闭合性尿道损伤的急症处理（附32例报告）

目的 探讨闭合性尿道损伤的治疗。方法 回顾分析32例闭合性尿道损伤患者的临床资料，其中前尿道损伤11例、球部损伤14例、后尿道损伤7例。12例尿道挫伤行留尿管＋抗炎治疗；部分断裂12例，5例留置尿管，5例尿道会师，2例尿道吻合；完全断裂8例，尿道会师2例，尿道吻合4例，单纯膀胱造瘘2例。结果 经手术和药物治疗后效果满意，并发症少。结论 对闭合性尿道损伤，根据损伤的程度和部位选择合理的治疗方法，可取得较好效果。     

睾丸挫裂伤14例临床分析

由于阴囊的保护作用及睾丸活动度大，外伤性睾丸挫裂伤的发生率相对低于阴囊皮肤损伤。笔者于１９９０年１２月至２００１年治疗１４例睾丸挫裂伤，现报告如下。临床资料１．一般资料：本组１４例，年龄１６～４９岁，平均２７．５岁。均为单侧睾丸挫裂伤（右侧６例，左侧８例）。其中开放性挫裂伤５例，为刀伤、车祸所致；闭合性挫裂伤９例，为斗殴、车祸、高处坠落等引起。合并前尿道断裂１例，骨盆骨折后尿道断裂１例，直肠、膀胱贯通１例。９例闭合性睾丸挫裂均合并不同程度的阴囊血肿。对开放性睾丸挫裂伤行清创术，闭合性挫裂伤９例，…     

尿道镜在急性闭合性尿道损伤治疗中的应用价值（附22例报告）

目的：探讨尿道镜在急性闭合性尿道损伤治疗中的应用价值。方法：对因骑跨伤致闭合性尿道球部损伤患者13例和骨盆骨折致后尿道损伤患者9例，采用电视尿道镜下留置导尿管行尿道会师术。结果：球部损伤患者12例会师成功，1例进镜失败；后尿道损伤患者5例会师成功，4例失败。随访0．5～5年，15例治愈，1例复发狭窄，1例失访。结论：采用尿道镜下尿道会师术治疗前尿道损伤安全合理，创伤小，疗效好，应成为首选方法；治疗后尿道损伤则需慎重，应根据伤情试行腔镜治疗。     

双窥镜尿道会师术早期治疗尿道损伤的疗效观察（附23例报告）

目的：探讨双内窥镜尿道会师术早期治疗尿道损伤的临床疗效.方法：回顾性分析23例尿道损伤患者采用输尿管软镜及尿道膀胱镜进行双内窥镜下尿道会师术的早期治疗经验.结果：23例损伤尿道在双内窥镜直视下会师均获得成功,全部患者无尿失禁,其中20例维持良好性功能.随访1～3年,18例无需进一步处理,尿流率正常;另5例出现短程排尿困难和继发性尿道狭窄,经短期定期尿道扩张或尿道内切开后,排尿正常.结论：双窥镜下尿道会师术早期治疗尿道损伤具有手术方式简单、手术时间短、微创、并发症少的优点,可有效用于男性闭合性尿道损伤的治疗,尤其是后尿道完全断裂及骨盆骨折患者.     

输尿管镜在急诊导尿失败的闭合性尿道损伤早期处理中的应用(附21例报告)

目的:探讨输尿管镜在早期处理急诊导尿失败的闭合性尿道损伤的可行性及其应用价值。方法:采用输尿管镜辅助下留置导尿管行尿道会师术,治疗21例急性闭合性尿道损伤患者,其中球部损伤14例、后尿道损伤7例。术后对患者进行随访并收集临床资料。结果:21例急性闭合性尿道损伤患者均成功在输尿管镜辅助下行尿道会师术,其中5例患者同时行膀胱穿刺造瘘术。术后随访0.5～6年,有5例患者因狭窄尿道行尿道内切开术。结论:对于急性闭合性尿道损伤,采用输尿管镜早期处理可取得较好效果。     

骨盆复位及固定在骨盆骨折后尿道断裂治疗中的作用

目的 探讨骨盆复位及固定在骨盆骨折后尿道断裂治疗中的作用。方法 将４１例男性骨盆骨折后尿道断裂患者分为尿道会师组（第１组）１５例，尿道会师＋骨盆复位及固定组（第２组）２６例，比较两组治疗结果。结果 第１组尿道瘢痕平均长度２．９ｃｍ，尿道有明显移位及弯曲。第２组尿道瘢痕平均长度０．５ｃｍ，尿道修复情况良好。结论 骨盆复位及固定可帮助断裂尿道的复位与固定，提高尿道会师术的效果。     

