术中造影在胆道手术中的应用分析

目的比较术中胆道造影与术前影像检查的差异,分析其对胆道疾病的诊断及术式选择的指导价值。方法 118例胆囊结石和胆道疾病患者,术前24例行B超检查,发现正常胆管22例,胆总管结石1例,胆管扩张1例;69例行CT检查,发现正常胆管49例,泥沙样胆管结石16例,胆管扩张4例;25例行MRCP检查,发现正常胆管17例,胆总管结石6例,胆管扩张2例。术中行胆道造影,根据造影结果确定相应术式。结果术前行B超检查的24例中造影发现正常胆管15例,胆总管结石6例,胆管癌1例,胆囊管变异1例,Caroli氏病1例;术前行CT检查的69例术中造影发现正常胆管51例,胆总管结石10例,胆管癌1例,胆囊扩张2例,胆囊管变异1例,Mirizzi综合征2例,胆管损伤2例;术前行MRCP检查的25例,术中造影发现正常胆管14例,结石5例,胆管扩张4例,胆囊管变异1例,M irizzi综合征1例。术中胆道造影对正常胆管的识别能力优于术前B超(P0.05)。结论术中胆道造影具有操作简单、创伤小、结果可靠等优点,对胆道早期肿瘤、解剖畸形、术中胆道损伤的诊断及术式选择具有指导意义。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆囊结石并胆总管结石

目的:探讨分析腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆囊结石并胆总管结石的方法。方法:我院2008年3月至2009年12月收治26例胆囊结石并胆总管结石患者,腹腔镜胆囊切除术中切开胆囊管或胆总管,行纤维胆道镜胆总管取石术。结果:26例患者均按常规行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,12例行胆囊管切开取石术,胆总管未放置"T"管;14例行胆总管切开取石术,其中8例未放置"T"管,行一期缝合,6例胆总管内放置"T"管,术后6~8周行纤维胆道镜检查,2例发现残余结石,并取净,4例未发现胆总管残余结石,再次行胆道造影后未发现结石,拔除"T"管。所有病例均无并发症发生。结论:腹腔镜胆囊切除联合纤维胆道镜取石术治疗胆囊结石并胆总管结石,患者创伤小,康复快,安全有效。术中不能取净胆总管结石者,术后可通过"T"管窦道行纤维胆道镜取石。     

小切口联合胆道镜的胆总管探查术

目的: 探讨小切口胆总管探查术的可行性、适应证、手术技巧和疗效. 方法: 分析经小切口胆总管探查的96例临床资料. 结果: 96例中,有91例胆囊结石并继发性胆总管结石,2例胆囊结石并胆道蛔虫症,3例原发性胆总管结石.10例并发胆管炎,6例胰腺炎恢复期,2例合并十二指肠乳头狭窄.均完成了手术,1例发生胆总管残余石.2例在完成胆总管探查、取石和取虫后扩大腹部切口行胆肠吻合.无手术并发症,平均住院13.2天,全部治愈出院. 结论: 小切口胆总管探查术安全可行、疗效好、符合微创外科要求,适合继发性胆总管结石的治疗.术中胆道造影、应用胆道镜、胆道流量及压力测定可以提高疗效.     

顺行胆道造影胰管显影的临床意义及内镜治疗

目的 探讨顺行胆道造影胰管显影的临床意义与内镜治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析我院2012年1月至2014年12月行顺行胆道造影的384例患者临床资料。结果 顺行造影胰管显影68例,纳入51例,其中术前诊断为胆总管结石18例,胆囊结石14例,胆囊结石并胆总管结石19例,合并胰腺炎病史14例;造影发现胰管造影剂排泄延迟32例,造影剂排泄正常19例。经顺行胆道造影、胆道镜和（或）十二指肠镜等检查确定乳头旁憩室43例,胆胰合流异常35例,壶腹部隔膜缺失或功能缺陷7例,十二指肠乳头狭窄5例,Oddi括约肌功能障碍3例,原因不明2例。29例行内镜下胆胰分流术并置入一体式胰胆管引流管,未出现急性胰腺炎、胆道出血、胆漏等术后并发症,术后再次顺行胆道造影胰管未显影24例,胰管显影但造影剂排泄正常5例。随访1~3年,内镜治疗组复发胰腺炎1例、胆总管结石2例,非内镜治疗组复发胰腺炎6例、胆总管结石5例、胆囊结石4例,其中胰腺炎及胆囊结石发生率的差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 顺行胆道造影胰管显影提示存在胆胰汇合部疾病,此类患者采取内镜下胆胰分流术可以降低胰腺炎及胆结石的发生率。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管治疗32例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石

