复方异丙安替比林片在健康人体的药代动力学研究

目的研究复方异丙安替比林片在健康人体内药动学特征。方法12名受试者随机交叉单次空腹口服复方异丙安替比林片1、2、3片（每片含异丙安替比林220mg、苯海拉明20mg）;另12名受试者多次给药1片,连续10次,每8小时服药1次。采用高效液相色谱-质谱法测定血浆和尿中异丙安替比林、苯海拉明的浓度,计算药动学参数。结果多次和单次给药（1片）后苯海拉明的峰浓度（Cmax）分别为（143．75±33．995）μg/L和（63．608±56．908）μg/L,终末半衰期（t1/2x）分别为（16．619±26．588）h和（9．507±4．932）h;曲线下面积（AUC0-4）分别为（1226．022±476．67）h·μg/L和（470．161±219．52）h·μg/L。多次和单次给药（1片）后异丙安替比林的Cmax分别为（3220±1304．781）μg/L和（3252．083±1135．837）μg/L,终末半衰期（t1/2x）分别为（3．029±1．856）h和（2．826±1．211）h;AUC0-4分别为（6522．007±1714．091）h·μg/L和（8055．037±2418．651）h·μg/L。20mg苯海拉明多次给药后平均稳态高峰血药浓度（Cmaxss）为（143．750±33．995）μg／L,平均稳态谷浓度（Cminss）为（49．225±39．187）μg／L,平均稳态浓度（Cavss）为（65．399±14．942）μg/L,多次给药后的波动度（DF）为（1．627±0．532）,蓄积因子（R）为（3．098±1．444）。220mg异丙安替比林Cmaxss为（3320．0±1304．781）μg/L,Cminss为（151．211±138．197）μg/L,Cavss为（749．052±183．166）μg/L,DF为（4．255±1．294）,R为（1．222±0．800）。结论健康受试者口服复方异丙安替比林片后苯海拉明体内过程复杂,个体差异较大,血浆中苯海拉明和异丙安替比林浓度和AUC随剂量依赖性增加。按每次1片,每日3次给予复方异丙安替比林片后苯海拉明在人体内有显著蓄积。     

烯丙雌醇片在健康人体的药代动力学研究

目的：建立准确、灵敏的液相色谱-串联质谱法（LC-MS／MS）测定人血浆中烯丙雌醇的浓度,并评价中国健康女性受试者单剂量口服烯丙雌醇片后的药动学特征。方法：20例女性健康受试者单剂量口服20mg炳丙雌醇片后按时采集血样,以米非司酮为内标,采用APCI正离子选择性反应监测测定烯丙雌醇血浆浓度,计算药动学参数。结果：单剂量口服20mg烯丙磷雌醇后,烯丙雌酵的主要药动学参数Cmax为（12．48±4．18）ng·ml^-1,Tmax为（1．9±0．8）h,t1／2为（8．4±3．2）h,MRT0-∞为（6.7±2.6）h,AUC0—36为（41.29±14．83）h·ng·ml^-1,AUC0-∞为（42．72±15．33）h·ng·ml^-1。结论：建立的LC-MS/MS测定法结果准确可靠,灵敏度高。     

小鼠非布司它的血药浓度和药代动力学测定

目的建立测定非布司它血浆药物浓度的液相色谱-质谱联用（LC-MS）分析方法,研究非布司它在小鼠体内的药代动力学.方法分别尾静脉（10 mg/kg）或口服（50 mg/kg）给予BALB/c小鼠非布司它,然后用LC—MS法测定血浆中非布司它浓度.用DAS软件计算非布司它的药代动力学参数,而绝对生物利用度（F）根据静注和口服的药时曲线下面积（AUC）之比来计算.结果非布司它在0.01～200 mg/L浓度范围内线性关系良好（r=0.9997,P〈0.01）,样品在血浆中的回收率大于85%,日内和日间RSD小于15%.小鼠静注10 mg/kg非布司它后药代动力学参数药时曲线下面积、半衰期、血浆分布容积、血浆清除率分别为：（62.91±4.68）mg/（L.h）、（12.35±1.06）h、（3.45±0.83）L/kg、（0.12±0.074）L/（h.kg）;小鼠口服50 mg/kg非布司它后药代动力学参数药时曲线下面积、半衰期、达峰时间、峰浓度分别为（130.97±9.36）mg/（L.h）、（10.68±1.63）h、（1.5±0.11）h、（15.32±2.64）mg/L,在小鼠体内的绝对生物利用度为41.64%.结论用LC-MS联用方法测定的非布司它在小鼠体内血药浓度准确、可靠.非布司它药动力学参数详尽,为该药的临床研究提供了实验基础.     