骨盆骨折引起后尿道损伤的早期处理

目的：探讨骨盆骨折引起后尿道损伤早期合理的处理方法。方法：回顾性分析36例男性骨盆骨折并发后尿道损伤患者的临床资料，其中8例尿道黏膜裂伤或尿道部分断裂患者行留置导尿，另28例尿道完全断裂患者均在伤后24h内行手术治疗，其中18例行尿道会师加牵引，其余10例单纯膀胱造瘘。结果：随访6个月～5年，8例留置尿管患者，拔管后排尿通畅6例，尿线变细2例，经定期尿道扩张，排尿正常。18例尿道会师加牵引患者，拔管后适时扩张尿道，排尿通畅15例，尿线较细3例，经定期尿道扩张后，1例排尿通畅，2例失败。10例单纯膀胱造瘘患者，术后均不能排尿，分别于伤后6～12个月行开放手术及尿道内切开治疗。结论：尿道会师加牵引术是治疗骨盆骨折所致后尿道断裂的有效方法。     

闭合性胰十二指肠损伤的处理

本文报告９例闭合性胰十二指肠损伤，对手术术式，术后并发症及治疗进行讨论，提出：（１）上腹受钝性暴力后怀疑有胰十二指肠损伤时应及时剖腹探查；（２）十二指肠损伤除轻度裂伤外，一般不用修补缝合，以免发生肠瘘，胰管断裂或严重胰腺断裂应行近端缝合，远端与空肠吻合，胰头十二指肠严重损伤时，选用胰十二指肠切除宜慎重；（３）营养支持对损伤的愈合有益。     

损伤严重程度评分在骨盆骨折并后尿道断裂治疗中的应用

目的：探讨损伤严重程序评分（ISS）在骨盆骨折并后尿道断裂治疗中应用的意义。方法以AIS－90版为基础,采用ISS评分对293例男性闭合性骨盆骨折并后尿道断裂病人进行评估分析。结果ISS值随损伤部位数增加而增高,ISS值高,死亡率亦高,Ⅰ期尿道吻合组ISS＜16分,尿道会师术组ISS16－39分,膀胱造瘘组ISS平均≥40分。结论骨盆骨折并后尿道断裂为多发损伤,尿道断裂急症处理方法的选择应根据病人伤情程度及局部情况等决定,ISS评分在骨盆骨折并后尿道断裂的治疗选择中有重要的指导意义。     

内窥镜下尿道会师术治疗急性闭合性尿道损伤42例疗效观察

目的:探讨内窥镜下尿道会师术治疗急性闭合性尿道损伤的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析42例急性闭合性尿道损伤患者采用输尿管镜进行内窥镜下尿道会师术的临床治疗效果。结果:42例损伤尿道在内窥镜下全部会师成功,均无尿失禁。36例无需进一步处理,尿流率正常;6例经间断尿道扩张后,尿流量正常。随访0.5～2年,41例排尿正常,1例失访。结论:内窥镜应用于男性急性闭合性尿道损伤,具有手术时间短、创伤小、康复快、疗效好等优点,可以作为男性急性闭合性尿道损伤治疗的首选方法。     

Urethral injury due to external trauma

Fifty-six patients with urethral injuries comprised 35 involving the posterior urethra and 21 involving the anterior urethra. Immediate retrograde urethrography confirmed the clinical diagnosis made when blood was found at the external urinary meatus after external trauma. Traffic accidents caused most of the posterior urethral injuries and were associated with severe injuries to multiple systems and a significant mortality rate (34 per cent). Primary realignment of the urethral injury by a urethral catheter in all cases of urethral rupture (plus a suprapubic cystostomy in most of these cases) resulted in a stricture rate of 62 per cent on follow-up. However, only half of these strictures required surgical correction. The incidence of incontinence was 10 per cent and of impotence 38 per cent.     

Urethral injury in the multiple-injured patient

A total of 74 patients with urethral injury due to external trauma consisted of 48 posterior urethral injuries (25 complete rupture, 23 partial rupture) and 26 anterior urethral injuries (two complete rupture, 16 partial rupture, and eight contusion). The diagnosis was made by retrograde urethrography. All 48 patients with posterior urethral injury had associated injuries, including a fractured pelvis in 46, and a mortality rate of 33%. Only seven of the 26 patients with anterior urethral injury had associated injuries and a mortality rate of 14%. The management of posterior urethral injury is changing from primary realignment of the ruptured urethra to suprapubic cystostomy alone and followed later by urethral surgery for the resulting stricture. The impotence rate is significantly lower with management with suprapubic cystostomy alone. However, the type of pelvic fracture, the urethral injury itself disrupting neurovascular structures, and the surgical dissection (initial primary realignment or delayed urethroplasty) must be investigated before it can be determined whether the impotence associated with pelvic trauma is caused by the injury itself or by the surgical dissection undertaken to reconstruct the urethra.     

