河南“4．26”^60Co源辐射事故受照者的生物剂量（染色体畸变）估算

目的：用染色体畸变分析方法对河南“4．26”^60Co辐射事故7例受照者，进行了早期生物剂量估算，方法：照后4－5d取血培养，分析第一次有丝分裂细胞“双＋环”畸变率，并由此估算生物剂量，用“双＋环”畸变在细胞间的泊松分布情况，检验照射的均匀性，结果：7例受照者依据“双＋环”畸变率估算的个体辐射剂量分别为5．09Gy(梅），2.61Gy（天），2.49Gy(旺），0.89Gy/(勇），0.70Cy(民），0.58Gy（义）和0.08Gy(宇），与用物理方法测定的剂量化比较接近，亦与放射损伤的临床诊断完全吻合，泊松分布检验证实，“梅”和“旺”双＋环畸变离泊松分布，基余5例符合泊松分布，结论：染色体畸变分析是非常可靠的生物剂量估算方法。“梅”和“旺”受到不均照射，基他5例受到比较均匀的照射。     

3例~(60)Co源辐射事故病人受照生物剂量(微核法)估算

目的　用胞质分裂阻滞微核法 (CBMN)对河南“4 2 6”6 0 Co源辐射事故中 3例受照者进行生物剂量估算。方法　照后 10d取血培养 ,0 3ml全血加入到 4ml培养基中 ,37℃培养 44h加松胞素B最终浓度为 6mg·L- 1 ,继续培养 2 8h收获制片 ,CBMN以千分数表示。结果　根据照后 10dCBMN频率估算受照者“梅”、“天”和“旺”的生物学剂量分别为 5 45Gy、2 84Gy和 2 78Gy。该剂量与染色体双 环及物理剂量相近 ,与临床放射损伤的诊断也相符合。结论　在放射事故中检测CBMN可作为生物剂量计。     

一例192Ir源辐射事故病人受照生物剂量的估算

目的用染色体畸变分析方法对一例１９２Ｉｒ源辐射事故病人进行生物剂量估计。方法照后７２小时取血培养，分析Ｍ１细胞双着丝粒加环畸变频率作为生物剂量估算依据，并于照后３１天，６６天追踪观察。同时用双＋环畸变在细胞间的泊松分布统计检验，以示照射的均匀性。结果根据照后７２小时双＋环频率估算个体辐射剂量为２．９Ｇｙ，这一剂量与物理方法测定的剂量比较接近，与临床放射损伤的诊断也是一致的。事故后３１，６６天又取血培养，分析双＋环畸变数与照后７２小时差别不大。同时用双＋环畸变数在细胞间的泊松分布统计检验，证实偏离泊松分布。结论这是一例高度不均匀照射病例。     

南京“5.7” 192Ir源放射事故患者的生物剂量估算

目的 用3种方法估算南京"5.7" ¹⁹²Ir源放射事故患者的生物剂量,为核与辐射事故受照者的临床救治提供剂量资料。方法 受照后第5天采集患者外周血,分别进行外周血淋巴细胞染色体"双着丝粒+环"("dic+r")畸变分析、胞质分裂阻滞微核(CBMN)分析、核质桥(NPB +FHC)分析,并估算生物剂量。用双着丝粒畸变在细胞间的泊松分布情况检验照射的均匀性。结果3种方法估算的该患者受到的一次全身等效剂量分别为"dic+r"畸变分析1.51 Gy (95% CI 1.40~1.61),CBMN 分析1.47 Gy (95% CI 1.36~1.60),NPB+FHC分析1.30 Gy(95% CI 1.00~1.60)。泊松分布检验结果显示,该患者"dic+r"畸变偏离泊松分布,受到了不均匀照射。结论 外周血淋巴细胞染色体"dic+r"畸变分析、CBMN分析、NPB+FHC分析均是有效的生物剂量估算手段,对本例急性局部不均匀照射患者估算的一次全身等效剂量与临床诊断结果相符。     

河南“4.26”~(60)Co源辐射事故受照人员剂量的

目的　估算河南“4 2 6”6 0 Co源辐射事故中 6名受照人员的物理剂量。方法　确立各受照人员的受照模式 ;模拟测量辐射场的照射量率分布 ;使用组织等效拟人体模 ,对“梅”(女 )、“旺”(8岁男童 )和“天”的主要受照 ,进行剂量模拟测量 ;对“勇”、“民”、“义”的受照和“天”的部分受照 ,采用组织 空气比的方法估算他们的剂量。结果　给出“梅”和“旺”的 19个主要器官和组织剂量 ,“梅”、“旺”和“天”的全身平均剂量分别为 6 1Gy、3 4Gy和 2 4Gy;造血干细胞活存计权等效剂量分别为 5 0Gy、2 6Gy和 2 3Gy。“勇”、“民”和“义”全身平均剂量分别为 1 1Gy、0 9Gy和 0 7Gy ;造血干细胞存活计权等效剂量分别为 1 0Gy、0 9Gy和 0 8Gy。结论　给出的物理剂量估算结果与用生物学方法估算的剂量结果 ,以及受照者的临床检验和辐射损伤症状程度相一致 ,为临床诊治和剂量与效应的研究提供了可靠的剂量学数据资料。     