新型抗结核化合物TBI-166在比格犬体内的生物利用度

目的：建立比格犬血浆中TBI-166的LC-MS/MS测定方法,研究比格犬口服TBI-166的血浆药代动力学特征和生物利用度。方法比格犬血浆样品中加入TBI-166和内标普萘洛尔后经乙腈沉淀蛋白。 HPLC分离采用Symmetry C8（2.1 mm×50 mm,3.5μm）柱,流动相为含0.1%甲酸的乙腈-水,梯度洗脱,流速为0.2 ml/min质谱检测采用电喷雾离子源,正离子选择反应监测（SRM）模式检测m/z 590→478（TBI-166）和m/z 260→183（普萘洛尔,内标）。应用上述LC-MS/MS方法测定比格犬口服TBI-166（3 mg/kg）和静脉注射（0.5 mg/kg）后的血浆药物浓度,用WinNonlin软件计算药代动力学参数和绝对生物利用度。结果比格犬血浆中TBI-166在2～1000 ng/ml浓度范围内线性关系良好,日内和日间精密度<10%、回收率>98.6%、无明显基质效应且血浆样品稳定性好。雌雄比格犬口服TBI-166（3mg/kg）后血药浓度分别于（4.4±3.5）和（1.4±0.5）h达峰,血药峰浓度分别为（122.0±34.6）和（65.4±2.3）ng/ml,AUC（0-t）为（2615.1±1524.4）和（897.2±318.6）h·μg/L。雌雄比格犬静注TBI-166（0.5mg/kg）后t1/2z为（112.9±25.3）和（69.6±35.3）h、CL为（0.3±0.1）和（0.2±0.1）L/（h·kg）、AUC（0-t）为（3222.4±1656.2）和（1798.0±729.2）h·μg/L。雌雄比格犬口服TBI-166生物利用度分别为13.5%和8.3%。结论本研究建立了比格犬血浆中TBI-166的LC-MS/MS测定方法,该方法准确、简便、灵敏。比格犬口服TBI-166后体内消除较慢,具有一定性别差异,生物利用度为8.3%～13.5%。     

盐酸洛拉曲克在小鼠体内的血药浓度和生物利用度测定

目的 建立测定盐酸洛拉曲克血浆药物浓度的高效液相色谱-质谱联用分析方法,研究盐酸洛拉曲克在小鼠体内的药代动力学和绝对生物利用度。 方法 C57小鼠静脉（50 mg/kg）或口服（200 mg/kg）给予盐酸洛拉曲克,在给药后不同时间取血,分离血浆,用高效液相色谱-质谱联用法测定血浆中盐酸洛拉曲克浓度。用DAS软件计算盐酸洛拉曲克的药代动力学参数,根据口服和静注的药时曲线下面积之比来计算绝对生物利用度。 结果 盐酸洛拉曲克在0.01～40 mg/L浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9995,P<0.001),样品在血浆中的回收率大于85％,日内和日间RSD小于15％。小鼠静注50 mg/kg盐酸洛拉曲克后药代动力学参数半衰期、药－时曲线下面积、分布系数、清除率分别为（3.02±0.017）h、（89.972±0.425）mg·L-1·h-1、（0.831±0.106）L/kg、（0.556±0.093）L·h-1·kg-1;小鼠口服200 mg/kg盐酸洛拉曲克后药代动力学参数半衰期、药－时曲线下面积、达峰时间、峰浓度分别为（5.046±0.191） h、（84.893±9.923） mg·L-1·h-1、（1.000±0.012） h、（18.000±0.014） mg/L。经计算盐酸洛拉曲克在小鼠体内的绝对生物利用度为23.58％。 结论 用高效液相色谱-质谱联用方法测定的盐酸洛拉曲克在小鼠体内的绝对生物利用度为该药的口服制剂的研发提供了实验依据。     

