内窥镜辅助腋下切口隆乳术的应用体会

目的:探讨应用内窥镜辅助,在腋下切口假体隆乳术中的临床应用与操作体会。方法:自2010年10月~2012年10月应用内窥镜辅助隆乳20例,40侧。手术均行腋下切口,内窥镜辅助,胸大肌下分离置入假体或胸大肌筋膜间分离置入假体。结果:20例均随访1年以上,一例一侧包膜挛缩变硬,再次内窥镜辅助经腋下切口切开包膜组织,扩大腔隙,重新置入假体,,术后恢复好。其余术后乳房形态良好,外形及手感好,无血肿及感染等并发症发生。结论:采用内窥镜辅助下,手术在直视下进行,安全性高,手术创伤小,出血少,术后包膜挛缩发生率低,是值得推广的辅助技术。     

经乳晕切口综合处理假体隆乳术后包膜挛缩

目的 探讨经乳晕切口采用多种方法综合处理假体隆乳术后包膜挛缩的效果.方法 2005年2月至2011年6月,对94例168侧假体隆乳术后包膜挛缩进行治疗并置入假体,其挛缩程度均为Baker分类法Ⅲ、Ⅳ级.94例均采用乳晕切口,根据原假体置入腔隙及乳腺、胸大肌厚度等条件,采取重新剥离腔隙、去除或不去除包膜组织,甚至二期手术,于胸大肌或乳腺后间隙置入假体等方法综合处理,术中严格止血.结果 术后94例中46例获得门诊随访,其余病例均获得电话随访,时间6 ～37个月,平均9.9个月,术后包膜挛缩复发Ⅲ级者2例、Ⅳ级者1例,其余病例乳房外观均丰满、挺拔,柔软度较好,电话随访病例均对乳房塑形效果满意.本组病例均无血肿、感染、乳房假体破裂、乳房下垂及上移等并发症发生.结论 应用乳晕切口对假体隆乳术后包膜挛缩进行综合而有效地处理,术后包膜挛缩复发率较低,可以获得较满意的乳房塑形效果.     

内窥镜在假体隆乳术后包膜挛缩修复中的应用

目的:探讨内窥镜操作下修复假体隆乳术后包膜挛缩的优缺点及可行性。方法:自2013年至今,应用内窥镜修复假体隆乳术后包膜挛缩16例,13例为单侧,3例为双侧包膜挛缩并伴左右乳房不对称畸形。结果:16例患者术后随访3～12个月,1例包膜挛缩复发,其余病例乳房形态良好,手感及动感自然。结论:内窥镜系统操作下修复包膜挛缩,采用其微创技术通过腋窝切口,手术在可视下进行,挛缩包膜组织剥离切除完善,假体放置腔隙分离精确,创伤小,止血彻底,避免了传统手术方法经乳晕或下皱襞切除挛缩包膜的再次创伤,术后并发症少,恢复快。     

隆乳术后包膜挛缩处理方案探讨

目的:探讨直视下经乳晕切口对假体隆乳术后不同情况下包膜挛缩的有效处理方法。方法:2009年1月～2012年10月,对65例假体隆乳术后包膜挛缩进行治疗,均采用乳晕切口,视原假体植入腔隙及乳腺、胸大肌厚度等条件采取重新剥离腔隙、去除或不去除包膜组织甚至Ⅱ期手术的方法,术中严格止血。结果:本组65例术后均获得随访,随访时间8个月～42个月,平均随访时间15.2个月,术后包膜挛缩复发者2例,其余病例乳房外观均满意。结论:应用直视下乳晕切口对假体隆乳术后包膜挛缩进行个性化的有效处理,术后包膜挛缩复发率较低。     

内窥镜直视下二次假体隆乳术的临床疗效

目的探讨内窥镜直视下行二次假体隆乳后的效果和相关并发症。方法 2012年2月至2015年6月,对60例有二次假体隆乳需求的患者进行内窥镜直视下二次假体隆乳术。二次假体隆乳的原因包括:对首次隆乳后乳房大小仍未满意的,有严重包膜挛缩的,以及出现术后假体破裂的。本组患者术后随访1年,以了解患者术后相关并发症发生情况和患者对术后效果的满意度。结果 60例患者均顺利完成手术。所有患者无假体移位、假体破裂等并发症出现。3例患者出现Ⅲ度纤维包膜挛缩。其余57例患者术后乳房圆润饱满,手感柔软,术后效果满意。结论内窥镜直视下二次假体隆乳术具有直视下彻底止血,包膜松解分离彻底,腔隙剥离彻底的优点,并且避免了在乳头乳晕形成切口瘢痕,术后效果良好,值得临床推广。     

