体外诱导大鼠骨髓干细胞向肝干细胞分化的特征

目的：骨髓干细胞分化为肝干细胞的发现具有重要的临床应用价值，可用其作为生物人工肝或肝细胞移植的供体细胞，以解决供体缺乏，同时自体细胞还可免除异基因或异种细胞所致的许多问题。为此，实验模拟肝脏发育的微环境，观察体外诱导分化大鼠骨髓干细胞为肝干细胞的可行性及特征。 方法：实验于2006—10／2007-08在解放军第一二三医院南京军区肝病中心实验室完成。①实验动物：SPF级SD大鼠，2月龄，体质量（200&;#177;20）g，雌雄不拘，购于上海斯莱克实验动物公司。实验过程中对动物处置符合动物伦理学标准。②实验方法：采用密度梯度分离法分离培养大鼠骨髓干细胞，并设诱导组和非诱导组，应用25μg／L肝细胞生长因子、10μg／L成纤维生长因子-4、10μg／L干细胞生长因子共同诱导。③实验评估：于诱导第0，7，14，21，28天，观察细胞形态变化，采用放射免疫法检测培养上清液中甲胎蛋白浓度，免疫组织化学染色检测甲胎蛋白、细胞角蛋白19、白蛋白的表达，应用流式细胞仪检测甲胎蛋白、细胞角蛋白19表达阳性细胞比例。 结果：①诱导培养的骨髓干细胞呈卵圆形或圆形的肝干细胞样改变。②放射免疫法检测到诱导组细胞甲胎蛋白浓度逐渐升高，第14天达高峰，随后呈下降趋势，与非诱导组相比，除第O，7天无差异，其余各时间点差异均显著（P〈0．05）。③免疫细胞化学法检测到诱导组细胞特异性表达甲胎蛋白、细胞角蛋白19及白蛋白，非诱导组不表达3种蛋白。④流式细胞分析诱导组甲胎蛋白阳性细胞比例为66．20％、细胞角蛋白19阳性细胞的比例为44．96％。 结论：在实验建立的诱导培养体系中，骨髓干细胞在体外能分化为肝干细胞样细胞，诱导细胞有分泌甲胎蛋白、细胞角蛋白19、白蛋白的特征性功能。     

肝细胞生长因子诱导骨髓间充质干细胞表达甲胎蛋白和白蛋白

背景:对于诱导骨髓间充质干细胞成肝细胞样细胞的研究,在大鼠及小鼠及人类中已有相关报道.甲胎蛋白和白蛋白均为肝细胞系较为特异的标志.目的:进一步验证肝细胞生长因子对骨髓间充质干细胞的诱导分化作用.方法:采用密度梯度离心和贴壁培养法相结合分离培养人骨髓间充质干细胞,以含20 μg/L肝细胞生长因子和10 μg/L碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的低糖DMEM培养基诱导培养,对照组取同代细胞,常规培养液培养.诱导培养7,14,21和28d采用免疫组织化学方法检测甲胎蛋白和白蛋白的表达及RT-PCR技术检测白蛋白mRNA表达.结果与结论:诱导组骨髓间充质干细胞呈类上皮样细胞.诱导组在培养7d时,甲胎蛋白表达阳性率为81.5%,随着培养时间延长,甲胎蛋白阳性表达率逐渐减弱,而白蛋白阳性表达率及白蛋白mRNA表达逐渐增强,至培养28d,白蛋白阳性表达率达91.2%,对照组细胞均无白蛋白、白蛋白mRNA及甲胎蛋白表达.结果证实,肝细胞生长因子可诱导骨髓间充质干细胞表达甲胎蛋白和白蛋白.     

三种因子联合诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向肝细胞的分化

背景:间充质干细胞的生物学特性及影响分化调控因子的研究认为,体外原代培养的间充质干细胞自然分化为肝细胞的比例较低,选择一种合适的诱导剂提高其分化为肝细胞的比例尤为必要.目的:以肝细胞生长因子、表皮生长因子及成纤维生长因子体外联合,验证其诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向肝细胞分化的可行性.设计、时间及地点:细胞学体外观察,于2007-08在潍坊医学院实验中心完成.材料:Sprague-Dawley大鼠40只,由潍坊医学院实验动物中心提供.方法:采用贴壁法分离培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,取传至第3代细胞,设立2组:空白对照组加入含体积分数为10%胎牛血清的L-DMEM培养基;联合诱导组在此基础上,另加入10 μg/L成纤维生长因子、8 pg/L.肝细胞生长因子、8 μg/L表皮生长因子.主要观察指标:倒置显微镜观察诱导后细胞形态变化,免疫荧光染色观察甲胎蛋白及白蛋白的表达,PAS检测糖原的表达,靛青绿摄入情况,酶学检测谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶的水平.结果:联合诱导组细胞呈多角形、卵圆形或圆形细胞的特征性改变,空白对照组骨髓间充质干细胞仍保持梭形或纺锤形.联合诱导组培养14 d可见白蛋白和甲胎蛋白免疫反应阳性细胞:诱导7 d时偶见PAS阳性细胞与靛青绿阳性细胞,随诱导时间延长,阳性细胞逐渐增多;诱导14 d时开始检测到谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶的合成,21 d达高峰,之后下降.上述各指标空白对照组细胞均呈阴性.结论:成纤维生长因子、肝细胞生长因子与表皮生长因子体外联合应用,能够成功诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向肝样细胞的分化.     