塞克硝唑分散片人体生物等效性研究

目的：比较塞克硝唑的分散片（试验制剂）与胶囊（参比制剂）的生物等效性。方法：20名健康男性志愿受试者采用随机交叉给药方案,分别单剂量口服塞克硝唑分散片及塞克硝唑胶囊1000mg,采用HPLC法检测血药浓度,计算两者的药物动力学参数并评价试验制剂的相对生物利用度。结果：试验制剂和参比制剂的主要药物动力学参数如下：Cmax分别为（20.50&#177;1.73）mg/L和（20.40&#177;2.69）mg/L;Tmax分别为（1.53&#177;0.60）h和（2.00&#177;0.67）h;t1/2分别为（22.66&#177;3.00）h和（24.56&#177;3.79）h;AUC0-96分别为（736.36&#177;111.51）mg.h/L和（741.00&#177;90.73）mg.h/L;AUC0-∞分别为（785.10&#177;121.31）mg.h/L和（798.66&#177;105.04）mg.h/L。2种制剂的药代动力学参数相近,以AUC0-96估算,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为（99.94&#177;15.24）,以AUC0-∞估算为（98.92&#177;15.28）。结论：两种制剂具有生物等效性。     

厚朴中苯乙醇苷类化合物厚朴苷A的大鼠体内药动学研究

目的:建立血浆样品中厚朴苷A的测定方法,研究厚朴苷A在大鼠体内的药动学特征。方法:大鼠经口服和尾静脉注射给药,以黄芩苷为内标,采用高效液相色谱法测定不同时间点大鼠血浆中的厚朴苷A浓度。使用岛津LC-20A高效液相色谱仪,色谱柱为Agilent Zobax SB-C18(250 mm×20 mm,5μm),甲醇/水溶液梯度洗脱(0~15 min,甲醇15%~85%),流速为1 mL·min~(-1)。采用DAS 2.0软件对所得的需要浓度进行拟合,计算相应的药动学参数。结果:大鼠经口服给药200 mg·kg~(-1)、尾静脉注射给药5 mg·kg~(-1),目标物质量浓度在0.3~100μg·mL~(-1),内线性关系良好(r=0.999 6),标准曲线定量下限为0.3μg·mL~(-1);批内精密度RSD7.1%,批间精密度RSD12.4%;准确度RE3.3%~5.9%;回收率83.5%~99.0%。大鼠经口服给药的药动学参数AUC(0-t)为(15.6±7.4)mg·h/L,CL为(14.5±6.1)L·h/kg,Vd为(13.5±2.8)L/kg,t1/2为(1.16±0.8)h。大鼠尾静脉注射给药的药动学参数AUC(0-t)为(17.8±9.9)mg·h/L,CL为(0.34±0.14)L·h/kg,Vd为(0.08±0.04)L/kg,t1/2为(0.15±0.03)h。结论:该实验建立了一种简便、准确、快速地测定厚朴苷A浓度的方法,首次报道了厚朴苷A在大鼠体内的药物代谢动力学特征。     