3例60Co源辐射事故病人受照生物剂量(微核法)估算

目的：用胞质分裂阻滞微核法（CBMN）对河南“4.26”^60Co源辐射事故中3例受照者进行生物剂量估算,方法：照后10d取血培养,0.3ml全血加入到4ml培养基中,37℃培养44h加松胞素B素终常浓度为6mg.L^-1,继续教育28h收获制片,CBMN以千分数表示,结果：根据照后10dCBMN频率估算受照者“梅”,“天”和“旺”的生物学剂量分别为5．45Gy,2.84Gy t 2.78Gy,该剂量与染色体双＋环及物理剂量相近,与临床放射损伤的诊断也相符合,结论：在放射事故中检测CBMN可作为生物剂量计。     

山东济宁辐射事故受照人员生物剂量估算及彗星电泳检测分析

目的探索特大剂量照射后外周血和骨髓染色体培养方法，拟合6Gy以上大剂量照射染色体双着丝点＋环剂量-效应曲线，对山东济宁“10．21”事故受照者进行准确生物剂量估算和DNA损伤检测。方法采集2例受照者外周血和骨髓细胞，制备染色体标本，计数双（多）着丝点＋环数目；用正常离体人血拟合6～22Gy双＋环剂量效应曲线及数学方程；对2例事故受照者进行生物剂量估算。用碱性单细胞凝胶电泳方法检测受照者外周血DNA损伤。结果B的外周血染色体双＋环平均数为4．47个／细胞；A的外周血培养无分裂细胞，骨髓染色体双＋环平均数为9．15个／细胞。用6—22Gy剂量效应方程估算全身平均受照剂量，B为9．4Gy，A为19．5Gy。单细胞凝胶电泳可见2例受照者的多数彗星细胞呈小头大尾形状。结论用新建立的6～22Gy染色体畸变剂量效应曲线估算2例受照者的生物剂量，已分别达到极重度骨髓型放射病和肠型放射病水平。     

河南“4.26”放射事故受照者生物剂量估算

本文作者报道了用本实验室所建立的染色体畸变剂量效应曲线 ,对 1999年 4月 2 6日河南6 0 Ｃｏ源放射事故中 3例受照者生物剂量估算的结果。一、材料和方法1 标本制备和观察受中国医学科学院放射医学研究所之委托 ,本实验室于1999年 6月 2 2日上午 (照后第 5 6天 )取回 3名受照者静脉血 ,肝素抗凝。进行染色体培养。为分析第 1次有丝分裂细胞 ,采用培养开始加秋水仙碱法 ,微量全血培养 ,5 0ｈ收获。分析时记录非稳定性染色体畸变。2 生物剂量估算用本实验室建立的染色体畸变 (双 环 )的剂量效应曲线[1 ] ,进行剂量估算 ,并用“双 环”泊…     

哈尔滨辐射事故受照者生物剂量估计和远后效应评价

目的 对2005年哈尔滨^192Ir放射源迁延照射事故2名主要受照者的累积剂量进行生物剂量估算，对该起事故的损伤预后给予评价。方法 制备常规染色体标本、松胞素微核标本和G-显带核型分析标本。用已建立的染色体双＋环和微核剂量效应曲线估算全身受照剂量；用自行研制的染色体核型分析软件观察稳定性畸变，进行剂量重建。结果 两名受照者H、J的双＋环畸变率分别为23．5％和6．6％；微核率分别为320‰和81‰。用双＋环和微核剂量效应曲线估算剂量，相当于一次全身均匀照射H约为1．6，2．2Gy、J约为0．7—0．8Gy。G带核型分析显示，H的稳定性畸变率高达40％，且出现多畸变细胞；J的稳定性畸变率为6％。用稳定性畸变估算累积受照剂量较双＋环剂量略高。结论 两名事故受照者均受到不同程度的全身均匀照射。累积剂量H在中度以上骨髓型放射病水平，J接近轻度骨髓型放射病水平。对2名受照者尤其是H的预后应给予密切关注。     

不纯泊松分布法在6 MV X射线局部照射剂量估算中的应用

目的从离体和活体两方面探索不纯泊松分布法估算6MV X射线局部受照射剂量和受照射份额的适用性。方法2、4Gy6MV X射线离体照射健康人外周血，受照射份额为20％、50％和80％模拟局部照射；选择2、3Gy6MV X射线局部放射治疗的肿瘤病人，观察首次放射治疗前、后24h外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变，采用不纯泊松分布法，估算受照射剂量和份额。结果2Gv离体照射50％、80％份额和4Gy照射20％、50％、80％份额的淋巴细胞双着丝粒 环(dic r)畸变呈过分散分布，受照射剂量和份额估算值与实际值基本吻合。单次2Gy盆腔照射、受照射局部红骨髓比例大于20％或3Gy全颅照射放射治疗病人的外周血淋巴细胞dic r畸变呈过分散分布，估算的受照射份额与受照射局部红骨髓比例相接近，较大剂量3Gy放疗时估算的受照射剂量较为准确。患者局部放射治疗后与放射治疗前离体模拟的实验结果都显示较好的一致性。结论采用不纯泊松分布法可以比较准确的估算离体和活体局部受照射剂量和份额，适用于照射剂量较高和照射份额不是太小的低LET射线，受照射局部红骨髓占全身的比例可大致反映局部照射的份额。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.