经腋下切口入路内窥镜辅助下双平面假体隆乳术

目的:探索内窥镜辅助下经腋下入路行假体隆乳术的效果。方法:采用腋下切口入路,在内窥镜辅助下,直视分离手术腔隙,离断部分胸大肌,将乳房假体置于胸大肌下和乳腺筋膜下双平面腔隙中。结果:本组就医者56例,经过平均11个月的随访,患者术后恢复快,未出现血肿,包膜挛缩等并发症,乳房形态自然,受术者满意度高。结论:经腋下切口在内窥镜辅助下的双平面假体隆乳术,变盲视操作为可视操作,视野清晰,操作简便;可在直视下进行胸大肌的松解,减少胸大肌对假体的束缚,降低了疼痛和包膜挛缩的发生,术后外形美观、手感逼真,可获得理想的动态效果,获得持久、满意的效果。     

假体隆乳术后Ⅲ、Ⅳ级包膜挛缩的综合处理

目的:探讨针对假体隆乳术后Ⅲ、Ⅳ级包膜挛缩的综合处理措施及其临床效果。方法:选择2014年5月至2017年5月本院收治的假体隆乳术后Ⅲ/Ⅳ级包膜挛缩68例(136侧),采用乳晕切口或下皱襞切口,包膜完整切除、部分切除或腔隙封闭,重新剥离腔隙,置换假体,组织覆盖困难者延期假体置入。观察术后伤口愈合情况、乳房外形、手感、乳头感觉、患者满意度及包膜挛缩复发及其分级。结果:68例求美者中,采取一期包膜处理及假体置换66例(占97.0%),采取一期包膜处理、二期假体置入2例(占2.9%);采用乳晕切口者60例(占88.2%),下皱襞切口者8例(占11.8%);术后7d伤口均甲级愈合;6个月随访率为97.0%;术后6个月发生包膜挛缩Ⅲ级2例、Ⅳ级1例(共占4.4%);求美者满意度95.6%。结论:乳晕或下皱襞切口是假体隆乳包膜挛缩综合处理的理想入路;原假体置入腔隙及乳腺、胸大肌厚度等覆盖组织情况是Ⅲ、Ⅳ级包膜挛缩综合处理策略的重要参考;正确处理挛缩包膜和假体置换是减少包膜挛缩复发和提高患者满意度的关键。     

胸肌筋膜后假体置入在矫正乳房下垂中的应用

目的 探讨胸肌筋膜后间隙假体置入纠正轻中度乳房下垂的可行性.方法 本组患者共10例,分别经乳晕切口(2例)、乳晕周围双环切口(2例)、腋下切口(6例),将硅凝胶乳房假体置于胸肌筋膜后间隙,即胸肌筋膜和胸大肌之间.结果 所有患者术后获随访3～18个月(平均6.5个月),除1例患者双侧乳房轻度不对称外,余者乳房外形良好,无包膜挛缩、血肿等并发症发生.结论 该方法将乳腺后间隙假体隆乳术及胸大肌后间隙假体隆乳术的优点相结合,具有并发症较低和乳房外形良好等优点,是矫正乳房下垂的一种较好方法.     

内窥镜辅助腋窝入路隆乳术临床应用体会

目的探讨内窥镜辅助腋窝入路假体隆乳术的临床手术效果。方法自2014—2016年,对收治的30例小乳症患者采取术前个性化选取假体,采取腋窝切口,沿皮下潜行分离至胸大肌外侧缘,进入胸大肌后间隙;采用内窥镜辅助下精确剥离,形成假体置入腔隙,同时内窥镜直视下离断胸大肌下缘,形成双平面后置入假体。术后随访观察乳房形态及相关并发症。结果 30例患者术后均未出现血肿、感染、双侧不对称等早期并发症;随访12个月,无一例发生假体移位及包膜挛缩,乳房形态自然、弧度优美、手感及动感良好。结论内窥镜辅助腋窝入路假体隆乳术,具有操作精确、术中出血较少、损伤较小、术后并发症较少,手术效果确切等特点;且术后乳房形态自然,动感良好。     

