硫化氢及一氧化氮气体信号分子在冠心病发病中的作用及其与冠脉病变类型的关系

目的研究硫化氢（H2S）及一氧化氮（NO）气体信号分子在冠心病患者中的变化及其与冠脉病变类型的关系,探讨其在冠心病发病中的病理生理意义。方法冠心病组40例,造影正常对照组17例,冠心病患者根据临床表现和辅助检查,分为稳定性心绞痛组、不稳定性心绞痛组、急性心肌梗死组;根据冠脉造影结果,再分为单支病变组、双支病变组、三支病变组。采用硫敏感法测定所有研究对象血浆H2S含量,并用Greiss法测定血浆NO含量,分析不同亚型冠心病患者和对照者血浆H2S、NO含量的差异及H2S、NO与不同冠脉病变类型的关系。结果冠心病患者血浆H2S、NO含量为（26.10±14.27）、（44.25±9.71）μmol/L,远低于冠脉造影正常对照组的（51.74±11.94）、（53.94±4.36）μmol/L,两组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;在冠心病各常见亚型中,不稳定性心绞痛患者和急性心肌梗死患者血浆H2S含量分别为（23.60±14.41）μmol/L、（19.98±7.52）μmol/L,明显低于稳定性心绞痛患者的（38.41±14.53）μmol/L;急性心肌梗死患者血浆NO含量为（39.71±6.03）μmol/L,明显低于稳定性心绞痛患者的（44.25±9.71）μmol/L（P〈0.05）。冠脉双支和多支病变组血浆H2S含量分别为（16.91±7.98）、（18.39±7.78）μmol/L,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,但均明显低于单支病变组的（33.04±15.01）μmol/L（P〈0.05）;不同支数病变冠心病患者血浆NO含量差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。冠脉血管有闭塞组其血浆H2S、NO含量明显低于单纯狭窄组（P〈0.05）。结论 H2S与NO的代谢异常可能参与了冠心病的发病过程,其中血浆H2S含量的高低与冠脉病变类型相关。     

吸烟对2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者冠状动脉病变影响的临床研究

目的：探讨吸烟对2型糖尿病合并冠心病心绞痛患者冠状动脉病变的影响。方法：回顾性分析2007年3月至2009年1月在本院冠脉造影的157例糖尿病合并冠心病患者（吸烟组81例,不吸烟组76例）的临床特点,按照吸烟与否分组比较其冠脉病变的差异。结果：两组患者的体重指数、空腹血糖、性别比例、高血压患病率、高血脂患病率及饮酒率等差别无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。吸烟组年龄较不吸烟组年龄小（P〈0．05）;与不吸烟组相比,吸烟组单支病变明显减少,三支病变明显增多（P〈0．05）,Gensini积分明显增大（P〈0．01）。结论：2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者吸烟导致冠状动脉多支病变率和病变程度明显增高。     

冠心病冠脉病变严重程度与红细胞分布宽度及尿酸的相关性分析

目的 探讨冠心病冠脉病变严重程度与红细胞分布宽度及血尿酸的相关性。方法 选取中医药大学第一附属南院心血管病区2016年12月~2017年12月因胸痛疑诊冠心病或已明确冠心病患者134例,根据既往或入院后冠状动脉造影结果,左主干、左前降支、左回旋支、右冠状动脉或其主要分支血管直径狭窄≥50％者为冠心病组共96例,上述主要分支血管直径狭窄＜50％者共40例为对照组。根据冠状动脉病变支数分为单支病变组、双支病变组和三支病变组,采用Gensini法分别对冠脉病变进行评分。结果 冠脉病变严重程度与红细胞分布宽度与血尿酸水平呈正相关,尿酸（OR=1.006,P＜0.05）和红细胞分布宽度（OR=2.450,P＜0.05）的升高为冠心病的独立危险因素,且红细胞分布宽度与UA水平随着冠脉病变支数的增加逐渐递增,三支病变组红细胞分布宽度、血尿酸水平高于单支病变组（P=0.004、0.016＜0.05）,三支病变组红细胞分布宽度水平高于双支病变组（P＜0.05）;双支病变组红细胞分布宽度、血尿酸水平高于单支病变组,三支病变组血尿酸水平高于双支病变组,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,考虑与样本量较小及患者用药控制因素有关。结论 冠心病冠脉病变严重程度与红细胞分布宽度及血尿酸呈正相关。     

