胞杀伤作用的体外研究

 目的 探讨鼻咽癌CNE2细胞表面HLA-Ⅰ类分子表型和NKG2D配体的表达情况，进一步了解其对同种异体NK细胞杀伤活性的影响。方法 流式细胞仪检测NKG2D的配体MICA、MICB、ULBP1、ULBP2、ULBP3在K562、CNE2细胞的表达情况。PCR-SSP法分析CNE2细胞HLA-A、B、Cw分型和NK细胞KIR分型。LDH释放法测定5例健康者NK细胞在不同效靶比时对K562、CNE2细胞的杀伤活性，效靶比20：1时观察抗NKG2D配体的单抗对NK细胞杀伤K562、CNE2细胞活性的影响。结果 CNE2细胞表达MICA、MICB、ULBP2，不表达ULBP1、ULBP3。K562细胞表面表达MICA、MICB、ULBP1、ULBP2、ULBP3。5例健康者NK细胞抑制性KIR与CNE2细胞表面的HLA-Ⅰ类分子之间存在错配。效靶比5：1、10：1、20：1、30：1时NK细胞对K562、CNE2细胞的杀伤活性分别为（29．02±0．45）％、（10．50±2．17）％；（44．43±1．36）％、（27．68±1．47）％；（57．82±1．35）％、（36．99±3．13）％：（71．24±2．36）％、（55．00±2．20）％，在各效靶比时NK细胞对K562细胞的杀伤活性较CNE2细胞明显增强（P=0．000）；在效靶比20：1时anti-MICA、anti-MICB、anti-ULBP1、anti—ULBP2、anti-ULBP3可明显抑制NK细胞对K562细胞的杀伤活性，与阻断前相比有显著性差异（P=0．000）；anti—MICA、anti—MICB、anti—ULBP2可明显抑制NK细胞对CNE2细胞的杀伤活性，与阻断前相比有显著性差异（P〈0．01），但anti—ULBP1、anti—ULBP3不能阻断NK细胞对CNE2细胞的杀伤活性。结论 NKG2D配体影响NK细胞对靶细胞的杀伤活性，提高NKG2D配体的表达有可能提高NK细胞的抗肿瘤活性。     

NKG2D 介导CIK 细胞对食管癌EC9706细胞杀伤作用的体外研究*

目的：研究细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞（Cytokine-induced killer cells ,CIK）对食管癌EC9706细胞株的体外杀伤活性。方法：流式细胞仪检测EC9706细胞NKG2D 配体的表达;体外分离健康者外周血单个核细胞,干扰素-γ 、白细胞介素-2、CD3 单抗诱导培养,流式细胞仪检测 0、14天的细胞 CD3+CD56+、NKG2D 的表达,乳酸脱氢酶释放法测定培养14天的 CIK 细胞在效靶比 10 ：1、2 0 ：1、3 0 ：1、4 0 ：1、5 0 ：1 时对EC9706细胞的杀伤活性;效靶比3 0 ：1 时,观察NKG2D 单抗封闭CIK 细胞表面NKG2D 分子后对CIK细胞杀伤活性的影响。结果：EC9706细胞表达MICA、ULBP2,不表达MICB、ULBP1、ULBP3。0、14天细胞表面NKG2D 表达率分别为（26.30± 1.12）% 、（67.13± 1.34）% ,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;CD3+CD56+细胞分别为（0.68± 0.07）% ,（56.55± 2.01）% ,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;效靶比1 0 ：1、2 0 ：1、3 0 ：1、4 0 ：1、5 0 ：1 时CIK 细胞对EC9706细胞的杀伤活性分别为（28.81± 0.47）% 、（37.78±0.22）%、（44.31± 1.06）%、（47.25± 0.47）%、（57.62± 0.94）%;随着效靶比增高,CIK 细胞对 EC9706细胞的杀伤活性明显增强（P<0.05）;效靶比3 0 ：1 时NKG2D 单抗封闭CIK 细胞表面NKG2D 分子后,CIK 细胞对EC9706细胞的杀伤活性为（30.29± 1.45）% ,与阻断前（44.31± 1.06）% 相比差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论：体外CIK 细胞培养增殖过程中,NKG2D 分子表达逐渐上调,CD3+CD56+细胞逐渐增多,CIK 细胞杀伤EC9706细胞通过NKG2D 发挥作用。     

食管癌、贲门癌患者外周血CD+8 NKT细胞活化受体NKG2D及其分泌性配体sMICA检测的临床意义

 目的 　探讨外周血CD+8 NKT细胞活化受体NKG2D及其分泌性配体sMICA检测在食管癌、贲门癌诊断及术后疗效评价中的临床意义。方法　对53例患者确诊后（29例手术患者术前14 d及术后14 d）及30名健康对照组采用流式细胞术对外周血CD+8 NKT细胞中活化受体NKG2D阳性细胞百分比测定,应用酶联免疫吸附法进行sMICA含量测定,并各自进行差异性分析,同时对两者进行依从性分析。结果　患者外周血CD+8 NKT细胞中NKG2D阳性细胞百分比为（77.632±8.972）%,明显低于对照组的（89.053±6.515）%（t＝-6.113,P＜0.05）;TNM分期Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期患者依次降低（F＝99.251,P＜0.01）;有区域淋巴结转移者均低于无区域淋巴结转移者（t＝-10.384,P＜0.01）;鳞状细胞癌高于腺癌（t＝9.899,P＜0.01）;术前均低于术后（t＝-4.319,P＜0.01）。患者血清sMICA的含量为（326.28±85.407）pg／ml,明显高于对照组的（210.00±22.560）pg／ml（t＝7.292,P＜0.01）;Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期患者依次增高（F＝63.355,P＜0.01）;有区域淋巴结转移者均高于无区域淋巴结转移者（t＝7.770,P＜0.01）;鳞状细胞癌低于腺癌（t＝-7.593,P＜0.01）;术前均高于术后（t＝7.027,P＜0.01）。血清sMICA对外周血CD+8 NKT细胞活化受体NKG2D有抑制作用（F＝142.773,P＜0.05）,决定系数R2＝0.7368。结论　外周血CD+8 NKT细胞活化受体NKG2D及其分泌性配体sMICA含量的测定有助于食管癌、贲门癌分期的临床辅助诊断,对判断其生物学行为及预后有重要临床意义,并可作为患者手术治疗效果指标。     