急性肝衰竭大鼠血清诱导骨髓间充质干细胞表达甲胎蛋白和白蛋白

背景:研究发现肝细胞生长因子、成纤维细胞生长因子4和表皮细胞生长因子等可诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向肝细胞分化,关于肝衰竭大鼠血清对骨髓间充质干细胞的诱导分化作用尚未见报道.目的:观察急性肝衰竭大鼠血清对骨髓间充质干细胞的诱导分化作用.方法:采用密度梯度离心法从SD大乳鼠股骨、胫骨分离培养骨髓间充质干细胞,体外扩增培养.采用急性肝衰竭大鼠血清诱导培养骨髓间充质干细胞,以常规培养液诱导为对照,观察细胞形态的变化,诱导培养14 d采用免疫细胞化学方法检测甲胎蛋白、白蛋白的表达.结果与结论:急性肝衰竭大鼠血清诱导培养14 d, 可见骨髓间充质干细胞发生明显的形态学改变,镜下观察细胞变得稍大而扁平,呈类上皮样细胞,甲胎蛋白和白蛋白表达阳性率分别为(54.8±7.64)%和(45.9±9.68)%;对照组细胞未发生形态学改变,无甲胎蛋白和白蛋白的表达.证明了急性肝衰竭大鼠血清对骨髓间充质干细胞的诱导分化作用,可诱导骨髓间充质干细胞表达甲胎蛋白和白蛋白.     

体外诱导人骨髓间充质干细胞向肝样细胞分化:肝细胞生长因子和表皮细胞生长因子的作用

背景:研究证实人骨髓间充质干细胞能够诱导分化为肝样细胞,但其具体生物学特性及分化机制尚不清楚,且诱导分化培养体系尚不成熟.目的:探讨肝细胞生长因子和表皮细胞生长因子体外诱导人骨髓间充质干细胞向肝样细胞分化的可行性.方法:取食管癌手术患者肋骨,采用密度梯度离心联合贴壁筛选法获取人骨髓间充质干细胞,流式细胞仪检测细胞表面分子的表达.取第3代人骨髓间充质干细胞,分为4组,肝细胞生长因子组加入20 μg/L肝细胞生长因子,表皮细胞生长因子组加入20 μg/L表皮细胞生长因子,联合组同时加入上述两种生长因子,空白对照组不加任何生长因子.倒置显微镜下观察细胞形态的变化,诱导7,14 d RT-PCR检测甲胎蛋白与白蛋白mRNA的表达.结果与结论:入骨髓间质干细胞不表达造血细胞标志CD34,CD45,强表达β1-整合素CD29和基质受体CD44.肝细胞生长园子组、表皮细胞生长因子组、联合组诱导后,细胞形态由长梭形变为类圆形或多角形,诱导第7,14天甲胎蛋白、白蛋白mRNA均呈阳性表达:空白对照组未见多角形细胞,甲胎蛋白、白蛋白mRNA均呈阴性表达.证明肝细胞生长因子、表皮细胞生长因子以及二者联合均具有诱导人骨髓间充质干细胞向肝样细胞分化的能力,至于二者联合是否能增强其分化能力尚待进一步免疫细胞化学染色定量分析予以验证.     

