干扰素α联合拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎的短期疗效及其影响因素

目的　了解干扰素α和拉米夫定联合治疗的效果及其影响因素。方法　 71例HBeAg阳性的慢性乙型肝炎患者随机分成治疗组与对照组。治疗组 34例 ,同时使用干扰素α及拉米夫定 2 6周 ,随后单用拉米夫定 2 6周 ;对照组 37例 ,单用拉米夫定 5 2周。治疗前做肝穿刺活检 ,疗程中定期检测丙氨酸转氨酶 (ALT)、HBeAg、抗 HBe、HBVDNA ,并作YMDD变异检测。结果　全部患者完成1年治疗。治疗组与对照组血清转换率分别为 41.2 %( 14/34)和 2 1.6 %( 8/37) ,两组差异无显著性(P =0 .0 8)。治疗组未发现YMDD变异 ,对照组则有 5例。治疗组的血清ALT及HBVDNA基线水平与血清转换率明显相关 (P =0 .0 4) ;在ALT >2ULN及血清HBVDNA >1× 10 7拷贝 /ml的患者中 ,治疗组HBeAg/抗 HBe血清转换率明显高于对照组 (分别为 5 2 .0 %和 2 5 .8%,P =0 .0 4及 6 3 .2 %和 2 8.6 %,P =0 .0 3)。治疗组血清转换率与肝组织炎症活动度、肝组织纤维化程度及肝细胞HBVDNA表达水平无相关性。在肝组织HBVDNA表达水平较高的患者中 ,治疗组血清转换率高于对照组 (分别为 46 .2 %和 9.5 %,P =0 .0 3)。结论　干扰素α与拉米夫定联合治疗对于ALT中度以上升高、HBVDNA高水平复制及肝组织HBVDNA高水平表达者短期疗效优于单用拉米夫定 ,并对于延迟及     

IFN-γ联合拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎临床观察

目的观察IFN-γ(上生雷泰)联合拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎的疗效.方法300例患者随机分为3组,每组100例,分别应用上生雷泰 拉米夫定,α-干扰素(赛若金) 拉米夫定,胸腺肽 拉米夫定,治疗18个月后检测ALT复常率、HBeAg阴转率、抗HBe阳转率、HBV DNA(PCR法)阴转率.结果上生雷泰 拉米夫定组ALT复常率75%,HBeAg阴转率38%,抗HBe阳转率30%,HBV DNA阴转率73%;赛若金 拉米夫定组ALT复常率65%,HBeAg阴转率20%,抗HBe阳转率7%,HBV DNA阴转率52%;胸腺肽 拉米夫定组ALT复常率65%,HBeAg阴转率20%,抗HBe阳转率7%,HBV DNA阴转率52%;胸腺肽 拉米夫定组ALT复常率35%,HBeAg阴转率10%,抗HBe阳转率7%,HBV DNA阴转率25%.结论上生雷泰 拉米夫定组疗效优于赛若金 拉米夫定组及胸腺肽 拉米夫定组.经统计学处理,3组疗效有明显的差异.     

拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎三年疗效观察

目的　评估拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎 3年的长期疗效和安全性 ,以及病毒变异的发生率和影响。方法　采用多中心双盲、随机、安慰剂、对照临床试验及开放试验。 4 2 9例HBsAg、HBeAg阳性的慢性乙型肝炎病人 ,先按 3∶1随机分成拉米夫定组和安慰剂组 ,治疗 12周 ,以后所有病人均服拉米夫定 10 0mg/d ,共 3年。结果　治疗 12周 ,拉米夫定组HBVDNA累计阴转率 (<1 6pg/ml)为 92 2 % ,安慰剂组仅为 14 1% (P <0 0 1)。服药 3年后 ,血清HBVDNA仍持续降低 ,非变异组病人其中位值 ,低于可检测水平 ,变异组则可有轻度或中度回升 ,中位值为 86mEq/ml (bDNA法 ,相当于液相杂交法的 10pg/ml)。第 3年结束时 ,HBeAg阴转率为 2 0 3% ,HBeAg/抗 HBe血清转换率为17 3%。此与治疗前ALT水平有显著关系。治疗前ALT基础值 >2倍正常值上限 (2ULN)和 >5ULN者 ,3年时HBeAg阴转率分别为 4 2 2 %和 6 6 7% ,血清转换率分别为 34 4 %和 6 1 1%。治疗前ALT增高的病人 ,3年治疗后 ,ALT的复常率为 5 8 8%。第 1、2和 3年的YMDD变异率分别为 12 1%、4 9 7%和 70 5 %。发生变异后 ,继续服药 ,HBVDNA大多仍抑制 ,少数可回升 ,中位值为 86mEq/ml,仍继续有HBeAg阴转和血清转换 ,分别为 2 0 0 %和 15 1% ,低于非变异组病人。ALT增     

拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎108例疗效分析

目的回顾性评价我院应用拉米夫定抗病毒治疗慢性乙型肝炎的疗效。方法拉米夫定治疗的慢性乙型肝炎患者108例,观察治疗1年和2年时血清转氨酶（ALT）复常、HBeAg转阴和HBVDNA转阴情况。结果在治疗1年时,血清ALT复常率为92.6%（100/108）,HBeAg阴转率为52%（36/68）,血清HBVDNA阴转率为88.9%（96/108）;在治疗2年时,血清ALT复常率为85.2%（46/54）,HBeAg阴转率为62.5%（20/32）,HBVDNA阴转率为77.8%（42/54）。结论拉米夫定是治疗慢性乙型肝炎的有效药物,连续用药2年时,患者肝功能复常、病毒转阴及血清学转换显著。     

拉米夫定联合胸腺肽治疗慢性乙型肝炎的疗效观察

目的 评价拉米夫定联合胸腺肽治疗慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)的近、远期疗效和安全性，探讨两者联合治疗的协同作用。方法 将207例HBV DNA及HBeAg阳性的CHB患者随机分为甲乙两组，甲组采用拉米夫定和胸腺肽联合治疗，乙组单用拉米夫定治疗。胸腺肽15mg口服，每日1次，疗程6个月。两组拉米夫定治疗均为100mg，每日1次，口服，其中甲组92例(92／124)、乙组70例(70／83)用药超过12个月。两组在治疗6个月、12个月时分别进行疗效评价，治疗结束后继续随访12个月。结果 治疗6个月时，甲乙两组ALT复常率分别为87．1％和74．7％，甲组显著高于乙组(P＜0．05)，但两组HBV DNA阴转率、HBeAg阴转率及HBeAg／抗—HBe血清转换率均无显著性差异(P＞0．05)。治疗12个月时，甲乙两组ALT复常率和HBV DNA阴转率无显著性差异(P＞0．05)，甲组HBeAg阴转率及HBeAg／抗-HBe血清转换率均显著高于乙组(P＜0．05)。随访结束时，甲组从量复常率、HBV DNA阴转率、HBeAg阴转率及HBeAg／抗—HBe血清转换率均显著高于乙组(P＜0．05)。结论 拉米夫定与胸腺肽联合治疗CHB，疗效明显优于单用拉米夫定，是CHB患者安全有效的治疗方法。     

拉米夫定联合苦参碱治疗慢性乙型肝炎疗效观察

目的　探讨拉米夫定联合苦参碱治疗慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)的临床效果。方法　将63例慢性乙型肝炎随机分成两组:A组接受拉米夫定联合苦参碱治疗;B级单纯接受拉米夫定治疗。结果　A、B两组患者血清HBVDNA阴转率分别为94.1%和89.7% ,差异无显著性;A组HBeAg阴转率显著高于B组(5 0 .0 %对17.2 % ,P <0 .0 1)。结论　拉米夫定联合苦参碱治疗慢性乙型肝炎可提高患者血清HBeAg阴转率和ALT复常率。     

拉米夫定联合苦参素治疗拉米夫定撤药性慢性乙型肝炎疗效观察

目的 比较苦参素联合拉米夫定与单用拉米夫定治疗拉米夫定撤药性慢性乙型肝炎治疗效果。方法 52例HBeAg阳性拉米夫定撤药性慢性乙型肝炎患者，随机分为治疗组30例和对照组22例，治疗组应用苦参素联合拉米夫定，对照组单用拉米夫定，疗程6个月。结果 治疗结束时，治疗组ALT复常率(100％)，明显高于对照组(86．7％)；停药半年后ALT复常率(86．7％)，明显高于对照组(63．6％)。治疗组血清HBeAg阴转率(63．3％)明显高于对照组(22．7％)；治疗组停药半年后HBeAg阴转率(53．3％)明显高于对照组(9．0％)。治疗组血清HBeAg血清转换率(46．7％)明显高于对照组(9．0％)；停药半年后血清HBeAg血清转换率治疗组(36．7％)明显高于对照组(4．5％)。治疗组血清HBVDNA阴转率(96．7％)明显高于对照组(77．3％)；治疗组停药半年后血清HBVDNA持续阴转率(76．7％)明显高于对照组(40．9％)。结论 苦参素联合拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎优于单用拉米夫定治疗，对拉米夫定撤药性肝炎有一定的疗效。     