Pelvic fracture injuries of the female urethra

OBJECTIVE: To review pelvic fracture urethral injuries in women, generally regarded as rare and thus discussed infrequently. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twelve patients (age range 7-51 years) with such injuries were reviewed; most had associated injuries, generally more severe than seen in males with urethral injuries. RESULTS: Patients with milder injuries, perhaps damaging just the innervation of the urethra, presented with incontinence; more severe injuries seemed to cause a longitudinal tear in the urethra but again patients presented mainly with incontinence problems. The most severe injuries were associated with complete rupture of the urethra and a distraction defect suggesting an avulsion injury. These problems were difficult to treat both reconstructively and in providing continence. CONCLUSIONS: Pelvic fracture urethral injuries occur in females, but less often than in males. The female urethra seems relatively resistant to injury; differing degrees of severity of pelvic trauma cause different types of urethral injury but in general, a more severe injury is needed to damage it than is necessary in males.     

Management of urethral lesions in penile blunt trauma

BACKGROUND: Traumatic lesions to the penis may extend into the corpus spongiosum, causing laceration or complete transection of the urethra. Blunt penile trauma is usually related to sexual intercourse or manipulation. The aim of this paper was to report the authors experience with the management of urethral injuries in patients with penile blunt trauma. METHODS: The charts from 77 patients with penile blunt trauma were retrospectively reviewed, and the cases associated with urethral injuries associated were selected. Patient age ranged from 18 to 63 years (mean 33 years). RESULTS: From 77 cases assessed, 11 (14.2%) patients had urethral injury, 62 (80.5%) had injury of the corpora cavernosa and four (5.2%) had injury of the dorsal vein. The etiology of urethral injuries was sexual intercourse in 10 patients (91%) and direct trauma to the flaccid penis in one patient (9%). A partial urethral disruption was presented in eight patients (72.8%) and a total disruption in three patients (27.2%). Preoperative urethrogram was performed in seven patients with a suspicion of urethral trauma. When a partial injury was present the urethra was closed over the catheter, and in the presence of a total injury an end-to-end anastomosis was performed. CONCLUSION: The data support the reported incidence of urethral injury associated with blunt penile trauma. No clinically apparent urethral structures were appreciated with primary urethral repair after a follow up of more than 6 months.     

Urethral injury secondary to pelvic fracture: anatomical and functional classification

OBJECTIVE: To develop a new functional and anatomical classification of urethral injury secondary to pelvic fracture. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-six male patients (20 children, 36 adults) with urethral injuries secondary to pelvis fracture were evaluated. Clinical examination, retrograde urethrogram immediately after the accident, operative findings in the emergency state, subsequent combined retrograde urethrography and suprapubic cystography, operative findings during urethral reconstruction and postoperative follow-up were critically reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: A new classification of urethral injury secondary to pelvic fracture is proposed as a result of our findings: Type 1. Injury to the prostate; 1a. Proximal avulsion of the prostate; 1b. Incomplete or complete trans-prostatic rupture. Type 2. Stretching of the membranous urethra. Type 3. Incomplete or complete pure rupture of the prostatomembranous junction, supradiaphragmatic. Type 4. Incomplete or complete rupture of the bulbomembranous urethra, infradiaphragmatic. Type 5. Variable combined urethral injuries affecting more than one level of the urethra, prostatic and membranous or prostatomembranous and bulbomembranous, injury to proximal sphincteric mechanism combined with prostatic and/or membranous urethral injury. CONCLUSIONS: This anatomical and functional classification includes all types of urethral injuries secondary to pelvic fracture; moreover, it directs the attention towards evaluation of the urethral sphincteric mechanism, which is essential for the therapeutic and medicolegal aspects.     

Pelvic fracture urethral injuries: the unresolved controversy

PURPOSE: The unresolved controversies about pelvic fracture urethral injuries and whether any conclusions can be reached to develop a treatment plan for this lesion are determined. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All data on pelvic fracture urethral injuries in the English literature for the last 50 years were critically analyzed. Studies were eligible only if data were complete and conclusive. RESULTS: The risk of urethral injury is influenced by the number of broken pubic rami as well as involvement of the sacroiliac joint. Depending on the magnitude of trauma, the membranous urethra is first stretched and then partially or completely ruptured at the bulbomembranous junction. Injuries to the prostatic urethra and bladder neck occur only in children. Injury to the female urethra usually is a partial tear of the anterior wall and rarely complete disruption of the proximal or distal urethra. Diagnosis depends on urethrography in men and on a high index of suspicion and urethroscopy in women. Of the 3 conventional treatment methods primary suturing of the disrupted urethral ends has the greatest complication rates of incontinence and impotence (21 and 56%, respectively). Primary realignment has double the incidence of impotence and half that of stricture compared to suprapubic cystostomy and delayed repair (36 versus 19 and 53 versus 97%, respectively, p <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: In men surgical and endoscopic procedures do not compete but rather complement each other for treatment of different injuries under different circumstances, including indwelling catheter for urethral stretch injury, endoscopic stenting or suprapubic cystostomy for partial rupture, endoscopic realignment or suprapubic cystostomy for complete rupture with a minimal distraction defect and surgical realignment if the distraction defect is wide. Associated injury to the bladder, bladder neck or rectum dictates immediate exploration for repair but does not necessarily indicate exploration of the urethral injury site. In women treatment modalities are dictated by the level of urethral injury, including immediate retropubic realignment or suturing for proximal and transvaginal urethral advancement for distal injury.     