骨髓间充质干细胞向肝样细胞的诱导及分化

背景:研究表明,在体外提供肝细胞及成纤维细胞生长因子等多种因子可诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向肝样细胞分化,但对其诱导的最佳环境还处于摸索阶段.目的:观察体外应用肝细胞生长因子和成纤维生长因子4等多种因子联合诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向肝样细胞的分化能力.方法:采用全骨髓贴壁培养法分离、扩增大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,培养第3代时用肝细胞生长因子、成纤维生长因子4、胰岛素铁硒传递蛋白及地塞米松等联合诱导其向肝样细胞的分化.于诱导7,14,21 d后观察细胞形态变化,RT-PCR检测细胞白蛋白、甲胎蛋白、细胞角蛋白的mRNA表达;于诱导14,21 d行PAS糖原染色检测,并采用免疫细胞荧光法检测细胞白蛋白表达.结果与结论:随着诱导时间的延长,骨髓间充质干细胞表现为肝细胞样,并呈集落生长,肝细胞特异性标志物逐渐出现和成熟.细胞诱导至7 d出现甲胎蛋白mRNA表达,14 d表达增高,21 d时表达下降;14 d时细胞角蛋白18、白蛋白 mRNA和糖原出现表达,并随时间延长表达逐渐增加.细胞诱导14 d时,胞浆白蛋白出现表达,至21 d时表达增强.证实骨髓间充质干细胞在肝细胞生长因子、成纤维生长因子4等多种因子诱导作用下,具有强大的向肝细胞分化能力.     

鼠骨髓间充质干细胞体外诱导分化肝干细胞的研究

目的:探讨体外诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(rat bone marrow stromal cells,rBMSCs)定向分化为肝干细胞的可行性。方法:采用全骨髓培养法体外培养rBMSCs,设实验组及对照组,应用肝细胞生长因子(HGF)诱导分化,采用倒置相差显微镜观察细胞形态变化,免疫组化检测CK18、CK19及波形蛋白Vimentin;ELASA等方法检测甲胎蛋白,白蛋白及碱性磷酸酶。结果:rBMSCs经体外培养诱导后呈多角形、卵圆形改变,白蛋白,AFP,CK18、CK19表达阳性,碱性磷酸酶出现明显改变。结论:rBMSCs体外经HGF诱导下,具有向肝干细胞分化的能力,可成为肝组织工程主要种子细胞来源。     

白细胞介素6体外诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向肝细胞的分化

背景:骨髓间充质干细胞是肝细胞的重要肝外来源,在多种细胞因子和生长因子诱导下可分化为肝细胞,从而参与肝功能的修复和重建.目的:观察白细胞介素6是否可诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向肝细胞定向分化.方法:采用贴壁法分离培养昆明种雄性小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,在无血清肝细胞培养液HEPATOZYME-SFM中分别加入2.5,5,10,20 μg/L白细胞介素6诱导其向肝样细胞分化;诱导培养0,7,14,21,28 d时取出细胞爬片,细胞免疫组织化学法检测细胞角蛋白18、甲胎蛋白表达情况,过碘酸-Schiff糖原染色检测细胞功能,ELISA和硝酸还原酶法分别检测培养液中白蛋白和一氧化氮水平.结果与结论:当白细胞介素6质量浓度在2.5~10 μg/L范围内,呈浓度依赖性和时间依赖性增加细胞角蛋白18、糖原表达率及细胞培养液中白蛋白水平;甲胎蛋白表达为先升后降直至21d停止.当白细胞介素6质量浓度增加到20 μg/L时上述诱导作用均不及质量浓度10 μg/L组.只有10 μg/L白细胞介素6组诱导到28 d时细胞培养液中测得微量一氧化氮;提示白细胞介素6可诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向肝系细胞分化,且在10 μg/L作用最强,质量浓度再增高时诱导作用反而减弱.     

肝纤维化大鼠血清体外诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向肝细胞的分化

背景:近年来临床运用骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗晚期肝纤维化取得了较好疗效,但由于肝源稀少,骨髓干细胞体外分化为成熟肝细胞的技术仍然不成熟.目的:探讨骨髓间充质干细胞体外诱导其分化为肝细胞的可行性.方法:构建大鼠肝纤维化模型,分离、纯化并鉴定大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,制备正常及肝纤维化大鼠血清,取第3 代骨髓间充质干细胞分组培养,分别加入以下培养基:DMEM+体积分数10%胎牛血清;肝细胞生长培养基(HGM)+体积分数5%胎牛血清;HGM+5%正常大鼠血清;HGM+5%肝纤维化大鼠血清;HGM+5%肝纤维化大鼠血清+25 μg 肝细胞生长因子.观察各组细胞形态变化,MTT 法测定细胞生长曲线,采用Realtime-PCR 检测甲胎蛋白和细胞角蛋白18 的表达,溴甲酚绿法检测上清液中白蛋白水平,ELISA 法检测培养上清液中转化生长因子β1 表达.结果与结论:正常大鼠血清能促进骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖;肝纤维化大鼠血清对骨髓间充质干细胞促增殖作用最好,且能有效诱导其向肝细胞分化,联合使用肝细胞生长培养基能提高分化率.     