目的分析腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的体会。方法采用腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管治疗32例胆囊结石并胆总管结石患者,回顾性分析患者的临床资料。结果 32例患者均成功实施手术,无中转开腹病例。手术时间(98.50±12.78)min,术后肛门恢复排气时间(21.89±5.62)h,术后腹腔引流管时间(4.39±1.04)d,术后住院时间(5.22±1.50)d。术后出现1例胆漏、经充分引流后痊愈,未发生切口感染、出血及胆管狭窄等并发症。出院前1d常规复查MRCP均无胆道残余结石发生。2例行LCBDE放置T管者术后6周行经T管胆道造影检查,证实无结石残留后拔除T管。术后患者均获随访8~12个月,未发生胆道残余结石。结论腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管治疗胆囊结石并胆总管结石,创伤小,并发症少,恢复时间短,效果满意。     

MRCP在胆道系统结石诊断中的应用分析

目的 评价磁共振胰胆管造影术(MRCP)在胆道系统结石诊断中的应用价值.方法 对100例临床拟诊为胆道系统结石的患者均行术前MRCP检查,其中79例患者术前均行至少1次B超检查,13例行CT检查,应用软件SPSS13.0的Chi-Squares检验方法进行统计学分析,评估MRCP与B超、CT对胆道系统结石的检出率差异.结果 100例患者中单纯胆管结石28例,胆囊结石35例,胆囊合并胆管结石37例.MRCP对胆管结石的检出率为90.77%,对胆囊结石的检出率为80.56%;而B超和CT对胆管结石的检出率分别为62.0%和69.23%,对胆囊结石的检出率分别为98.53%和83.33%.结论 对胆道系统结石的诊断,MRCP更适合于胆管结石,是胆总管结石最理想最可靠的诊断方法.     

胆道造影与胆道镜联合应用在胆总管结石手术中的价值

目的探讨术中胆道造影与胆道镜的联合应用在胆总管结石手术中的重要意义。方法回顾性分析104例胆总管结石（或合并胆囊结石）患者的临床资料。其中第一阶段为2005年5月至2010年1月期间完成的74例胆总管结石患者,采用开腹手术,术中胆道镜检查,留置T管,再经T管行术中胆道造影检查。第二阶段为2010年2月至2013年3月的30例患者,在第一阶段经验的基础上分两组：①开腹免T管组,共17例;②腹腔镜组,共13例,其中5例为经胆囊管取石,免T管手术;8例腹腔镜下胆总管切开胆道镜取石、留置T管手术,术中或术后再经T管胆道造影检查。结果第一阶段74例中,术中经常规胆道探查后,再行纤维胆道镜检查发现有结石残留者13例,占18．9％。术后并发切口感染6例,急性心梗1例。全部104例患者均顺利完成手术,在两个阶段中,共有82例行胆囊切除并胆总管切开取石T管引流术,另共有22例行胆囊切除并经胆囊管胆总管切开取出胆总管结石免T管手术。所有患者无死亡,无胆管损伤,无胆管残余结石,均痊愈出院。结论在胆囊切除并胆总管探查术治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石手术中联合应用胆道造影与胆道镜安全可靠,治疗效果满意,能很好地降低残余结石率。     