冠心病患者介入治疗后血浆新型气体信号分子硫化氢及一氧化氮变化的临床研究

目的研究新型气体信号分子硫化氢（H2S）及一氧化氮（NO）在冠心病患者和冠脉造影正常者血浆中含量的差异及介入治疗对其的影响,探讨其在冠心病发病及介入治疗中的病理生理意义。方法冠心病组40例,造影正常组17例,采用硫敏感法测定术前血浆H2S含量并用Greiss法测定血浆中NO含量,动态监测冠心病患者冠状动脉造影前后、介入治疗后即刻、术后24h和72h血浆H2S、NO含量,分析冠心病组和造影正常组患者血浆H2S、NO含量的差异及介入治疗后血浆H2S和NO的变化。结果冠心病患者血浆H2S、NO含量远低于造影正常组（P均〈0.01）;冠脉双支和多支病变组血浆H2S含量差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,但均明显低于单支病变组（P〈0.05和P〈0.01）。不同支数病变冠心病患者血浆NO含量差异无统计学意义。冠脉血管有闭塞组其血浆H2S、NO含量明显低于单纯狭窄组（P均〈0.05）;支架植入术后复查狭窄者NO含量明显低于无狭窄者（P〈0.05）,H2S含量也低于无狭窄者,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。冠状动脉造影术对血浆H2S、NO含量无影响,但PCI治疗术后即刻H2S、NO含量显著降低;H2S含量术后24h恢复至术前水平,NO含量术后24h降至最低水平,72h仍未恢复至术前水平。结论 H2S和NO可能参与了冠心病的发病过程及介入治疗后急性血管闭塞及再狭窄的发生,血浆H2S含量的高低与冠脉血管病变严重程度相关。     

血浆Hcy水平与冠心病的关系

目的：探讨血浆同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）水平与冠心病（CHD）的关系。方法：将109例CHD患者分为三组,无症状型CHD组26例,稳定型心绞痛组（SA）45例,心肌梗死组（MI）38例,对照组为40例健康体检者。以微粒子酶免分析法检测其空腹血浆Hcy水平。同时根据冠脉造影进一步将观察对象分为一支病变组（46例）,二支病变组（25例）和多支病变组（38例）。结果：CHD患者血浆Hcy水平显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）,MI组显著高于AS组（P〈0．05）,AS组高于无症状型CHD组（P〈0．05）;多支病变组Hcy水平显著高于双支病变组（P〈0．01）,双支病变组高于一支病变组（P〈0．05）。结论：CHD患者血浆Hcy水平明显增高,且与冠状动脉病变程度及冠脉病变支数呈正相关,是CHD的危险因素之一。     

