胆道再次手术临床分析

目的探讨胆道再次手术的原因和对策。方法对1997年12月至2003年12月206例胆道再次手术的原因和术式进行回顾性分析。结果172例（83．5％）因结石复发和（或）残留主要行胆总管切开取石术、肝叶切除术、胆总管空肠Roux-Y吻合术及胆道镜取石术；9例（4．4％）胆道恶性肿瘤主要行根治性切除术、内外引流术；5例（2．4％）胆管损伤及3例（1．5％）十二指肠损伤主要行胆总管断端吻合术、T管引流术、胆肠吻合术、十二指肠修补及造瘘术；17例（8．3％）因其他原因再手术者主要行胆总管囊肿切除＋胆肠吻合术、腹腔引流术、腹腔探查、止血术等。结论①胆道再手术主要原因是残留结石和（或）复发；②为降低胆道再手术率，应强调术前诊断明确、选择正确术式和审慎操作。     

胆道再手术的原因及对策

目的：探讨胆道再手术的原因和对策。方法：对1994年12月－20000年12月间胆道再手术102例进行回顾性分析。结果：75例行胆管切开取石,其中12例同时行肝叶切除,5例胆总管十二指肠合改行胆总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合或再做其他术式,12例胆道恶性肿瘤分别行根治术,内外引流和PTCD,4例行胆管整形和胆肠吻合术,4例行囊肿切除胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合,2例行残余胆囊和胆囊残株炎切除,胆道再手术主要原因是结石复发（52．0％）,残石（21．6％）,恶性肿瘤（11．8％）,术式选择或操作不当（8．8％）,及胆管狭窄（3．9％）,续集：为降低胆道再手术率,强调应明确术前诊断,采用正确的术式,术中胆道镜,胆道造和B超检查,审真操作,积极进行根治性手术,尽量避免急诊手术和术后经T管窦道取石。     

10年胆道再手术的临床分析

目的：对胆道再手术的原因，治疗方法及疗效进行综合评价。以避免或减少再手术的发生和次数。方法：总结南开医院1990－1999年收治的外科病人中各类胆道病人治疗后的再次胆道手术病例，从胆道疾病手术后再次手术的原因，处理方法及治疗效果等方面进行系统的分析比较，结果：10年间胆道再手术病人828例，胆道再手术原因以残余和（或）再生结石为多，占73．43％，其它依次为Oddi括约肌狭窄，胆管炎性狭窄，胆肠吻合口狭窄，损伤性狭窄和肿瘤等。多次再手术的主要原因是胆管和胆肠吻合口良性狭窄，再手术方式以不同形式的胆道成形及内引流为主，38．77％的病人因胆总管结石和（或）Oddi括约肌狭窄行单纯EST及网篮取石术，胆道再手术病死率3．87％。结论：（1）胆道再手术主要原因是胆管结石。（2）多次胆道再手术的原因则以胆管和胆肠吻合口狭窄为主。（3）胆道再手术以清除结石，纠正胆管狭窄和建立通畅引流为原则。     

良性胆道疾病再次手术的原因及对策(附119例报告)

目的：探讨良性胆道疾病再次手术的原因及对策。方法：对1988年6月至1998年6月十年间收治的119例良性胆道疾病再次手术病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：119例中接受2次手术者78例（65．55％），3次者30例（25．21％），4次以上者11例（9．24％），死亡4例（3．36％），初次手术方式，开腹胆囊切除术61例（51．26％），胆囊切除加胆总管探查术35例（29．41％），胆肠吻合术15例（12．61％），腹腔镜胆囊切除术8例（6．72％），再次手术的原因，残留或复发结石占首位，共43例（36．13％），胆管损伤或损伤性狭窄32例（26．98％），残留胆囊炎或伴结石23例（19．33％），胆肠吻合口狭窄13例（10．92％），Oddi括约肌狭窄4例（3．36％），其他原因4例（3．36％），结论：良性胆道疾病再次手术的对策；（1）提高术前确诊率，通过各种影像学及造影检查，详细了解胆道系统情况。（2）术中全面细致检查，充分运用胆道镜，胆道造影及术中B超检查，选择合理的术式，降低残石率。（3）根据胆道的损伤类型，合理把握初次手术时机，成形后的肝管空肠端侧Roux-en-Y吻合术是胆道重建术的最佳选择。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜行胆道再手术治疗肝外胆管结石的临床疗效

