低位房间隔起搏与右心耳起搏的临床对比研究

目的 探讨低位房间隔起搏与右心耳起搏在植入操作时间、起搏参数方面的差异.方法 选取40例因窦房结功能障碍或成人获得性房室传导阻滞导致的缓慢型心律失常行起搏治疗的患者分为两组.其中,房间隔组20例,采用主动固定螺旋电极行低位房间隔起搏;右心耳组20例,采用被动固定翼状电极行右心耳起搏.对比两组电极植入操作时间,电极植入时、术后1个月、3个月的起搏参数（阈值和阻抗）.结果 房间隔组与右心耳组比较,心房电极植入操作时间和起搏参数在术中、术后1个月、3个月差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 低位房间隔起搏与右心耳起搏具有相似的电极植入操作时间以及相同的起搏参数,为临床起搏治疗的有效部位.     

No incremental benefit of multisite atrial pacing compared with right atrial pacing in patients with drug refractory paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

OBJECTIVE—To evaluate the incremental antifibrillatory effect of multisite atrial pacing compared with right atrial pacing in patients with drug refractory paroxysmal atrial fibrillation paced for arrhythmia prevention alone.
METHODS—In 20 of these patients (mean (SD) age 64 (8) years; 14 female, six male), a single blinded randomised crossover study was performed to investigate the incremental benefit of one month of multisite atrial pacing compared with one month of right atrial pacing. Outcomes included the number of episodes of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, their total duration obtained from pacemaker Holter memory, and quality of life using a cardiac specific questionnaire (the modified Karolinska questionnaire).
RESULTS—Comparing right atrial with multisite atrial pacing, there was no significant change in either the number of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation episodes (mean (SD): right atrial pacing 77 (98) episodes v multisite pacing 52 (78) episodes, NS) or their total duration (right atrial, 4.8 (5.4) days v multisite, 6.3 (9.8) days, NS). Quality of life scores compared with baseline status were equally improved by either pacing strategy (mean percentage improvement: right atrial, 38%, p = 0.003; multisite, 44%, p = 0.003). There was no significant difference in life scores comparing the two pacing modes.
CONCLUSIONS—Multisite atrial pacing has no incremental antiarrhythmic effect compared with right atrial pacing in patients paced for drug refractory paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Quality of life is equally improved with either pacing strategy, with no differences between them.


Keywords: multisite atrial pacing; atrial fibrillation; pacing     

动态心房超速起搏预防阵发性房颤

目的观察动态心房超速起搏预防阵发性房颤的临床疗效和安全性。方法选择病态窦房结综合症伴阵发性房颤,并需植入永久起搏器的患者8例,分别植入具有动态心房起搏功能的起搏器,PacessetterTrilogy23643例,VitatronSelectionTM900E5例;随访6个月,前3个月不打开动态心房起搏功能,后3个月打开动态心房起搏功能,根据起搏器记录到的模式转换次数和持续时间来判断其预防房颤发作的疗效。结果打开动态心房起搏功能前后,患者房颤发作的次数分别为2437±956次/月和472±135次/月(P<0.05);模式转换持续时间分别为173±105小时/月和48±25小时/月(P<0.05);房颤负荷分别为33±8%和10±7%(P<0.05)。结论动态心房超速起搏,是阵发性房颤预防治疗的有效和安全的方法之一。     

Atrial pacing for sick sinus syndrome

Atrial pacing is the most physiological way to pace patients with sinus node disease, as it provides both AV synchrony and a normal ventricular activation pattern. Long-term studies comparing atrial and ventricular pacing imply that atrial pacing results in fewer cardiac complications and, possibly, reduced mortality. Ventricular pacing should thus, if possible, be avoided in patients with sinus node disease. The potential risk of impending high-grade AV block during atrial pacing is low, with an annual incidence around 1% if patients are selected appropriately. Approximately 40-50% of patients with sinus node disease show signs of chronotropic incompetence during physical exercise, and are thus candidates for atrial rate responsive pacing. A preoperative evaluation of candidates for atrial pacing should include long-term Holter/telemetry, exercise test, carotid sinus stimulation, and an electrophysiological study excluding significant AV conduction disturbances.     