大鼠口服菊花提取物后血浆中木犀草素及芹菜素测定方法的研究

目的 建立大鼠血浆中木犀草素和芹菜素总浓度的HPLC测定方法,并研究大鼠口服菊花提取物(CME)后其效应成分--木犀草素、芹菜素的药动学参数.方法 大鼠血浆在2 mol&#183;L-1盐酸酸性条件下于80℃水浴水解1.5 h,水解液经乙酸乙酯萃取,萃取液减压抽干后溶解,经HPLC分析.采用Diamonsil ODS C18色谱柱,以甲醇-0.2%磷酸(55:45)为流动相,流速1.0 mL&#183;min-1,检测波长350 nm,柱温30 ℃.应用建立的方法测定大鼠口服200 mg&#183;kg-1菊花提取物后血浆中木犀草素及芹菜素质量浓度,并以3P87软件计算其药动学参数.结果 本法木犀草素和芹菜素的定量下限(LOQ)分别为0.045 5和0.145 mg&#183;L-1;两者分别在0.045 5～8.09和0.145～25.7 mg&#183;L-1内呈良好线性关系,r分别为0.995 7及0.997 4;两者低、中、高质量浓度的绝对回收率及方法回收率均在89%～107%内.日间及日内精密度RSD均小于＜11%.大鼠口服CME后木犀草素与芹菜素的Ka分别为1.72和0.237 h;t1/2(Ka)分别为0.440和3.21 h;t1/2α分别为0.774和4.82 h;t1/2β分别为6.64和8.65h;tmax分别为0.730和2.91 h;ρmax分别为2.43和9.00 mg&#183;L-1;AUC分别为21.40和143 mg&#183;h&#183;L-1.结论 本研究建立的方法准确可靠、,操作简便重复性好,适用于测定血浆中木犀草素及芹菜素浓度.     

静脉滴注头孢哌酮/他唑巴坦复方制剂的健康人体药动学

目的 研究静脉滴注头孢哌酮/他唑巴坦复方制剂在健康人体内的药动学.方法 16名健康男性志愿者静脉滴注头孢哌酮2000mg/他唑巴坦500 mg复方制剂,采用反相高效液相色谱法同时测定血浆中头孢哌酮和他唑巴坦浓度,并用DAS1.0程序处理药-时数据.结果 头孢哌酮的ρmax为(194.94&#177;40.04)mg&#183;L-1,t1/2β为(2.23&#177;0.41)h,AUC0-∞为(364.41&#177;71.77)mg&#183;h&#183;L-1,AUC0-s为(326.73&#177;62.84)mg&#183;h&#183;L-1,CLs为(5.76&#177;1.2)L&#183;h-1;他唑巴坦的ρmax为(26.58&#177;4.07)mg&#183;L-1,t1/2β为(0.87&#177;0.12)h,AUC0-∞为(18.89&#177;4.23)mg&#183;h&#183;L-1,AUC0-3为(16.91&#177;4.43)mg&#183;h&#183;L-1,CLs为(27.80&#177;6.6)L&#183;h-1.结论 健康志愿者静脉滴注头孢哌酮2 000 mg/他唑巴坦500 mg复方制剂,头孢哌酮和他唑巴坦均符合一级消除二室模型,其主要药动学参数与文献报道接近,为临床合理用药提供了参考资料.     

中药复方及单味药材中淫羊藿苷的大鼠体内药动学分析

目的：利用反相高效液相色谱法,分别比较复方与单味药材提取物中淫羊藿苷在大鼠体内的药代动力学（药动学）参数差别,探讨配伍对药效成分体内过程的影响。方法：实验大鼠分别灌胃复方及单味药材提取物后。测定不同时间点血浆中淫羊藿苷的浓度,采用药动学程序3P97对数据进行统计学处理,进行药动学模型拟合并计算相关药代动办学参数。结果：复方及单味药材中淫羊藿苷在大鼠体内分别呈二室和一室模型,主要药代动力学参数为：复方组Cmax=（3．133&#177;0．290）μg／ml,t1/2（Ka）=（0．753&#177;0．809）h,Tmax=（2．089&#177;0．144）h,AUC0-24=（30．839&#177;3．680）μg&#183;h／ml。单味药材组Cmax=（2.318&#177;0．218）μg／ml,Tmax=（1．497&#177;0．521）h,AUC0-24=（19．947&#177;2．555）μg&#183;h／ml。结论：与单味药材相比,复方中淫羊藿苷在大鼠体内吸收增加、消除及达峰时间延长、血浆清除率减少。因此复方配伍对淫羊藿苷体内过程有显著影响。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.