磁共振胆胰管成像在腹腔镜手术治疗胆道结石中的应用价值

目的:探讨磁共振胆胰管成像(magnetic resonanced cholangio-pancreatography,MRCP)在腹腔镜手术治疗胆道结石中的应用价值。方法:连续为251例经B超诊断为胆道结石、最终行腹腔镜手术的患者术前行MRCP,以了解胆道结石、胆道变异情况,并与手术结果、术后病理进行对照分析。结果:MRCP诊断单纯性胆囊结石212例,胆囊结石合并肝内胆管结石2例,胆囊结石合并胆总管结石23例,单纯胆总管结石10例,胆囊癌、胰头癌各1例,其中胆道变异15例;以上病例均与手术结果、术后病理相符;2例仅提示胆总管扩张,未提示具体病因,经手术证实为化脓性胆管炎伴结石。MRCP对胆道结石、胆总管结石、胆道变异的诊断准确率分别为99%(247/249)、94%(33/35)、100%(15/15)。结论:MRCP对胆道结石及胆道变异具有较高的诊断准确率,腹腔镜胆道手术前常规行MRCP具有较高的临床价值。     

内脏反位并胆囊、胆总管结石手术治疗1例并文献复习

目的:了解内脏反位胆囊结石、胆总管结石的临床表现、术前检查,探讨内脏反位患者手术技巧及合并胆系结石的术中注意事项。方法:回顾分析收治的1例全内脏反位胆囊及胆总管结石患者手术的临床资料,并复习文献总结内脏反位患者行胆囊切除、胆道探查手术治疗的相关技巧及注意事项。结果:该患者经上腹部B超及磁共振(MRI)+磁共振胰胆管造影(MRCP)诊断为全内脏反位胆囊及胆道结石,行开腹胆囊切除、胆道探查术,手术时间约110 min,术后7 d拔除温氏孔引流管,13 d后痊愈出院,无术中及术后并发症。随访3个月,患者无不适,恢复良好。结论:全内脏反位胆囊结石并胆总管结石患者术前行B超、上腹部CT平扫及磁共振胰胆管造影(MRCP)可明确诊断,掌握良好的手术技巧及注意事项可以提高手术成功率及避免手术并发症。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石(附48例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床应用。方法:回顾分析为48例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者行腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗的临床资料。结果:1例中转开腹。28例一期缝合胆总管,20例放置T管引流。手术时间平均(75.0±12.5)min。术后2例出现胆漏,3～5 d后自愈;2例结石残留,经T管窦道胆道镜成功取出。术后平均住院(5.5±1.6)d。结论:腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石安全、可行,手术创伤小、术后康复快。     

术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆总管探查中的应用价值

目的:探讨术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆总管探查中的应用价值。方法:回顾分析20例腹腔镜胆总管探查术中胆道造影的临床资料。结果:20例均获成功,其中腹腔镜胆总管探查T管引流术15例,一期缝合4例,胆总管受压纠正1例。治疗效果良好,全组无结石残留,胆漏1例、引流15d痊愈。结论:腹腔镜胆总管探查术中应用术中胆道造影术安全、可靠、避免了结石残留,具有临床推广价值。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆道造影与术前ERCP诊治可疑胆总管结石的临床比较

目的：比较腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparosocopic cholecystectomy,LC）术中胆道造影与术前ERCP对诊治可疑胆总管结石的临床价值。方法：回顾分析2005年3月至2006年11月于LC术中行胆道造影43例患者与术前行ERCP63例患者的临床资料。结果：术中胆道造影组发现胆总管结石16例,阳性率占37.21%,造影不成功2例,占4.65%,无明显造影并发症,术前ERCP组发现胆总管结石19例,阳性率占30.16%,不成功13例,占20.63%,致术后胆道感染12例,急性胰腺炎9例,占33.33%。结论：术中胆道造影不仅简便,而且患者痛苦小,并发症少,治疗费用低,明显优于术前ERCP检查。     

术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中应用价值

目的探讨术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用价值。方法腹腔镜胆囊切除术中在切除胆囊前,常规在C型臂X线下行胆道造影,并及时采集、保存图像,以了解肝外胆管内有无结石存在。若发现结石,继而行中转开腹胆总管探查取石术。结果施行的76例术中胆道造影中,发现胆总管结石5例,其中胆总管下段多发结石2例,胆总管内单发结石2例,胆总管内一长柱状结石1例。5例胆总管结石取出术后均放置T型管,随访T管造影复查,未见结石残留。结论腹腔镜胆囊切除术常规行术中胆道造影可有效地防止胆道结石残留,避免了不必要的胆管探查,减少了胆管损伤和术后并发症的发生,减少了患者的住院费用和住院时间,且术中胆道造影操作简单、迅速、安全,除有禁忌证外,应常规应用术中胆道造影。     