肺癌患者外周血CD+8 自然杀伤T细胞表面受体NKG2D和NKG2A表达的临床意义

 【摘要】　目的　检测肺癌患者外周血CD+8 自然杀伤（NK）T细胞表面受体NKG2D和NKG2A的表达,探讨二者表达失衡与肺癌免疫逃逸的关系。方法　选择95例原发未治疗的肺癌患者,采用流式细胞术检测CD+8 NKT细胞表面受体NKG2D和NKG2A的表达,以50名健康人为对照。结果　肺癌组CD+8 NKT细胞NKG2D+表达率[（77.07±5.77）%]明显低于对照组[（84.13±4.49）%],差异有统计学意义（t＝8.14,P＜0.05）;在TNM分期中,Ⅰ～ⅢA、ⅢB、Ⅳ期患者CD+8 NKT细胞NKG2D+表达率依次为（81.07±5.02）%、（76.95±4.70）%、（72.80±5.16）%,差异有统计学意义（F＝18.74,P＜0.05）。肺癌组CD+8 NKT细胞NKG2A+表达率[（33.58±8.82）%]明显高于对照组[（25.31±8.38）%],差异有统计学意义（t＝-5.46,P＜0.05）;在TNM分期中,Ⅰ～ⅢA、ⅢB、Ⅳ期患者CD+8 NKT细胞NKG2A+的表达率依次为（25.10±6.93）%、（33.24±3.76）%、（43.64±6.10）%,差异有统计学意义（F＝75.73,P＜0.05）。结论　肺癌患者CD+8 NKT细胞表面NKG2A和NKG2D表达失衡可能抑制该细胞的杀伤功能,而这可能是肿瘤免疫逃逸的机制之一。     

Up-regulation of activating and inhibitory NKG2 receptors in allogeneic and autologous hematopoietic stem cell grafts

Background

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) is known to induce the inhibitory immune receptor NKG2A on NK cells of donor origin. This occurs in allogeneic recipients, in both the haploidentical and HLA-matched settings.

Methods

To gain further insight, not only NKG2A, but also the activating receptors NKG2C and NKG2D were assessed by flow cytometry. Immunophenotyping was carried out not only on CD56⁺ but also on CD8⁺ lymphocytes from leukemia and lymphoma patients, receiving both HLA-matched (n = 7) and autologous (n = 5) HSCT grafts. Moreover, cognate NKG2 ligands (HLA-E, MICA, ULBP-1, ULBP-2 and ULBP-3) were assessed by immunohistochemistry in diagnostic biopsies from three autotransplanted patients, and at relapse in one case.

Results

All the NKG2 receptors were simultaneously up-regulated in all the allotransplanted patients on CD8⁺ and/or CD56⁺ cells between 30 and 90 days post-transplant, coinciding with, or following, allogeneic engraftment. Up-regulation was of lesser entity and restricted to CD8⁺ cells in the autotransplantation setting. The phenotypic expression ratio between activating and inhibitory NKG2 receptors was remarkably similar in all the patients, except two outliers (a long survivor and a short survivor) who surprisingly displayed a similar NKG2 activation immunophenotype. Tumor expression of 2 to 3 out of the 5 tested NKG2 ligands was observed in 3/3 diagnostic biopsies, and 3 ligands were up-regulated post-transplant in a patient.

Conclusions

Altogether, these results are consistent with a dual (activation-inhibition) NK cell re-education mode, an innate-like T cell re-tuning, and a ligand:receptor interplay between the tumor and the immune system following HSCT including, most interestingly, the up-regulation of several activating NKG2 ligands. Turning the immune receptor balance toward activation on both T and NK cells of donor origin may complement ex vivo NK cell expansion/activation strategies in unmanipulated patients.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-015-0213-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

顺铂对鼻咽癌细胞NKG2D配体表达和NK细胞杀伤活性的增强作用

 目的 研究顺铂(Cisplatin, DDP)作用前后人鼻咽癌细胞CNE2 NKG2D配体和HLA-Ⅰ类分子表达的改变及NK细胞杀伤活性的变化。 方法 MTT法测定DDP对CNE2细胞的50%抑制量（IC₅₀）;以此浓度DDP作用CNE2细胞24h,乳酸脱氢酶释放法检测效靶比20∶1时,NK细胞对DDP作用前后的CNE2细胞的杀伤活性;流式细胞仪检测DDP作用前后的CNE2细胞表面NKG2D配体(MICA/B、ULBP1、ULBP2、 ULBP3)和HLA-Ⅰ类分子表达的变化。 结果 DDP对CNE2细胞的IC₅₀为5mg/L。效靶比20∶1时,NK细胞对5mg/L DDP作用前后的CNE2细胞的杀伤活性分别为 （38.11±1.41）%,（47.71±1.53）%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,DDP作用后CNE2细胞表面MICA/B、ULBP1、 ULBP3表达显著升高,与作用前相比差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。ULBP2、HLA-Ⅰ类分子无明显变化(P＞0.05)。 结论 DDP能提高CNE2细胞NKG2D配体(MICA/B、ULBP1、ULBP3)的表达,从而增强CNE2细胞对NK细胞杀伤的敏感度。