目的探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜行胆道再手术治疗肝外胆管结石的疗效。方法回顾性分析2009年9月至2011年12月第三军医大学西南医院收治的41例肝外胆管结石患者的临床资料,其中单纯胆总管多发结石30例,胆总管结石合并残余胆囊及胆囊管结石11例;1次手术史者23例,2～3次手术史者18例。采用腹腔镜联合胆道镜进行再次手术取石。采用电话方式进行随访,随访时间截至2012年6月。结果39例患者成功完成腹腔镜联合胆道镜行胆道再手术,手术成功率为95．1％（39／41）。2例患者因胆管狭窄及肝门部致密粘连中转开腹手术。术中出血量为（33±10）mL,手术时间为（150±39）min,术后胃肠功能平均恢复时间为2d,术后住院时间为（6．5±2．5）d。患者术后无严重并发症发生,全部痊愈出院。39例患者平均随访时间为7个月（2～27个月）,无结石残留及复发,无胆管狭窄。结论腹腔镜联合胆道镜行胆道再手术治疗肝外胆管结石安全有效,具有创伤小、恢复快及并发症少的优点。     

小切口开腹手术联合胆道镜胆总管探查：附296例报告

目的探讨小切口开腹手术联合胆道镜胆总管探查术的手术方法及价值。方法回顾性分析开腹手术联合胆道镜胆总管探查术296例的临床资料，其中胆囊结石并继发胆总管结石253例，胆道蛔虫4例，Mirizzi—Ⅰ综合征6例，急性化脓性胆管炎23例，急性胰腺炎21例，乳头良性狭窄17例。全组中胆总管切开胆道镜取石一期缝合23例，经胆囊管纤维胆道镜探查网篮取石18例，未放置T管引流，其余均行胆总管切开，胆道镜取石，T管引流术。结果296例均顺利完成手术。手术时间40～165（平均55）min；其中取石时间18（10～40）min。223例[75．3％]术后能在次日下床活动，开始进流质饮食。一次性使用止痛剂62例（21．0％）。住院时间8～20d。结论小斜切口开腹手术联合胆道镜胆总管探查术具有创伤轻、痛苦小、恢复快、安全有效、并发症少等优点，有推广应用价值。     

成人胆总管囊肿多次手术原因分析

目的总结成人胆总管囊肿再手术的原因及外科处理要点。方法回顾性分析我院1994年1月至2004年1月收治的22例多次手术治疗的成人胆总管囊肿患者病例资料。结果22例患者共行53次手术治疗，累计接受2次手术者17例（77．3％）．3次手术者2例（9，1％），4次手术者2例（9．1％），5次手术者1例（4．5％）。再手术原因主要是吻合口狭窄、胆石症及胆道炎症。结论及时明确诊断、切除囊肿及注意解除肝内胆管狭窄是避免多次手术的要点。     

腹腔镜胆总管切开取石一期缝合术治疗胆总管结石53例分析

目的：探讨腹腔镜胆总管切开取石一期缝合术治疗胆总管结石的可行性及安全性。方法：回顾分析2009年12月至2012年8月为53例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者行腹腔镜、纤维胆道镜联合治疗的临床资料。腹腔镜胆囊切除联合胆总管切开,经胆道镜置入取石网篮取石,术毕一期缝合胆总管。结果：本组腹腔镜胆道镜联合胆总管探查取石术成功率98.1%（52/53）,1例中转开腹留置T管。手术时间平均（89.1±46.3）min,术中出血量平均（35±24.9）ml,术后平均住院（6.7±3.1）d,3例发生胆漏,1例再次手术。术后随访4个月～2年,发生残余胆总管结石1例。结论：在严格把握手术指征、认真术前影像学评价、术中熟练胆道镜操作、精准缝合的前提下,腹腔镜胆总管切开取石一期缝合术治疗胆总管结石是安全、可行的。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆总管切开取石术82例临床分析

目的探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜行胆总管切开取石术的优势、手术要点及术后处理。方法分析82例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者行腹腔镜联合胆道镜行胆囊切除术胆总管切开取石术的手术方法和操作要点。结果 82例腹腔镜联合胆道镜手术均获成功,无中转开腹,平均手术时间115 min,平均出血30 mL,平均住院7 d。8例术后出现胆漏,均经保守治疗后痊愈,无拔T管后胆漏。结论腹腔镜联合胆道镜行胆囊切除胆总管切开取石术是治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石理想的微创治疗方式。     

腹腔镜在再次胆道手术中的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜下再次胆道手术的可行性及临床疗效。方法2002年3月至2007年11月对48例胆总管结石复发者行腹腔镜下再次胆总管切开取石、术中行胆道镜取石、T管引流术或安装内置管胆总管一期缝合术。结果手术成功46例;中转开腹2例:1例为胆总管下段狭窄、胆道镜无法进入十二指肠,另1例为术中胆道镜活检证实为胆总管下段癌伴结石嵌顿。术后胆漏1例,无出血、腹腔感染等并发症。46例随访6～34个月,平均21个月,无结石复发、胆管狭窄及胆管炎发生。结论腹腔镜下再次胆道手术治疗胆总管结石复发是一种安全、可行、有效的方法。     