骨髓间充质干细胞向肝样细胞的诱导及分化

背景：研究表明,在体外提供肝细胞及成纤维细胞生长因子等多种因子可诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向肝样细胞分化,但对其诱导的最佳环境还处于摸索阶段。目的：观察体外应用肝细胞生长因子和成纤维生长因子 4 等多种因子联合诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向肝样细胞的分化能力。方法：采用全骨髓贴壁培养法分离、扩增大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,培养第 3 代时用肝细胞生长因子、成纤维生长因子 4、胰岛素铁硒传递蛋白及地塞米松等联合诱导其向肝样细胞的分化。于诱导 7,14,21 d 后观察细胞形态变化,RT-PCR 检测细胞白蛋白、甲胎蛋白、细胞角蛋白的 mRNA 表达;于诱导 14,21 d 行 PAS 糖原染色检测,并采用免疫细胞荧光法检测细胞白蛋白表达。结果与结论：随着诱导时间的延长,骨髓间充质干细胞表现为肝细胞样,并呈集落生长,肝细胞特异性标志物逐渐出现和成熟。细胞诱导至 7 d 出现甲胎蛋白 mRNA 表达,14 d 表达增高,21 d 时表达下降;14 d 时细胞角蛋白 18、白蛋白 mRNA和糖原出现表达,并随时间延长表达逐渐增加。细胞诱导 14 d 时,胞浆白蛋白出现表达,至 21 d 时表达增强。证实骨髓间充质干细胞在肝细胞生长因子、成纤维生长因子 4 等多种因子诱导作用下,具有强大的向肝细胞分化能力。     

神经干细胞与脑胶质瘤干细胞

所有的肿瘤组织并不是由均一的肿瘤细胞所组成的,不同的细胞具有不同的增殖、浸润和转移能力,亦即肿瘤的异质性.其中存在少数担当着干细胞角色的肿瘤细胞,具有干细胞的基本特性,包括自我更新能力、无限的增殖能力和多向分化潜能,为肿瘤干细胞.神经干细胞具有很强的自我更新机制,获得较少突变即有可能恶性转化,而且干细胞存活时间较长,这意味着干细胞比成熟细胞发生细胞复制的错误几率更大.因外界环境的刺激而发生突变的机会更多,最终形成脑胶质瘤干细胞,同时调节神经干细胞增殖和自我更新的基因在脑胶质瘤的脑胶质瘤干细胞中也表达,这也是支持神经干细胞是脑胶质瘤干细胞来源的;也有推测认为它可能起源于已分化的细胞,由这些细胞突变发生去分化得来,并通过基因突变而获得了干细胞自我更新的特性,从而形成脑胶质瘤干细胞.通过探讨神经干细胞与脑胶质瘤干细胞,为脑胶质瘤的治疗提供依据.     

Hematopoietic stem cells and mature blood cells from pluripotent stem cells

Pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells could be good sources for obtaining massive hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and mature blood cells. Coculture with feeder cells and embryoid body formation are two major strategies to induce hematopoietic differentiation from pluripotent stem cells. Derivation of HSC with ability of reconstituting human hematopoiesis in immunodeficient mice has been achieved. It is also possible to generate mature blood cells such as neutrophils, erythrocytes, and platelets from pluripotent stem cells. Their morphologies, phenotypes, and functions are usually very similar to those of normal counterparts. However, a breakthrough is needed to overcome the issue of "yield", which still stands as a high barrier to reach clinical applications.     

表皮干细胞与毛囊干细胞生物学特性的比较

背景:获取更合适的组织工程皮肤种子细胞可使皮肤功能得到更好的修复。目的:分离、培养表皮干细胞和毛囊干细胞,并比较两种细胞的生物学特性。方法:体外分离培养2月龄新西兰兔表皮干细胞和毛囊干细胞,取生长良好的第2,3,6代细胞观察其生物学特性。结果与结论:毛囊干细胞较表皮干细胞贴壁快,具有更高的增殖活性。免疫组化及荧光定量PCR检测显示毛囊干细胞β1整合素、角蛋白19蛋白及mRNA表达均明显高于表皮干细胞。提示作为皮肤组织工程的种子细胞,毛囊干细胞较表皮干细胞更具优势。     

Muscle-derived stem cells

The existence of cells with stem cell-like abilities derived from various tissues can now be extended to include the skeletal muscle compartment. Although researchers have focused on the utilization of these cells with regard to their myogenic capacity, initially exploring more efficient cellular therapy treatments for muscular dystrophy, it is becoming increasingly apparent that such cells may one day be used in the treatment of non-myogenic disorders. Evidence regarding the existence and differentiation capacity of muscle-derived stem cells is discussed, along with current theories regarding their proposed position within the myogenic hierarchy.     

