双管型喉罩在全麻剖宫产术中的应用

目的探讨双管型喉罩在全麻剖宫产手术麻醉中应用的效果。方法择期全麻剖宫产手术患者60例,随机均分为双管型喉罩组(A组)和气管插管组(B组),分别给予丙泊酚1～1.5mg/kg(1min)、瑞芬太尼1μg/kg及维库溴铵0.08mg/kg静脉注射麻醉诱导,并持续静脉输注丙泊酚2～4mg·kg-1·h-1和瑞芬太尼6～10μg·kg-1·h-1,间断吸入七氟醚维持麻醉。记录插管(喉罩)前(T0)、插管(喉罩)后1min(T1)、3min(T2)、拔管(喉罩)前(T3)、拔管(喉罩后)1min(T4)、3min(T5)时的SBP、DBP、HR。记录T1～T3时且VT=8ml/kg时的平均气道压(Pmean)、气道峰压(Ppeak)和PETCO2。记录插管(喉罩)成功率及术中有无反流误吸情况,记录术后咽喉部并发症。结果 T1、T3、T4时B组HR明显快于,SBP、DBP明显高于T0时及A组(P<0.05)。T1～T3时A组Pmean、Ppeak明显低于B组(P<0.05)。两组术中均无反流误吸发生。术后咽部不适A组2例(6.7%)明显少于B组的9例(30.0%)(P<0.05)。结论双管型喉罩通气用于全麻剖宫产手术安全可行,与气管插管比较,具有一定的优越性。     

胃超声检查评估急诊剖宫产产妇胃排空的效果

目的通过胃窦超声检查,探讨胃超声检查评估急诊剖宫产产妇胃排空情况的效果,并分析影响产妇胃排空的危险因素。方法选择2017年7月至2018年5月行急诊剖宫产的产妇143例,孕龄≥36周,年龄≥18岁,ASA I或II级,BMI35 kg/m~2。产妇入室后,行胃内容物定性检查、胃窦Perlas评分及胃窦横截面积测量。根据产妇进食情况临床判断其胃排空情况。结果超声临床判断均为空腹2例(1.4%),超声判断空腹临床判断饱胃105例(73.4%),超声判断饱胃临床判断空腹5例(3.5%),超声临床判断均为饱胃31例(21.7%)。产妇最后一次进食脂肪或肉类食品(OR=372.725,95%CI 18.695～7430.921,P0.001)、进食量偏大(OR=5.701,95%CI 2.268～14.332,P0.001)是饱胃的危险因素,而进食至超声检查间隔长(OR=0.366,95%CI 0.201～0.666,P0.001)是饱胃的保护因素。结论胃窦超声检查能为围术期判断产妇胃排空情况提供更加客观的依据,最后一次进食正餐种类、进食量以及进食至超声检查间隔可能影响产妇胃排空情况。     

床旁胃超声在特殊人群临床应用研究进展

胃内容物的反流与误吸是围麻醉期威胁患者生命安全的严重并发症。床旁超声技术对特殊人群胃容量的预测已被证明具有确切价值。文章综述了近年来床旁超声评估特殊人群(包括急诊、孕妇、儿童等不完全适用于目前禁饮禁食指南的患者)胃容量的研究进展,以推动其更好地应用于临床工作。     

经皮穴位电刺激对剖宫产产妇机体功能恢复的影响

目的观察经皮穴位电刺激(TEAS)对剖宫产产妇常见并发症和机体功能恢复的影响。方法择期行剖宫产术初产妇80例,年龄22~40岁,BMI 18~32 kg/m^2,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法随机分为TEAS联合麻醉组(T组)和常规麻醉组(C组),每组40例。两组均采用腰-硬联合阻滞,术后镇痛方法相同:采用患者自控硬膜外镇痛(PCEA)。T组于术前30 min给予经皮穴位电刺激双侧内关、合谷穴,术中持续刺激至术毕;C组不贴电极片。记录两组产妇年龄、体重、手术时间、出血量、术中液体输注量等一般情况,术后PCEA维持VAS评分≤3分,记录产妇48 h内PCEA镇痛药用量、羟考酮补救镇痛消耗量,恶心呕吐发生率和评分、寒战发生率和评分。记录两组初乳时间,首次排气时间,住院时间和住院费用。结果两组产妇一般情况、48 h内PCEA镇痛药用量、羟考酮补救镇痛消耗量差异无统计学意义。T组恶心呕吐发生率,寒战发生率明显低于C组(P<0.05)。T组初乳时间、术后首次排气时间和住院时间明显短于C组(P<0.05),住院费用明显少于C组(P<0.05)。结论 TEAS可减少剖宫产产妇恶心呕吐、寒战等常见并发症的发生率及发生程度,有助于产妇早泌乳早排气,缩减住院时间和费用。     