假体隆乳术后并发症医疗原因分析

目的:结合临床16例硅凝胶假体隆乳术后并发症患者,分析并发症产生的原因。方法:180例小乳症患者,采用腋窝切口、乳晕切口、乳房下皱襞切口三种手术方式,硅凝胶乳房假体放置在乳房后隙或胸大肌下间隙,术后随访1年,其中16例出现了假体外露、假体破裂、纤维包膜挛缩等并发症。综合分析其产生的医源性原因。结果:180例隆乳术出现16例明显并发症,其中假体位置不佳7例;纤维包膜挛缩4例;假体外露、假体破裂、异常泌乳、切口瘢痕、血肿各1例。结论:硅凝胶假体隆乳术后并发症产生的原因是多样的,与术前设计、术中止血、腔隙剥离的范围、手术操作规范性、术后包扎固定、预防感染等因素有关系。隆乳术后并发症产生的原因有些是可以避免的。     

Submuscular Periareolar Approach to Augmentation Mammoplasty in Korean Women

Augmentation mammoplasty can be approached by various methods according to the type of implant and implantation site depending on the status of the patient or surgeon's preference. The advantage for submuscular placement is based on problems associated with subglandular placement, especially capsular contracture and sensory changes in the nipple, and interference with the interpretation of mammograms is avoided. There are fewer complications such as hematoma, infection, and extrusion of the implant with submuscular dissection and relatively avascular, minimal sensory changes in the nipple compared with subglandular approach. The submuscular periareolar approach to augmentation mammoplasty was first described in the 1970s. This approach provides easy access to both the subglandular and subpectoral planes. It also provides a central point of access for creation of the implant pocket, which allows for easier and more accurate dissection in all diameters. The resultant periareolar scar is usually minimal with less injury to breast parenchyme and eventual biopsy or mastectomy incision to be performed through or around the areola. During the period of March 1999 to January 2000, 19 cases of who received submuscular periareolar augmentation mammoplasty under general anesthesia resulted in favorable scars with accurate access to pocket margin, easier dissection, and less bleeding compared with submuscular transaxillary augmentation mammoplasty. In our experience with the submuscular periareolar approach to breast augmentation it was highly versatile, safe, and less painful; postoperative hematoma incidence was greatly reduced and breast tissue injury was minimized.     

Relationship of Incision Choice to Capsular Contracture

Background Capsular contracture can be an ongoing problem in breast augmentation even with good surgical technique. In the author’s practice, a higher incidence of capsular contracture was observed with the use of a periareolar incision than with an inframammary incision. Methods A review of breast augmentations performed from November 2004 through June 2006 was conducted. This analysis included the incision used, the procedure performed, and the development of capsular contracture. Results The incidence of contracture was 0.59% in the inframammary group and 9.5% in the periareolar group. This increase in capsular contracture with a periareolar incision was statistically significant. Capsular contracture occurring with augmentation performed at the time of a periareolar mastopexy was 8%, which was statistically significant compared with the inframammary group. The difference in contracture rates between a periareolar incision alone and a periareolar mastopexy was not statistically significant. Conclusions Breast augmentation through a periareolar incision has a higher incidence of capsular contracture than observed with an inframammary incision. This most likely occurs due to an increase in contamination of the breast pocket with intraductal material colonized by bacteria. The periareolar incision is, and will remain, a standard of care. Therefore, this information can help clinicians make a more informed decision regarding incision placement for breast augmentation. Presented at the annual meeting of the Texas Society of Plastic Surgeons, September 30, 2007.     

经脐孔缘切口置人充注式生理盐水假体隆乳术

目的 探讨经脐孔缘切口行充注式生理盐水假体隆乳术的手术方法,为隆乳术提供新切口选择.方法 沿脐孔缘切口,采用特制专用器械分离皮下隧道至乳房下皱襞,然后穿进胸大肌后间隙,分离假体放置空间,先置人扩张器,充注生理盐水后,调整乳房形态以及扩张器位置.然后取出扩张器,更换为充注式生理盐水乳房假体而完成手术.结果 采用经脐孔缘切口行充注式生理盐水假体隆乳术者,均获得了良好的手术效果,无感染、血肿、假体渗水、Baker Ⅲ或Ⅳ级纤维囊挛缩等并发症发生.结论 采用生理盐水充注式乳房假体,经脐孔缘切口可以完成胸大肌下隆乳术,增加了隆乳手术切口的选择范围.     