胆道再手术原因分析：附828例报告

目的:分析导致再次胆道手术的原因，以期减少胆道再手术率。方法:总结1990—1999年间收治的再次胆道手术患者828例的临床资料，对胆道疾病再次手术的原因进行归类分析。结果:再手术的主要原因是结石复发或残留，占65.10%;结石合并Oddi括约肌狭窄占33.82%;单纯Oddi括约肌狭窄占9.54%;胆管损伤性狭窄和胆肠吻合口狭窄占10.39%;胆道系统肿瘤占6.52%。结论:胆道再手术的主要原因仍以结石复发或残留为主，其次为Oddi括约肌狭窄;损伤性胆管狭窄等与手术有关的因素不容忽视。减少胆道再次手术的关键在于初次手术的彻底性和手术方法的合理性。     

Reoperative surgery in cholelithiasis

From 1965 to 1980, reoperations for residual or recurrent stones were performed on 78 out of 962 Japanese patients with cholelithiasis. The majority of patients who required reoperation had intrahepatic stones. Most of the causes of reoperation were residual stones due to incomplete removal or the non-detection of intrahepatic stones at the previous surgery. Very careful examination of the intrahepatic biliary trees should be done in patients with biliary tract diseases, because in many, the first operation was done during their youth. To remove the intrahepatic calculi completely, hepatic lobectomy should be considered as a final procedure. The causes of reoperation of common duct stones were residual in 60 per cent and recurrent in 40 per cent. Definitive surgery should be done at the first or at least the second operation to avoid irreversible hepatic disorders which have untoward effects on the prognosis. It is important not only to remove the stones but also to relieve the bile stasis in the biliary tract.     

胆道术后肝脓肿的原因分析及诊治

目的 探讨胆道系统术后并发肝脓肿的原因和治疗.方法 9例肝内外胆管结石病人经各种胆道手术后肝脏内形成脓肿;明确诊断后,在B超引导下经皮肝穿刺引流和对脓腔进行抗菌素灌洗,2例行手术治疗.结果 5例患者脓肿愈合,2例脓腔明显缩小,另2例行手术治疗病人已治愈.结论 分析肝内脓肿形成的主要原因为(1)胆道损伤;(2)肝内胆管结石残余;(3)十二指肠液返流;(4)T管引流不畅,胆道梗阻,胆汁滞留.在B超引导下经皮肝穿刺脓肿引流及选用敏感抗菌素对脓腔进行灌洗是治疗胆道术后并发肝脓肿的有效手段.但脓液引流不畅病人应及时作有效的手术引流,并同时去除病因.     

肝胆结石术后再次手术的原因分析及防治对策

目的探讨肝胆结石手术后再次手术的原因及对策。方法回顾性分析肝胆结石术后再次手术的患者259例,其中因胆囊残株炎行胆囊残株切除术3例 因胆总管结石行胆总管切开探查取石＋T管引流14例,行EST3例 因医源性胆道损伤行胆肠吻合＋T管引流9例 因肝内胆管结石残留或复发行肝叶（段）切除＋T管引流（或肝肠吻合）188例 因胆肠吻合口狭窄行胆肠吻合14例（其中4例合并结石） 因胆总管囊肿行胆总管囊肿切除＋胆肠吻合11例 因Caroli病并结石行肝叶（段）切除＋T管引流9例,因胆管肿瘤行根治术或T管引流3例 因意外性胆囊癌行根治术5例。结果再手术后发生并发症48例（18.5%）,均经保守治疗治愈。均获随访,平均2（0.5～5）年,244例病人获得较好效果,优良率达94.2%。结论术前对病情的准确判断与充分的术前准备、正确的手术方法以及术后综合治疗是预防肝胆结石手术后再次手术的关键。     