拉米夫定的疗程及早期应答与疗效的关系

目的探讨拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎的方法与疗效的关系。方法收集179例接受拉米夫定治疗的乙型肝炎e抗原（HBeAg）阳性的慢性乙型肝炎患者的资料，分析早期应答、病毒变异、疗程等与疗效的关系。结果随着治疗时间延长，丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、HBVDNA、HBeAg和HBeAg／抗-HBe各项指标逐渐改善；1年疗程的HBVDNA阴转率（57．0％）、HBeAg阴转率（39．7％）及HBeAg／抗-HBe转换率（16．8％）均明显高于治疗3个月时的水平（X2值分别为28．489、33．238、12．690，P〈0．01）。治疗12周时血清HBVDNA水平越低，到治疗52周及随访6个月末时HBVDNA转阴率及HBeAg／抗-HBe血清学转换率越高。疗程为1年、1．5年时，出现HBeAg／抗-HBe转换者HBVDNA反弹率均为40．0％，远低于无转换者（88．2％、85．0％，x^2值分别为12．424、10．237，P〈0．01）。结论拉米夫定治疗是安全有效的，疗程以1．5年为佳。早期应答者疗效较好，如不能在治疗的前3个月内达到DNA应答、1年内出现血清学转换，预示疗效欠佳。     

拉米夫定治疗HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎患者7年结果总结

目的 评估拉米夫定治疗乙型肝炎5年的长期疗效和安全性,以及对病毒变异发生率的影响.方法 429例HBsAg,HBeAg阳性的慢性乙型肝炎患者,先按3:1随机双盲分成拉米夫定组和安慰剂组,治疗共12周,以后所有患者均服拉米夫定100 mg/d,共5年.结果 服药治疗5年后,血清HBV DNA仍持续降低,在YMDD变异患者中则增高,中位值为107.5 Meq/nd.HBeAg阴转率和HBeAg/抗Hbe血清转换率分别为28.6%和27.5%.与治疗前ALT水平有显著关系.治疗前ALT基础值＞2×ULN(正常值上限)和＞5×ULN者,5年时HBeAg阴转率和血清转换率均为50%和67%.治疗前ALT增高的患者,5年治疗后,ALT的复常率为58%,治疗前ALT正常的患者,67.0%仍正常.1,2,3,4和5年的YMDD变异率分别为12.1%,49.7%,70.5%,67.0%和70.8%.发生变异后,HBV DNA大多仍可有一定程度抑制,在基线以下少部分可回升.在YMDD变异患者,继续有HBeAg阴转和血清转换,分别为18.4%和17.8%,低于非变异组患者.疗程中ALT增高＞5×ULN有22例,其中变异者16例,非变异者6例,经处理后均缓解.在5年治疗期间,不良反应24.8%.结论 长期应用拉米夫定可持久抑制HBV复制和促进血清转换,耐受性和安全性好,选择适合的患者,可取得最佳疗效.     

替比夫定治疗HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎48周疗效观察

目的观察比较替比夫定与拉米夫定治疗HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎48周的疗效。方法73例患者按就诊顺序分别纳入治疗组（30例）和对照组（43例）。治疗组每天口服替比夫定600mg,对照组每天口服拉米夫定100mg,疗程均为48周。治疗前和治疗4、12、24、48周分别检测血清HBVDNA定量、血清HBV标志物、ALT水平。比较2组48周时HBVDNA水平、HBVDNA阴转率、HBeAg血清转换率、ALT复常率。结果2组HBVDNA水平随治疗时间延长均有所下降,治疗4周时下降最明显,治疗48周时治疗组平均下降水平大于对照组（P=0．001）。治疗组HBVDNA的阴转率为93．3％,高于对照组（69．3％）,P〈0．05,差异有统计学意义。48周时治疗组HBeAg血清转换率为33.3％,对照组为25．5％（P=0．472）,2组之间差异无统计学意义。2组间ALT复常率差异无统计学意义。结论替比夫定治疗HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎48周的疗效优于拉米夫定。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.