Coronary sinus pacing initiates counterclockwise atrial flutter while pacing from the low lateral right atrium initiates clockwise atrial flutter: Analysis of episodes of direct initiation of atrial flutter

Introduction: Rapid atrial pacing in sinus rhythm may directly induce atrial flutter without provoking intervening atrial fibrillation, or initiate atrial flutter indirectly, by a conversion from an episode of transient atrial fibrillation provoked by rapid atrial pacing. The present study was performed to examine whether or not the direct induction of clockwise or counterclockwise atrial flutter was pacing-site (right or left atrium) dependent. Methods and Results: We analyzed the mode of direct induction of atrial flutter by rapid atrial pacing. In 46 patients with a history of atrial flutter, rapid atrial pacing with 3 to 20 stimuli (cycle LENGTH = 500 − 170 ms) was performed in sinus rhythm to induce atrial flutter from 3 atrial sites, including the high right atrium, the low lateral right atrium, and the proximal coronary sinus, while recording multiple intracardiac electrograms of the atria. Direct induction of atrial flutter by rapid atrial pacing was a rare phenomenon and was documented only 22 times in 15 patients: 3, 11, and 8 times during stimulation, respectively, from the high right atrium, low lateral right atrium, and the proximal coronary sinus. Counterclockwise atrial flutter (12 times) was more frequently induced with stimulation from the proximal coronary sinus than from the low lateral right atrium (8 vs 1, P = .0001); clockwise atrial flutter (10 times) was induced exclusively from the low lateral right atrium (P = .0001 for low lateral right atrium vs proximal coronary sinus, P = .011 for low lateral right atrium vs high right atrium). Conclusions: Direct induction of either counterclockwise or clockwise atrial flutter was definitively pacing-site dependent; low lateral right atrial pacing induced clockwise, while proximal coronary sinus pacing induced counterclockwise atrial flutter. Anatomic correlation between the flutter circuit and the atrial pacing site may play an important role in the inducibility of counterclockwise or clockwise atrial flutter.     

食管心房调搏诱发阵发性房颤的心房电生理特性

为了探讨食管心房调搏对阵发性房颤检查的临床价值。回顾食管心房调搏诱发２５例阵发性房颤的心房电生理特性。其结果；程序刺激，分级起搏诱发１１例房颤，均有明确的房颤 史，猝发电脉冲诱发的１４例中１０例有明确的房颤史。房颤组２５例与正常对照组２５例相比心房有效不应期缩短，相对不应期区域扩大，最大房间传导时间延长，房间传导延缓更显著，这些可能是食管心房调搏诱发房颤的重要电生理基础。认为食管心房调搏对确定临床     

Differences in pacing from the atrial appendage and the lateral atrial free wall on left ventricular filling and haemodynamics during DDD pacing.

INTRODUCTION: Atrioventricular sequential pacing involves stimulation from electrodes in the right atrium, generally the atrial appendage (RAA) and the right ventricular apex. The appendage, however, may be unsuitable if a stable position cannot be achieved. The aim of this study was to assess the haemodynamic consequences of different atrial stimulation sites during DDD pacing. METHODS: In 12 consecutive patients (mean age 67 +/- 7 years) who underwent DDD pacemaker implantation, an additional temporary bipolar pacing electrode was positioned on the right atrial free wall. Pacing was performed alternating from the two locations at 85, 100 and 120 beats per minute (bpm). Paced atrioventricular delay was set at 180 ms. Cardiac output and mitral inflow measurements were performed using Doppler echocardiography. RESULTS: Pacing at 85 and 100 bpm resulted in a significantly higher A-peak velocity from the RAA compared with the right atrial free wall. Cardiac index was consistently higher from the RAA location (2.4 +/- 1.2 vs 2.1 +/- 0.91. min-1 m-2 at 85 bpm, 2.71 +/- 1.4 vs 2.35 +/- 1.11. min-1 m-2 at 100 bpm and 2.94 +/- 1.5 vs 2.61 +/- 1.41. min-1 m-2 at 120 bpm, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Stimulation from the RAA was superior to stimulation from the right atrial free wall with respect to left ventricular filling and cardiac output. Compared with stimulation from the right atrial free wall, RAA pacing resulted in an increase of 10-15% in cardiac output.     