Reoperation of the biliary tract by laparoscopy: an analysis of 39 cases

BACKGROUND: Previously, prior biliary tract surgery was considered a contraindication to laparoscopic biliary tract reoperation. In this paper, we present our experience with laparoscopic biliary tract reoperation for patients with the choledocholithiasis for whom the endoscopic sphincterotomy has failed or is contraindicated. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on data from the attempted laparoscopic reoperation of 39 patients, examining open conversion rates, operative times, complications, and length of hospital stay. RESULTS: Of 39 cases, 38 were completed laparoscopically: 1 case required a conversion to the open operation because of difficulty in exposing the common bile duct. Mean operative time was 135 minutes. Mean postoperative hospital stay was 4 days. Procedures included 3 cases of laparoscopic residual gallbladder resection, 13 cases of laparoscopic common bile duct exploration and primary duct closure of choledochotomy, and 22 cases of laparoscopic common bile duct exploration and choledochotomy with T-tube drainage. There was 1 case of duodenal perforation during dissection, which was repaired laparoscopically. There were 2 cases of retained stones. Postoperative asymptomatic hypermalasia occurred in 3 cases. There were no complications due to port placement, no postoperative bleeding, bile or bowel leakage, and no mortality. At a mean follow-up time of 18 months, there was no recurrence or formation of duct stricture. CONCLUSIONS: The laparoscopic biliary tract reoperation is safe and feasible for experienced laparoscopic surgeons and is an alternative choice for patients with choledocholithiasis for whom the endoscopic sphincterectomy has failed or is contraindicated.     

Reoperation of Biliary Tract by Laparoscopy: a Consecutive series of 26 Cases

Background: In the past, previous operation of biliary tract represented a contraindication to perform reoperation by laparoscopy. As experience with laparoscopic techniques and instrumentation has expanded, reoperation of biliary tract with laparoscope has become an accepted procedure in the management of cholelithiasis. We present our interesting experience with regard to reoperation of biliary tract by laparoscopy.

Material and methods: Laparoscopic operation of biliary tract was performed on 3,674 consecutive patients from April, 1992 till June, 2005. Among these patients, 26 had a previous open operation of biliary tract and their clinical data were retrospectively analyzed as follows: seven cases had complicated intrahepatic bile duct stones (restricted at hepatic duct of the first and second order). Diameter of common bile duct in patients with common duct stones was above 1.2 cm, the number of stones for each patient was more than 3 and all the biggest stones exceeded 1 cm. In the 26 patients, pre-operatively, stenosis of bile duct and malignant tumour were excluded by both radiological examination and detection of serological tumour markers.

Results: The mean operative time was 125 min (75–190 min). Reoperations of biliary tract by laparoscope were successfully accomplished in 25 patients. One patient was converted to open operation and the common duct stones were removed by right angle forceps through short incision. None of the patients developed any severe complication, all of them recovered and were successfully discharged. Three cases with retained calculuses were successfully cured by removing these through the sinus tract of T tube.

Conclusions: Laparoscopic procedure is minimally invasive, safe and feasible for laparoscopic experts in case of reoperation of biliary tract. It is also a first method for patients for whom endoscopic sphincterotomy is contraindicated.     

良性胆管狭窄行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术后再手术临床分析

目的 探讨良性胆管狭窄行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术后再手术的原因和再手术的方法.方法 回顾性分析良性胆管狭窄行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术后28例再次手术患者的临床资料.文中数据统计分析计量资料采用t检验,多因素分析采用Stepwise logistic回归分析.结果 再次手术原因为残余结石合并胆管狭窄10例,单纯吻合口狭窄11例,胆管狭窄6例,吻合口漏和十二指肠漏1例.再手术方式为:肝叶或肝段切除+胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术18例,肝正中裂劈开+胆肠Roux-en.Y吻合术5例,右半肝切除术1例,吻合口狭窄段切除+胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术1例,腹腔引流+十二指肠造瘘+空肠造瘘术1例,胆管切开取石+T管引流术2例,术后发生并发症13例.结论 胆道再手术病情复杂,手术难度高,详细了解病情和正确的手术方式是良性胆管狭窄再手术成功的关键.     

术中胆道损伤143例的原因及处理

目的讨论术中胆道损伤的原因及处理方法。方法分析我院1970年1月至2003年12月治疗的术中胆道损伤143例,占同期胆道手术的2.83%。男59例(41.26%),女84例(58.74%),平均年龄为44.7岁。导致胆道损伤的手术类型为胆道手术129例(90.21%),胃切除5例(3.5%),其他手术9例(6.29%)。损伤类型以胆管横断和部分切除等为多,术中发现并当即处理者69例(48.25%),3d内二次手术者28例(19.58%),1个月内手术者13例(9.09%),半年以后再次手术者33例(23.08%)。结果死亡7例(4.90%)(死亡原因为肝功能衰竭及严重感染),治愈136例,治愈率为95.1%,随访1～30年,平均9.4年,随访期间胆道狭窄19例(13.29%),均经再次手术治愈。结论术中胆道损伤的发生率为0.1%～3%,以胆囊切除术多见。术者缺乏训练,暴露欠佳,照明差,局部粘连为主要原因。疑有损伤者应行术中胆道造影及胆总管探查,确认后当即行修补或胆肠吻合,置管支撑、引流。术中胆道损伤多需再次手术,死亡率明显增加。