隆乳术切口和假体置放层次及手术剥离范围探讨

目的：探讨隆乳术的切口选择、假体置放层次和腔穴剥离范围。方法：于1996例9月至2001年9月间行隆乳术537例，选择三种手术切口；乳房下皱襞切口、乳晕切口、腋窝切口；假体置放于乳腺后间隙或胸大肌后间隙；胸大肌后间隙的剥离范围以第6肋间隙为下界。术后随访半年-5年。结果：术后乳房位置、形态、手感均满意511例（占95.2%）。结论：乳房下皱襞切口适于站立时乳房下皱襞明显或者乳房轻度下垂者；对于乳晕直径≥4cm的受术者，可采用乳晕缘内上或者内下弧形切口；腋下切口最为隐蔽，适于所有的受术者。假体置放于胸大肌后间隙具有手感更真实、不易形成纤维囊性硬变、不影响哺乳等优势。在胸大肌后间隙进行剥离，顺应乳房下皱襞韧带的解剖结构，将下界定于第6肋间隙。     

Endoscopic Transaxillary Capsular Contracture Treatment

Background Traditionally, breast implant extraction and capsular contracture treatment are performed using the transareolar approach. However, this approach is not acceptable to Chinese patients because of the additional scar formation. The authors present their experience using capsular contracture treatment using transaxillary endoscopic assistance without the need for an additional incision. Methods The former transaxillary incisional scar for augmentation mammoplasty is used. Blunt dissection to the outer surface of the fibrous capsule is performed. A 30° 10-mm endoscope is placed through the axillary incision for dissection of the capsule’s outer surface. After completion of this procedure, the capsule is cauterized open, and extraction is completed. Transaxillary capsulectomy is performed under endoscopic control. The reimplantation is performed with the no-touch technique after an adequate pocket has been created. Results From October 2005 to September 2006, 11 patients were treated with the described procedure. The results were favorable during a follow-up period of 4 to 6 months. No scar was left on the breast, and no additional scarring occurred. Conclusions Endoscopic transaxillary capsular contracture treatment through the axillary incision was possible, with successful removal of the fibrous capsule. The technique eliminated the incision on the breast and created one incision far from the breast area for completion of the procedure.     

包膜外聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳材料取出同期双平面假体隆乳术

目的：探讨包膜外聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳材料取出同期双平面假体隆乳术的疗效。方法：在全麻＋局麻下,采用乳晕下缘弧形切口,在注射聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶隆乳的包膜外分离,然后完整取出聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶及其包膜。同时在胸大肌下分离,在乳房下皱襞处离断胸大肌起点,胸大肌下腔隙内放置引流管,并置入硅凝胶隆乳假体,调整乳房形态满意后逐层缝合乳腺组织、皮下组织及皮肤切口。结果：本组10例均一次性完整取出聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶及其包膜,假体隆乳术后形态满意。但由于包膜组织剥离范围较广,术后引流液较多,引流管放置时间较长,拔管时间为3～6天,平均4.5天。无一例发生伤口感染或愈合不良。结论：对于单腔包膜完整的注射聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶隆乳患者的再次手术,本方法简便易行,取出聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶完整,隆乳术后乳房形态满意,是一种较好的手术方式。     

包膜囊上再置乳房假体隆乳术

目的探究隆乳术后包膜囊挛缩的手术治疗方法。方法采用原切口(腋窝顶或乳房皱襞下)，对隆乳后包膜挛缩者采用包膜囊保留并在其浅层再置人假体的方法进行治疗。结果治疗12例14侧乳房包膜囊挛缩症均取得良好效果。结论保留挛缩的包膜囊并在其浅层置人假体的乳房假体包膜囊挛缩治疗术具有创伤小、出血少、操作简便、安全性高、复发率低、并可通过腋窝顶小切口完成等优点，是治疗乳房假体包膜囊挛缩的较好方法。     

Augmentation Mammaplasty: Retrospective Analysis of 210 cases

Since its introduction in 1895, augmentation mammaplasty has gained widespread acceptance. The choice of breast augmentation procedure is determined almost entirely by three variables: the selection of incision location, the pocket plane for implant placement (either subpectoral or completely subglandular), and the appropriate implant. The current study evaluated 210 cases of augmentation mammaplasty retrospectively. A capsular contracture rate of 8% was found. Rupture and gel bleeding were observed in eight cases (4%). For various reasons, such as capsular contracture or implant rupture, the prostheses were renewed once in 16 patients (8%) and twice in 5 patients (2%). Submammary incision was used in 42 cases (20%). The patients in 23 cases responded that they had implant folds or edges they could feel (11%). Only 4 of these 23 patients stated that feeling the edge of the implant was a concern for them. Of the 210 augmented breasts, 5 had diminished sensation postoperatively (2%), as interpreted by the patient.