快速右房起搏心房颤动动物模型的建立

目的探讨经快速右房起搏方法制作犬心房颤动动物模型的可行性。方法11只健康杂种犬经右侧颈外静脉途径植入埋藏式高频率心脏起搏器,VOO模式快速(350~430次/m in)起搏右心房8周。观察房颤诱发情况,对起搏前后心电图、超声心动图及电生理检查结果进行比较。结果8只犬完成实验。术后8周停止起搏时出现自发性房颤2只,经程序刺激诱发出房颤4只,爆发刺激诱发出房颤2只,房颤总诱发率100%。结论经快速右房起搏方法制作心房颤动动物模型成功率高、重复性好;可用于房颤发病机理、电生理重构、心肌重构、分子生物学改变等临床研究,也可用于心动过速性心肌病及部分心力衰竭的研究。     

Modulation of vagal activity to atria electrical remodeling resulted from rapid atrial pacing

Background Atrial electrical remodeling(AER) plays an important role in the pathogenesis and maintenance of atrial fibrillation.However,little is known about modulation of vagal activity to AER.This study aimed to investigate the relationship between vagal moduation and AER.Methods Twenty four adult mongrel dogs under general anesthesia were randomized into 3 groups.Sympathetic activity was blocked by administration of metoprolol in 3 groups.The changes in vagal modulation to atria after AER were observed in 10 dogs without vagal interruption in group A.The effects ofvagal intervention on AER were investigated in 8 dogs with administration of atropine in group B.The impact of aggressively vagal activity on AER was studied in 6 dogs with bilateral cervical vag sympathetic trunks stimulation during AER in group C.Bilateral cervical vagosympathetic trunks were decentralized. Multipolar catheters were placed into high right atria (RA),coronary sinus (CS) and right ventricle (RV).AER was induced by 600 bpm pacing through RA catheter for 30 minutes.Atrial effective refractory period (ERP) and vulnerability window (VW) of atrial fibrillation were measured with and without vagal stimulation before and after AER.Results In group A,ERP decreased significantly at baseline and during vagal stimulation after AER compared with that before AER (all P<0.05).In group B,ERP remained unchanged at baseline and vagal stimulation after AER compared with that before AER (all P>0.05).In group C,ERP shortened significantly at baseline and vagal stimulation after AER compared with that before AER (all P<0.05).ERP shortening after AER in Groups A and C increased significantly than that in group B (all P<0.05).Atrial fibrillation could not be induced at baseline (VW close to 0) before and after AER in three groups.VW became widen significantly during vagal stimulation after AER compared with that before AER in Groups A and C (all P<0.05),while VW remained unchanged in group B (VW close to 0).Conclusions Short-term AER result     

A new atrial transseptal pacing electrode

Summary: The atrial septum provides a convenient structure to which a transvenous electrode can be attached securely. The Brockenbrough cardiac catheterization technique has been used to gain access to the left atrium. A new electrode has been fabricated which can be inserted into the left atrium through the lumen of a Brockenbrough catheter. The electrode is composed of a stainless steel coil attached inside the proximal end of a platinum cylinder at the cardiac terminal. Three Elgiloy wires, having a wing configuration, are attached inside the distal end of the platinum cylinder. The coil and cylinder are insulated by silicone rubber and the metallic surface area of the distal electrode tip equals 5 mm². This electrode has been implanted without difficulty or complications in five patients with tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome.     

右室起搏对左房容积指数及P波离散度的影响

目的 比较右室流出道间隔部(RVS)起搏与右室心尖部(RVA)起搏对左房容积指数、房性心律失常及P波离散度的影响.方法 选择RVS起搏及RVA起搏各36例,无器质性心脏病,其中DDD起搏30例,VVI起搏6例,行左房容积指数、24h房性心律失常、P波离散度(Pd)及最大P波时限(Pmax)检测,进行对比.结果 36例R...     

Value of oesophageal pacing in evaluation of atrial arrhythmias

The study of ‘atrial vulnerability’ is often clinicallyindicated but it requires the use of invasive intracardiac stimulation.The purpose of the study was to assess the use of oesophagealpacing in the evaluation of atrial tachyarrhythmias (ATA). Fifty-fivepatients with documented ATA (group I) and 60 without (groupII) were studied. The protocol of oesophageal pacing consistedof atrial pacing up to the second-degree AV block and programmedstimulation in the control state and after isoproterenol infusion.ATA was induced in 47 group I patients (85%) either in the controlstate (n=27) or during isoproterenol infusion (n=20) and inthree group II patients (5%). There was no other electrophysiologicalabnormality. The presence of underlying heart disease did notprecipitate ATA in group II. In conclusion, because of its good sensitivity (85%) and specificity(95%) transoesophageal pacing could be used to evaluate atrialarrhythmias.     