Die Spiral-CT-Cholangiographie ist für die Routinediagnostik vor laparoskopischer Cholecystektomie nicht geeignet

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this prospective controlled study was to evaluate the diagnostic potential of spiral computed tomographic (CT) cholangiography in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. METHODS: 60 patients (17 men, 43 women, mean age 54.5 years, range 15-84 years) with symptomatic cholecystolithiasis were included in this study. After infusion of meglumine jodoxamate, all patients underwent upper abdominal spiral CT. The results of the spiral CT scan were then compared with endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) or intraoperative cholangiography. RESULTS: In 53 patients (88%) CT cholangiography was considered to be technically adequate for interpretation, but was suboptimal in 4 patients (7%) and nondiagnostic in 3 patients (5%), respectively. CT cholangiography showed a stone free common bile duct in 51 patients which was correct in all cases. CT cholangiography predicted a common bile duct stone in 6 patients which proved to be correct in 4 patients but was found to be incorrect in 2 patients. CONCLUSION: Spiral CT cholangiography is useful for the diagnosis of common bile duct stones. Because of the low positive predicting value routine use before laparoscopic cholecystectomy is not justified.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管造影的临床应用价值

目的：探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）中胆管造影的临床应用价值.方法：回顾分析2001年4月至2006年12月在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中经胆囊管插管行胆管造影96例患者的临床资料.结果：造影成功93例,成功率96.9%,术中发现胆总管结石5例,胆管变异4例,胆总管损伤1例.结论：LC术中胆管造影可防止术后胆管残石的发生,避免不必要的胆管探查,明确胆管解剖及变异,预防并及时发现胆管损伤,降低了并发症,提高了质量,有较高的临床应用价值.     

A prospective study of common bile duct calculi in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy: natural history of choledocholithiasis revisited

OBJECTIVE: To define the incidence of problematic common bile duct calculi in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: In patients selected for laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the true incidence of potentially problematic common bile duct calculi and their natural history has not been determined. We evaluated the incidence and early natural history of common bile duct calculi in all patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy with intraoperative and delayed postoperative cholangiography. METHODS: Operative cholangiography was attempted in all patients. In those patients in whom a filling defect was noted in the bile duct, the fine bore cholangiogram catheter was left securely clipped in the cystic duct for repeated cholangiography at 48 hours and at approximately 6 weeks postoperatively. RESULTS: Operative cholangiography was attempted in 997 consecutive patients and was accomplished in 962 patients (96%). Forty-six patients (4.6%) had at least one filling defect. Twelve of these had a normal cholangiogram at 48 hours (26% possible false-positive operative cholangiogram) and a further 12 at 6 weeks (26% spontaneous passage of calculi). Spontaneous passage was not determined by either the number or size of calculi or by the diameter of the bile duct. Only 22 patients (2.2% of total population) had persistent common bile duct calculi at 6 weeks after laparoscopic cholecystectomy and retrieved by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. CONCLUSIONS: Choledocholithiasis occurs in 3.4% of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy but more than one third of these pass the calculi spontaneously within 6 weeks of operation and may be spared endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Treatment decisions based on assessment by operative cholangiography alone would result in unnecessary interventions in 50% of patients who had either false positive studies or subsequently passed the calculi. These data support a short-term expectant approach in the management of clinically silent choledocholithiasis in patients selected for LC.     

术中胆管造影在复杂类型腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的临床应用价值

目的:研究术中胆管造影在复杂类型LC中的临床应用价值。方法:在LC中,为复杂类型胆囊炎56例行术中胆道造影。结果:56例中除1例胆囊管结石嵌顿靠近胆总管侧插管失败外,余腹腔镜手术均获成功,成功率为98.2％。结论:在复杂类型胆囊炎患者中开展术中胆管造影摄片,可辩认三管关系,了解胆囊管的长度,明确有无胆囊管或胆总管结石残留,了解胆总管下段有无相对性狭窄,避免损伤右肝管、肝总管、胆总管,提高了LC的安全性,降低了LC中转率及并发症发生率     

Is there a role for routine preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for suspected choledocholithiasis in children?