食管瓣片成形——食管胃套接术的临床应用

目的 探讨消除食管胃吻合术后吻合口瘘、吻合口狭窄及胃反注等手术方法。方法 食管两侧纵行剪开１．５ｃｍ,形成二叶瓣片。胃前壁造口为套接口,将二叶瓣片经胃套接口确保完全置入腔内。不缝粘膜层,仅将食管肌层与胃壁浆肌层做双层间断缝合,二层间距为３ｃｍ,以食管胃套接术代替食管胃吻合术。结果 临床应用１７６例,无手术死亡,无吻合口瘘,无吻合口狭窄及胃反流,效果满意。结论 （１）缝合粘膜层是食管胃吻合术后发生吻     

腹腔镜胃底折叠术治疗胃食管反流病372例

目的 探讨腹腔镜胃底折叠术治疗胃食管反流病(GERD)的可行性和临床应用价值.方法 2005年9月至2010年8月,对372例GERD病人实施腹腔镜胃底折叠术,其中Nissen胃底折叠术146例,Toupet胃底折叠术79例,前180°胃底折叠术147例,记录围手术期相关指标,随访观察治疗效果.结果 372例均完成腹腔镜手术,无中转开腹者.手术时间50～210 min,平均85 min;术中出血40～150 ml,平均86 ml.术后住院3～21天,平均4.3天.术后临床症状均得到缓解,无严重并发症及死亡病例.术后3个月复查胃镜、上消化道造影、食管测压和24 h食管pH检测均恢复正常.350例随访～63个月,平均27.3个月,对手术效果满意率92.57%,19例有进固体食物时轻度梗噎感,6例反酸症状复发,使用抑酸药物可控制,1例食管裂孔疝复发.结论 腹腔镜胃底折叠术治疗中、重度GERD充分体现了微创手术创伤小、恢复快、安全可行、疗效可靠的特点;3种胃底折叠方式根据病人具体情况应用,能够最大限度地保证手术效果、降低操作难度,减少术后并发症.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the feasibility and clinical value of laparoscopic surgery in treating patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Methods From September 2001 to August 2009, 372 patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease undertwent laparoscopic fundoplication, including 146 cases of Nissen fundoplication, 79 Toupet fundoplication, and 147 anterior 180 degrees partial fundoplication. Para-operative clinical parameters were recorded. All patients were routinely followed up. Clinical outcomes were collected and analyzed. Results Laparoscopic surgery was successfully performed in all patients, and no conversions were required. The operating time was 50 -210 minutes (mean, 85 minutes), the operative blood loss was 40 - 150 ml( mean, 86 ml) ,the postoperative hospital stay was 3 - 21 days( mean, 4.3 days ). The symptoms in most cases were adequately relieved after operation. There were no severe postoperative morbidity and mortality. Endoscopy, radiology, esophageal manometry and 24-hour pH monitoring were repeated 3 months after surgery. After the follow-up period of 3 -63 months ( mean, 27.3 months), the satisfaction rate of operation was 92.57%. 19 cases had mild dysphagia when eating solid food. Symptoms recurrence of acid reflux occurred in 6 cases, which were controlled by antacid medications. Hiatal hernia recurrence occurred in 1 case. Conclusions Laparoscopic operation should be the method of choice to treat the moderate to severe gastroesophageal reflux disease, with the advantages of minimized trauma,quick recovery, safety,feasibility and reliable effect. According to individual condition of patients, appropriate fundoplication procedure should be employed carefully to ensure results of operations, reduce operating difficulties and the rate of postoperative complications.     