应用经食道心房调搏技术鉴别Mahaim纤维

目的:通过食道心房调搏技术鉴别Mahaim纤维。方法:回顾性分析53例旁道具有前传功能患者的食道电生理检查。其中Mahaim纤维组7例,Kent氏束组46例,对比两组的经食道心房起搏后S-R间期、旁道递减功能（ΔS-R）、旁道不应期（AP-ERP）、及心动过速发作特点。结果:在经食道心房调搏检查中,S1S1起搏时Mahaim纤维组S-R间期较Kent氏束组长［(71±20)ms vs. (28±14)ms,P<0.05］;Mahaim纤维组可见ΔS-R［(103±28)ms vs.(12±11)ms,P<0.01);两者的AP-ERP无显著差异。Mahaim纤维组7例均诱发出宽QRS波心动过速,Kent氏束组3例为宽QRS波心动过速。结论:应用经食道心房调搏可鉴别Mahaim纤维。     

Atrial pacing for prevention of atrial fibrillation: assessment of simultaneously implemented algorithms.

AIMS: Several preliminary studies indicated that right atrial pacing could prevent atrial tachyarrhythmias (ATA). We sought to compare the safety and the efficacy of atrial-based pacing supplemented by dedicated combined algorithms with conventional atrial pacing in the prevention of ATA. METHODS: Fifty-five patients with a history of recurrent paroxysmal ATA implanted with a dual-chamber pacemaker were studied during two randomized cross-over pacing periods (conventional DDD and DDD with ATA prevention algorithms) of 6 months duration. The primary endpoint was the burden of ATA episodes recorded by the device mode switch algorithm. RESULTS: The cross-over analysis did not demonstrate any significant difference between the two pacing modes: 254+/-533 h of ATA during the control period versus 238+/-518 h during the ATA prevention period. Analysis of a subgroup of patients found that those with the lower percentage of ventricular pacing benefited from ATA prevention algorithms (120+/-182 h versus 225+/-350 h during the control period; P < 0.04). CONCLUSION: When compared with DDD pacing at 70 bpm, ATA prevention algorithms have not demonstrated significant efficacy. However, a subgroup of patients with preserved native AV conduction (low percentage of ventricular pacing) responded to ATA prevention algorithms.     

Efficacy and tolerability of continuous overdrive atrial pacing in atrial fibrillation.

Overdrive right atrial pacing has been used to prevent atrial fibrillation, but its efficacy in atrial fibrillation prevention and the patient tolerability and quality of life during high rate pacing remain uncertain. The objective of this study was to test the effects of a consistent atrial pacing algorithm that automatically paced the atrium at 30 ms shorter than the sinus P-P interval for atrial fibrillation prevention. Fifteen patients with sick sinus syndrome implanted with a Thera DR (model 7940 or 7960, Medtronic Inc.) were randomly programmed to rate adaptive dual chamber pacing (DDDR) or DDDR + consistent atrial pacing mode, each for an 8-week study period. The efficacy of consistent atrial pacing was assessed by the number of automatic mode switching and the number of premature atrial complexes. Symptoms and quality of life were assessed by the SF-36 quality of life questionnaire and an atrial fibrillation symptom checklist. The percentage of atrial pacing increased from 57 +/- 32% to 86 +/- 28%. Overall, there was no significant difference in the number of automatic mode switching episodes between DDDR and DDDR + consistent atrial pacing (47 +/- 90 vs 42 +/- 87, P > 0.05), but a significant reduction in premature atrial complexes by 74.7% (P < 0.001). There was no undue increase in atrial rate by the DDDR + consistent atrial pacing mode versus DDDR (63 +/- 13 vs 70 +/- 7 bpm). There was no significant difference in quality of life scores and symptom severity on frequency between the two modes of pacing, but a trend towards a lower frequency of symptoms in the DDDR + consistent atrial pacing mode compared with baseline (29.5 +/- 10.2 vs 25.1 +/- 9.7, P = 0.07). An algorithm that provides consistent atrial overdrive pacing can suppress atrial fibrillation triggering premature atrial complexes without the need to increase the overall atrial rate compared with conventional pacing. The algorithm appears to be well-tolerated, but further studies are needed to address the clinical impact of this atrial fibrillation prevention algorithm.     