HYPOTHESIS: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is frequently used preoperatively in adult patients with suspected choledocholithiasis. Cholelithiasis occurs much less often in children, and the indications for ERCP are not established. We hypothesized that the natural history of choledocholithiasis in children is spontaneous passage of stones through the papilla and that these children can be managed without routine preoperative ERCP. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of patients treated over a 10-year period. SETTING: Tertiary care children's hospital. PATIENTS: All patients with cholecystectomy for biliary disease. INTERVENTIONS: Cholecystectomy; intraoperative cholangiography for suspected choledocholithiasis: hyperbilirubinemia, gallstone pancreatitis, and ultrasonographic evidence of common bile duct dilation or common bile duct stones; and postoperative ERCP for symptomatic choledocholithiasis: pain and jaundice. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence and complications of choledocholithiasis and frequency of ERCP. RESULTS: One hundred patients (63 females) were studied. Indications included acute cholecystitis (10%), chronic cholecystitis (59%), gallstone pancreatitis (26%), and choledocholithiasis (5%). An intraoperative cholangiography was performed in 45 patients, and common bile duct stones were identified in 13. Expectant management of asymptomatic common bile duct stones was associated with sonographic resolution within 1 week. One patient with intraoperative cholangiography-proven choledocholithiasis required ERCP for symptoms 24 hours after operation. One additional patient, who did not undergo intraoperative cholangiography, developed symptomatic choledocholithiasis and required ERCP. There were no choledocholithiasis- or ERCP-related complications. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that choledocholithiasis occurs frequently in children and that spontaneous passage of common bile duct stones is common. This could explain the relatively high incidence of gallstone pancreatitis. Conservative management of choledocholithiasis is successful in the majority of patients. Routine preoperative or postoperative ERCP is usually not indicated.     

64排螺旋CT胆道成像对梗阻性黄疸诊断的临床价值

目的 探讨64排螺旋CT增强扫描胆道成像对梗阻性黄疸的临床诊断价值.方法 选择2008年5月至2010年5月期间住院的295例梗阻性黄疸患者,应用64排螺旋CT进行中上腹部的常规及增强扫描,同时行三维胆系重建成像,对胆道梗阻的原因进行定位和定性诊断,并与手术所见及术后病理结果进行对比.结果 181例胆总管结石患者,除3例阴性结石未显示外,其余178例术前64排螺旋CT增强扫描胆道图像重建均清晰显示结石所在,定位定性诊断准确率达98.34%.14例肝胆管结石症及3例急性胆源性胰腺炎患者均得到正确定位及定性诊断,诊断准确率达100%.87例胆管肿瘤或壶腹部肿瘤,86例64排螺旋CT增强扫描术前准确定位,定位诊断准确率达98.85%,81例患者得到正确定位及定性诊断,定性诊断准确率达91.95%.结论 64排螺旋CT增强扫描胆道成像对梗阻性黄疸诊断成像清晰,定位定性诊断准确,值得临床进一步研究应用.     

腹腔镜胆总管探查一期吻合后术中胆道造影的临床价值

目的探讨在腹腔镜胆总管探查取石（laparoscopic common bile duct exploration,LCBDE）一期吻合后立即经胆囊管插管造影的临床价值。方法 2007年6月～2012年10月92例胆总管结石行腹腔镜胆总管探查一期吻合术,吻合后行胆道造影,术中发现胆道损伤、结石残留及时处理。结果术中造影显示74例吻合满意,吻合口漏6例,胆总管下段穿孔5例,右肝管漏2例,结石残留5例。吻合口漏及右肝管漏镜下补漏成功;胆总管下段穿孔5例开腹修补漏口;5例结石残留开腹直视下取净结石。92例术后均无胆漏、腹腔感染。78例随访1～72个月,平均20.6月,无胆管狭窄,2例术后30个月结石复发,1例术后12个月结石复发,EST取石。结论术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆总管探查取石一期吻合术中可及时发现胆漏、结石残留,避免术后胆漏,值得临床推广。