腹腔镜胃底折叠术治疗胃食管反流性疾病

胃食管反流性疾病（gastro-esophageal reflux disease, GERD）是胃、十二指肠内容物反流进入食管引起临床症状和（或）食管炎症的一种疾病。反流物主要是胃酸、胃蛋白酶，尚可有十二指肠液、胆酸、胰液等，前者临床上多见，后者主要见于胃大部切除术后和食管肠吻合术后。GERD病人可仅有临床症状而无食管炎症表现，有食管炎症状者其临床症状不一定与炎症程度呈平行关系。临床上主要表现为烧心、胸骨后疼痛、反酸及反食，严重病例可并发吞咽困难、上消化道出血、Barrett食管和食管癌等。     

高选择保护性迷走神经切断术在腹腔镜胃底折叠手术中的应用

目的 探讨高选择保护性迷走神经切断术在腹腔镜胃底折叠手术(短松Nissen术式)中应用的安全性、可行性及有效性。方法 回顾分析我院2014年1月～2019年12月78例胃食管反流病(gastroesophageal reflux disease, GERD)合并食管裂孔疝行腹腔镜食道裂孔疝修补+胃底折叠术(短松Nissen术式)的临床资料,分为传统手术组和迷走神经保护组,比较2组手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间、术后并发症发生率和术后6个月胃食管反流病调查问卷(GERD Q量表)评分、DeMeester评分、食管下括约肌静息压力(lower esophageal sphincter pressure, LESP)、反流症状控制情况。结果 2组手术均顺利完成,均无术中脏器损伤发生。2组手术时间差异无显著性[(85.5±13.9)min vs.(88.3±18.6)min,t=0.729,P=0.468];术中出血量差异无显著性[(18.6±8.6)ml vs.(18.1±8.5)ml,t=-0.221,P=0.825];术后排气时间差异无显著性(2.0±0.7)d vs.(1.8±1....     

胃食管反流性疾病的腹腔镜胃底折叠术治疗

目的探讨中、重度胃食管反流性疾病行腹腔镜胃底折叠术治疗的可行性及安全性.方法回顾性分析2001年6月至2006年6月对137例中、重度胃食管反流性疾病病人行腹腔镜胃底折叠术的的临床资料.结果121例行腹腔镜Nissen胃底折叠术,16例作腹腔镜Toupet胃底折叠术.术后症状完全缓解.术后4个月,食管下段压力由7.28±1.32 mmHg提高到19.01±3.39 mmHg(t=11.69,P＜0.01).24 h pH值监测评分由181.76±95.47降低至8.13±1.96(t=8.38,P＜0.01),较手术前有明显改善,并达到正常范围.长期随访临床效果良好.无严重手术并发症,无中转开腹及死亡病例.结论对于严重的胃食管反流性疾病,腹腔镜胃底折叠术是一种微创、安全、有效的治疗方法.     

腹腔镜胃底折叠术治疗胃食管反流性疾病临床分析

目的　探讨腹腔镜胃底折叠术治疗胃食管反流性疾病的可行性及安全性。　方法　回顾性分析 2 0 0 1年 6月至 2 0 0 1年 10月对 5例行腹腔镜胃底折叠术的胃食管反流性疾病的临床资料。　结果　 3例行腹腔镜Nissen胃底折叠术 ,2例腹腔镜Toupet胃底折叠术。术后症状完全缓解。食道下段压力由 (7 32± 1 34)mmHg提高到 (18 2 0± 3 4 3)mmHg(t=12 2 3,P <0 0 1) ,2 4 -小时PH值监测评分由183 36± 96 76降低到 8 0 4± 2 12 (t=8 4 7,P <0 0 1) ,较手术前有明显改善 ,并达到正常范围。无手术并发症 ,无中转开腹及死亡病例。　结论　对于严重的胃食管反流性疾病 ,腹腔镜胃底折叠术是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

Supreme喉罩联合七氟醚、丙泊酚顺序全麻在剖宫产中的应用

目的 对Supreme喉罩联合七氟醚、丙泊酚顺序全麻在剖宫产中的应用进行临床观察.方法 60例ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级择期剖宫产的足月初产妇采用完全随机分为两组,每组30例,A组采用Supreme喉罩联合七氟醚、丙泊酚顺序全麻,吸入6%～8%七氟醚加5 L/min～8 L/min氧诱导,置入Supreme喉罩,以2%～3%七氟醚加2 L/min～3 L/min氧维持麻醉至胎儿娩出,停七氟醚,改用丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼联合静脉泵注;B组采用腰硬联合麻醉,取L2-3或L3-4穿刺,蛛网膜下腔给予0.5%罗哌卡因9 mg～12 mg.两组产妇若出现术中低血压,经快速补液无法改善者予麻黄素纠正.观察两组产妇麻醉开始至手术开始时间,失血量,术中低血压发生率,麻黄素使用病例数,麻醉相关并发症发生率及出生后即刻、5 min、10 min的新生儿Apgar评分.结果 A组麻醉开始至手术开始时间较B组短[(5.2±1.7)min vs(15.8±5.6)min,P＜0.05];A组术中低血压发生率、麻黄碱使用率及麻酢相关并发症发生率分别为0.00%、0.00%、3.33%,分别低于B组的40.00%、33.33%、23.33%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组失血量及新生儿Apgar评分差异均无统计学意义.结论 Supreme喉罩联合七氟醚、丙泊酚顺序全麻的主要优势在于吸入适当浓度的七氟醚对胎儿影响小,胎儿娩出后改用静脉麻醉减少了七氟醚对宫缩的影响,不增加失血量,术中低血压发生率低,且Supreme喉罩无需使用肌松剂,能有效防止返流、误吸,术后恢复快,是一种可安全应用于剖宫产于术的全身麻醉方法.     