Pelvic fracture urethral injuries in girls

PURPOSE: Injuries to the female urethra associated with pelvic fracture are uncommon. They may vary from urethral contusion to partial or circumferential rupture. When disruption has occurred at the level of the proximal urethra, it is usually complete and often associated with vaginal laceration. We retrospectively reviewed the records of a series of girls with pelvic fracture urethral stricture and present surgical treatment to restore urethral continuity and the outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1984 and 1997, 8 girls 4 to 16 years old (median age 9.6) with urethral injuries associated with pelvic fracture were treated at our institutions. Immediate therapy involved suprapubic cystostomy in 4 cases, urethral catheter alignment and simultaneous suprapubic cystostomy in 3, and primary suturing of the urethra, bladder neck and vagina in 1. Delayed 1-stage anastomotic repair was performed in 1 patient with urethral avulsion at the level of the bladder neck and in 5 with a proximal urethral distraction defect, while a neourethra was constructed from the anterior vaginal wall in a 2-stage procedure in 1 with mid urethral avulsion. Concomitant vaginal rupture in 7 cases was treated at delayed urethral reconstruction in 5 and by primary repair in 2. The surgical approach was retropubic in 3 cases, vaginal-retropubic in 1 and vaginal-transpubic in 4. Associated injuries included rectal injury in 3 girls and bladder neck laceration in 4. Overall postoperative followup was 6 months to 6.3 years (median 3 years). RESULTS: Urethral obliteration developed in all patients treated with suprapubic cystostomy and simultaneous urethral realignment. The stricture-free rate for 1-stage anastomotic repair and substitution urethroplasty was 100%. In 1 girl complete urinary incontinence developed, while another has mild stress incontinence. Retrospectively the 2 incontinent girls had had an associated bladder neck injury at the initial trauma. Two recurrent vaginal strictures were treated successfully with additional transpositions of lateral labial flaps. CONCLUSIONS: This study emphasizes that combined vaginal-partial transpubic access is a reliable approach for resolving complex obliterative urethral strictures and associated urethrovaginal fistulas or severe bladder neck damage after traumatic pelvic fracture injury in female pediatric patients. Although our experience with the initial management of these injuries is limited, we advocate early cystostomy drainage and deferred surgical reconstruction when life threatening clinical conditions are present or extensive traumatized tissue in the affected area precludes immediate ideal surgical repair.     

Management of non-penetrating distal urethral trauma.

Two cases of non-penetrating distal urethral trauma are reported to illustrate the potential routes of urinary extravasation. The nature and management of such injuries are discussed to emphasize that the typically incomplete rupture of the distal urethra responds satisfactorily to catheter diversion of the urinary stream, antibiotic coverage, drainage of extravasated urine and delayed debridement of necrotic tissue. Primary surgical repair of the urethra is rarely indicated in this injury.     

Penile fracture with complete urethral rupture

We report a rare case of penile fracture with complete urethral rupture in a 25-year-old male who sustained the injury during sexual intercourse. He presented with a tense haematoma on the ventral aspect of the penile shaft, associated with per urethral bleeding. Despite the injury, he was able to void painfully. Retrograde urethrography revealed complete obstruction at the proximal third of the urethra. Exploration and repair of the penile fracture and urethra were performed. The patient made an uneventful recovery with good erectile and voiding function. This case illustrates the value of retrograde urethrography in assessing urethral injuries in patients with penile fracture.     

Diagnosis and classification of urethral injuries

Urethral injuries are uncommon and rarely life-threatening in isolation. They are, how-ever, among the most devastating urinary system injuries because of significant long-term sequelae, including strictures, incontinence, erectile dysfunction, and infertility.Urethral trauma may be categorized by mechanism of injury (ie, blunt versus penetrating injury) and by location (ie, posterior versus anterior urethra). Injuries to the posterior urethra are classically associated with pelvic fractures, while anterior urethral trauma usually arises secondary to injudicious instrumentation or perineal straddle injury. This article reviews the major etiologies and mechanisms of urethral trauma, describes how these injuries are diagnosed, and explains classifications of urethral trauma. Timely and accurate diagnosis and classification of urethral injuries leads to appropriate acute management and reduced long-term morbidity.