血尿酸、同型半胱氨酸、脑钠肽、肌钙蛋白Ⅰ与急性冠脉综合征病变程度的相关性

目的 探究血尿酸（SUA）、同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）、脑钠肽（BNP）、肌钙蛋白Ⅰ（cTnⅠ）与急性冠脉综合征（ACS）患者病变程度的相关性。方法 选取2017年1月~2018年1月我院收治的ACS患者120例,按疾病类型不同分为不稳定型心绞痛（UAP）组、非ST段抬高心肌梗死（NSTEMI）组和ST段抬高心肌梗死（STEMI）组,各40例,另选择40名同期健康体检者作为对照组;检测并比较四组血清SUA、Hcy、BNP和cTnⅠ水平,分析不同血管病变支数患者SUA、Hcy、BNP和cTnⅠ水平。结果 STEMI组SUA、Hcy、BNP和cTnⅠ水平均高于UAP和NSTEMI组,NSTEMI组SUA、Hcy、BNP和cTnⅠ水平均高于UAP组,STEMI组、UAP组和NSTEMI组SUA、Hcy、BNP和cTnⅠ水平均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;3支病变患者SUA、Hcy、BNP和cTnⅠ水平高于双支病变和单支病变,且双支病变患者的SUA、Hcy、BNP和cTnⅠ水平高于单支病变,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 机体SUA、Hcy、BNP和cTnⅠ水平与ACS病情密切相关,且同时检测四种指标水平有助于进一步了解患者病情,值得临床应用。     

人心脏缺血预处理对非同一缺血部位心肌的保护作用

观察在双支经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术（PTCA）中缺血预处理对非同一缺血部位心肌的作用。14例患者均为两支冠状动脉（冠脉）病变。分别观察两支冠脉成形时心绞痛程度、狭窄冠脉相关导联心电图最大ST段抬高幅度和发生时间双冠状窦静脉血浆和血清中血栓素B2（TXB2）和6-酮─前列腺素F1α（6－keto－PGF1α）浓度。观察到两支冠脉狭窄程度及PTCA参数无明显差别，但第二支冠脉PTCA时心绞痛积分及发生时间和心电图最大ST段抬高幅度及发生时间均显著低于或迟于第一支冠脉PTCA时（P＜0.05）。第二文冠脉PTCA前后血浆6－keto－PGF1α水平均高于第一支（P＜0．05）。提示缺血预处理可以保护非同一缺血部位的心肌，其机制可能同前列环素的改变有关。     

冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者冠脉造影特点分析

目的总结冠心痛合并2型糖尿病患者的临床和冠状动脉造影的特点。方法回顾性分析35例冠心痛合并糖尿病患者和72例非糖尿病冠心病患者的冠脉造影资料。结果2型糖尿病患者的冠脉病变多数是多支病变。且数目多,糖尿病病程越长越易发生多支血管病变。结论2型糖尿病的及早预防、合理治疗对冠心病的防治尤为重要。     

~(99m)Tc-MIBI心肌断层显像与冠状动脉造影的相关性研究

目的定量评价核素心肌断层显像（ＳＰＥＣＴ）与冠状动脉造影血管病变的相关性方法对５０例冠心病（ＣＡＤ）病变血管狭窄程度、狭窄面积与ＳＰＥＣＴ心肌缺血程度、缺血面积进行双定量分析比较．结果病变血管直径、血管面积和血管狭窄程度、血管狭窄面积相关性很高, ｒ＝０．９８、０．９３;血管狭窄程度、血管狭窄面积与ＳＰＥＣＴ心肌缺血程度、心肌缺血面积相关性较低（ｒ＝－０．２６、０．３３）;病变血管直径与 ＳＰＥＣＴ心肌缺血面积不相关（ｒ＝０．０４）;病变血管狭窄面积与ＳＰＥＣＴ心肌缺血程度负相关（ｒ＝０．１２）结论冠脉造影病变血管缺血程度、病变血管面积与ＳＰＥＣＴ心肌缺血程度、心肌缺血面积两种检查的相关性较低,但其间有内在联系,供临床参考．     

冠心病患者D-二聚体与冠状动脉病变程度的关系

目的探讨D-二聚体与冠状动脉病变程度的关系。方法根据冠脉造影结果将85例患者分为单支病变、双支病变、三支病变组，正常对照组。分析各组之间冠脉病变程度与相应的D-二聚体水平的关系。结果冠心病患者D-二聚体水平高于正常组（P〈0．01），冠心病患者血浆中D-二聚体含量越高，冠脉病变狭窄程度越严重。结论D-二聚体与冠状动脉病变程度密切相关，D-二聚体含量的检测对冠心病患者冠脉病变程度评价和指导治疗具有一定的临床价值。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.