The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting after caesarean section in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum: a retrospective cohort study

BackgroundPostoperative nausea and vomiting is one of the most common anaesthetic complications of caesarean section. This study examined the association between hyperemesis gravidarum during pregnancy and nausea and vomiting after caesarean section.MethodsA single-centre, retrospective cohort study, using electronic databases of patients with and without hyperemesis gravidarum, undergoing caesarean section from 2015 to 2019. The incidence and severity of postoperative nausea and vomiting were established by a review of the documentation of administration of postoperative anti-emetics within the 24-h period after surgery, and examined using univariable, multivariable binary and ordered logistic regression models.ResultsData were compared for 76 patients with hyperemesis gravidarum and 315 patients without the condition. The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting in the hyperemesis group versus the non-hyperemesis group was 43.4% vs 29.6%, respectively. The odds of experiencing postoperative nausea and vomiting was 1.95 times higher in women with hyperemesis gravidarum than in those without (aOR 1.95, 95% CI 1.13 to 3.36, P=0.016). The odds of having more severe postoperative nausea and vomiting were greater in the hyperemesis gravidarum group (aOR 1.91, 95% CI 1.14 to 3.20, P=0.014).ConclusionPatients with hyperemesis gravidarum are more likely to develop nausea and vomiting after caesarean section, and this is likely to be of greater severity than in those without the condition. This finding should assist the effective provision of intra-operative and postoperative anti-emetics for patients with hyperemesis gravidarum undergoing caesarean section.     

Subcutaneous emphysema following severe vomiting after emerging from general anesthesia

Postoperative nausea and vomiting-related subcutaneous emphysema is an unexpected complication, especially after uneventful surgery and anesthesia. Here we report and discuss two cases of subcutaneous emphysema following severe retching and vomiting which resolved spontaneously after several days.     

不同穿刺体位在腰-硬联合麻醉剖宫产术中的比较

目的比较不同穿刺体位在腰-硬联合麻醉(CSEA)剖宫产术中的效果。方法拟行剖宫产术的足月妊娠产妇90例,随机分为两组,每组45例。选择L3~4椎间隙作为穿刺点。R组右侧穿刺腰麻后保持穿刺体位2 min后左倾30°仰卧至手术开始,L组左侧穿刺腰麻后仰卧位,并调整手术床左倾30°直至手术开始。腰麻药物均为1.0%罗哌卡因1.5 ml+10%葡萄糖0.5 ml。观察腰麻药物注入后15 min内产妇感觉阻滞效应及不良反应情况,记录新生儿Apgar评分,检测脐动脉血p H值。结果 R组产妇最终阻滞平面明显低于L组,达到最终阻滞平面所需时间明显短于L组(P0.05)。R组麻黄碱用量为0(0~6)mg,明显低于L组的6(0~12)mg(P0.05)。R组脐动脉血p H值明显高于L组(P0.05)。两组新生儿Apgar评分差异无统计学意义。结论剖宫产术采用右侧卧位穿刺注药后保持穿刺体位2 min后30°仰卧,其麻醉效果优于左侧卧位穿刺后30°仰卧体位。     