ZV1,ZV5导联心室晚电位的检出率及临床意义

用Ｘ、Ｙ、Ｚ正交导联和改良的ＺＶ１、ＺＶ５导联，对３８例室性早搏病人进行心室晚电位检测。结果显示ＺＶ１、ＺＶ５导联法晚电位阳性率明显高于Ｘ、Ｙ、Ｚ正交导联法（ｕ＝４．６９，Ｐ〈０．０１），改进、弥补了Ｘ、Ｙ、Ｚ正交导联对晚电位“稀释”的不足。用ＤＣＧ同时记录，发现ＺＶ１导联法晚电位阳性与右室起源的早搏有关；ＺＶ５导联法记录的晚电位与左室起源的早搏有关。显示改良的ＺＶ１、ＺＶ５导联与传统的Ｘ、Ｙ、Ｚ     

食管心房调搏对预激综合征潜在危险性的评价

为探讨评价预激综合征潜在危险性的方法,采用食管心房调搏检查32例显性预激综合征患者。结果显示程控刺激的起搏周长由≥600ms缩短至≤400ms时,旁道顺向有效不应期均值由287.19±31.85缩短至264.06±36.27ms,≤270ms的短旁道顺向有效不应期检出率由21.88％增至53.13％,旁道1:1下传最大心室率与起搏周长≥600ms及≤400ms的旁道顺向有效不应期均呈负相关(r分别为-0.68及-0.79);心房颤动时经旁道下传最短R-R间期与旁道1:1下传最大心室率呈负相关(r=-0.96),与起搏周长≥600ms及≤400ms的旁道顺向有效不应期呈正相关(r分别为0.79及0.93)。与早期心内电生理研究结果基本一致。认为食管心房调搏在很大程度上可替代心内电生理测定旁道顺向有效不应期(程控刺激的起搏周长至少包括≥600ms及≤400ms)、旁道1:1下传的最大心室率及心房颤动时心室反应来评价预激综合征潜在危险性。     

Single chamber atrial pacing: an underused and cost-effective pacing modality in sinus node disease

Objective—To determine the safety and cost effectiveness of single chamber atrial pacing in patients with sinus node disease.
Design—Retrospective follow up study.
Setting—Tertiary referral centre.
Patients—81 patients with single chamber atrial pacemakers implanted between 1992 and 1996.
Main outcome measures—The development of high grade atrioventricular block resulting in a further pacemaker procedure. The cost savings of changing our current pacing practice to conform with British Pacing and Electrophysiology Group guidelines.
Results—During the follow up period, four patients (5.8%) required a further procedure to upgrade their atrial pacemaker to a dual chamber system owing to the development of high grade atrioventricular block. In 1995 and 1996, 343 pacemakers were implanted in patients with sinus node disease; 19 (5.5%) received single chamber atrial pacemakers and 271 (79%) dual chamber pacemakers. If the current pacing practice was changed so that all patients received single chamber atrial pacemakers, with revision for symptomatic atrioventricular block, savings in excess of £206 000 would have been made in the two year period.
Conclusions—Atrial pacing in patients with sinus node disease is underused. The need for patients to undergo further procedures owing to the development of atrioventricular block is small and significant cost savings could be made by changing pacemaker practice.

Keywords: sinus node disease;  atrial pacing;  cost effectiveness     

Effect of gender on atrial electrophysiologic changes induced by rapid atrial pacing and elevation of atrial pressure

INTRODUCTION: The incidence of atrial fibrillation is greater in men than in women, but the reasons for this gender difference are unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of gender on the atrial electrophysiologic effects of rapid atrial pacing and an increase in atrial pressure. METHODS AND RESULTS: Right atrial pressure and effective refractory period (ERP) were measured during sinus rhythm and during atrial and simultaneous AV pacing at a cycle length of 300 msec in 10 premenopausal women, 11 postmenopausal women, and 24 men. The postmenopausal women were significantly older than the premenopausal women (61 +/- 8 years vs 34 +/- 10 years; P < 0.01). During sinus rhythm, mean atrial ERP in premenopausal women was shorter (211 +/- 19 msec) than in postmenopausal women and age-matched men (242 +/- 18 msec and 246 +/- 34 msec, respectively; P < 0.05). Atrial ERPs in all patients shortened significantly during atrial and simultaneous AV pacing. However, the degree of shortening during atrial pacing (43 +/- 8 msec vs 70 +/- 20 msec and 74 +/- 21 msec; P < 0.05) and during simultaneous AV pacing (48 +/- 16 msec vs 91 +/- 27 msec and 84 +/- 26 msec; P < 0.05) was significantly less in premenopausal women than in postmenopausal women or age-matched men. CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrate a significant gender difference in atrial electrophysiologic changes in response to rapid atrial pacing and an increase in atrial pressure. The effect of menopause on the observed changes suggests that the gender differences may be mediated by the effects of estrogen on atrial electrophysiologic properties.