Cancer stem cells

The cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis has had a major effect on the fields of cancer cell biology and clinical oncology. CSCs were originally described in hematologic malignancies, and subsequently in a variety of solid tumors. Their unique biological characteristics, including self-renewal capability, stem cell signaling pathways, relative quiescence and resistance to standard chemotherapy and radiotherapy are providing researchers and clinicians with new challenges. One important outcome of this new perspective on tumors is the recognition that effective treatment approaches will need to target both the rapidly proliferating bulk tumor cells, and the quiescent CSCs, which contain the ability to reestablish the malignancy when treatment is withdrawn. The clinical laboratory will undoubtedly see an influx of new molecular and histopathological tests to augment initial diagnosis, treatment decisions, and prognostic monitoring of cancer patients related to identifying and quantifying these as CSCs.     

Mesenchymal stem cells

About 40 years ago Friedenstein described stromal cells in the bone marrow that were spindle shaped and proliferate to form colonies. These cells attach to plastic and are able to differentiate under defined in vitro conditions into multiple cell types present in many different tissues, e.g. osteoblasts, chondroblasts, adipocytes, etc. Later on these cells, obtained from postnatal bone marrow, were called mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) or stromal stem cells. Recently the presence of somewhat similar cells has been demonstrated in many other tissues too. In spite of extensive attempts to characterize these cells we are still lacking definitive in vivo markers of MSC although retrospective functional data strongly support the existence of common adult stem cells that have the capacity to differentiate along various specific differentiation lineages. Since MSC can be rather easily isolated from the bone marrow and can also be expanded in vitro they have become a prime target for researchers of tissue regeneration. These cells have now been extensively used for transplantation experiments in animals and also for some therapeutic trials in humans. However, much new research is needed to learn enough on the molecular mechanisms of MSC differentiation to evaluate their full capacity for tissue regeneration.     

Leukaemic stem cells

All haemopoietic cell lineages arise from multipotential self-renewing stem cells that give rise to committed progenitor cells. These progenitor cells subsequently differentiate into more lineage-committed cells with a restricted range of plasticity. A hierarchical order is considered to exist, where lineage commitment and differentiation are thought to be irreversible. As cells differentiate, they gradually lose the ability to self-renew. The most primitive haemopoietic progenitor cells have the ability to reconstitute long-term haemopoiesis in myeloablated recipients. However, as cells differentiate, there is an orchestrated silencing of some genes and activation of others, resulting in lineage commitment and generally a reduction in proliferative ability. Here, we discuss potential differences between normal and leukaemic stem cells, some of which may have therapeutic implications.     

Mesenchymal stem cells

About 40 years ago Friedenstein described stromal cells in the bone marrow that were spindle shaped and proliferate to form colonies. These cells attach to plastic and are able to differentiate under defined in vitro conditions into multiple cell types present in many different tissues, e.g. osteoblasts, chondroblasts, adipocytes, etc. Later on these cells, obtained from postnatal bone marrow, were called mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) or stromal stem cells. Recently the presence of somewhat similar cells has been demonstrated in many other tissues too. In spite of extensive attempts to characterize these cells we are still lacking definitive in vivo markers of MSC although retrospective functional data strongly support the existence of common adult stem cells that have the capacity to differentiate along various specific differentiation lineages. Since MSC can be rather easily isolated from the bone marrow and can also be expanded in vitro they have become a prime target for researchers of tissue regeneration. These cells have now been extensively used for transplantation experiments in animals and also for some therapeutic trials in humans. However, much new research is needed to learn enough on the molecular mechanisms of MSC differentiation to evaluate their full capacity for tissue regeneration.     

肺干细胞、肺癌干细胞与肺癌

背景:随着肿瘤干细胞理论的出现,近年来通过杀死肿瘤干细胞而治疗肿瘤的研究逐渐兴起,并取得一定的进展。目的:综述肺干细胞、肺癌干细胞及肺癌的研究进展。方法:应用计算机检索中国全文期刊数据库及PubMed相关文献,检索词分别为"肺癌干细胞、肺癌、肺干细胞","lung stem cell,lung cancer stem cell,lungcancer,cancer stem cell",并限定语言为英语和中文,最终入选32篇文章进行综述。结果与结论:肺癌干细胞可能起源于正常肺组织干细胞,而肺癌干细胞可能是肺癌发生的重要因素。随着对肺癌干细胞研究的深入,肺癌治疗将会进入一个崭新的阶段。