Risk factors for laryngospasm in children during general anesthesia

Background:  Laryngospasm is a common and often serious adverse respiratory event encountered during anesthetic care of children. We examined, in a case control design, the risk factors for laryngospasm in children.
Material and Methods:  The records of 130 children identified as having experienced laryngospasm under general anesthesia were examined. Cases were identified from those prospectively entered into the Mayo Clinic performance improvement database between January 1, 1996 and December 31, 2005. Potential demographic, patient, surgical and anesthetic related risk factors were determined in a 1 : 2 case–control study.
Results:  No individual demographic factors were found to be significantly associated with risk for laryngospasm. However, multivariate analysis demonstrated significant associations between laryngospasm and intercurrent upper respiratory infection (OR 2.03 P  =   0.022) and the presence of an airway anomaly (OR   =   3.35, P  =   0.030). Among those experiencing laryngospasm during maintenance or emergence, the use of a laryngeal mask airway was strongly associated even when adjusted for the presence of upper respiratory infection and airway anomaly ( P  =   0.019). Ten patients experienced postoperatively one or more complications whereas only three complications were observed among controls ( P  =   0.008). No child required cardiopulmonary resuscitation and there were no deaths in either study cohort.
Conclusions:  In our pediatric population, the risk of laryngospasm was increased in children with upper respiratory tract infection or an airway anomaly. The use of laryngeal mask airway was found to be associated with laryngospasm even when adjusted for the presence of upper respiratory tract infection and airway anomaly.     

全麻病人术后恶心呕吐的危险因素及预模型的构建

目的 筛选全麻病人术后恶心呕吐(PONV)的危险因素,并构建预测模型.方法 选择本院2008年8月至2008年9月全麻下行口腔、耳鼻喉、食管、肺部、骨科、普通外科、妇科手术的病人,年龄＞15岁、ASA Ⅰ～Ⅲ级,收集病人和手术等有关因素,记录术后24 h内恶心呕吐的发生情况.采用Logistic回归分析的方法筛选PONV的危险因素.根据Logistic回归分析得出的危险因素数量和危险因素及其相关系数(多元回归)分别构建两种PONV预测模型,绘制ROC曲线,计算曲线下面积(AUC)以评估预测模型的效能.结果 共纳入350例全麻病人,术后恶心和呕吐的发生率分别为36.6%和22.3%.Logistic回归分析结果显示,女性、PONV史、晕动史、偏头痛史和妇科或腹腔镜手术是PONV的独立危险因素.以危险因素数量建立的预测模型的AUC为0.749±0.027,多元回归预测模型的AUC为0.755±0.027.结论 女性、PONV史、晕动史、偏头痛史、妇科手术或腹腔镜手术是全麻病人PONV的危险因素,根据危险因素的数量可初步筛选PONV高危人群.     

不同麻醉方式在肝炎后肝硬化孕妇剖宫产术中临床效果的比较

目的探讨和比较肝炎后肝硬化孕妇剖宫产术中全身麻醉与单次腰麻的临床效果。方法收集2010年6月至2016年6月首都医科大学附属北京地坛医院住院分娩的肝炎后肝硬化孕妇相关资料35例,肝硬化代偿期26例,失代偿期9例,年龄24~45岁,体重55~98kg,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级。麻醉方式包括全身麻醉和单次腰麻,PLT低于50×109/L为全身麻醉(A组,n=15),静注丙泊酚1.5mg/kg,胎儿取出断脐后,行气管插管,术中持续泵入瑞芬太尼0.2μg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1)和TCI丙泊酚维持麻醉至手术结束;PLT高于50×10~9/L为单次腰麻(B组,n=20),选左侧卧位经L3~4间隙穿刺,见脑脊液后注入罗哌卡因10~15mg,10s注完。比较两组孕妇术前基本情况、术中出血量、手术时间、Apgar评分及不同麻醉方式下机体肝功、凝血功能等指标变化。非条件Logistic回归模型分析术后肝功能变化的影响因素。结果 A、B两组术中出血量、手术时间、Apgar评分、术后住院天数等情况差异无统计学意义。与术前比较,A组白蛋白(ALB)明显升高(P0.05);B组孕妇丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)明显升高(P0.01)。非条件Logistic回归分析显示,麻醉方式是术后总胆红素(TBIL)升高的危险因素(OR=12.04,95%CI 1.14~127.45),单次腰麻后TBIL升高的可能性明显大于全身麻醉。结论肝炎后肝硬化孕妇剖宫产术中,单次腰麻对肝功能的影响可能较全身麻醉显著。     

罗比卡因蛛网膜下隙阻滞用于剖宫产的量-效关系

目的　探讨罗比卡因在剖宫产蛛网膜下隙阻滞中的量 效关系。方法　 6 0例行择期剖宫产术的初产妇随机分为三组 ,分别接受 10、15、2 0mg的同容量 (3ml)、同比重 (1.0 2 2 ,37℃ )罗比卡因腰麻液 ,观察温度觉、痛觉及下肢运动阻滞的起效和持续时间、温度和痛觉的最高阻滞平面、腹肌松弛度、新生儿Apgar评分及脐动脉血血气、低血压、心动过缓及神经系统不良反应 (术后 4 8h内 )发生情况。结果　温痛觉及下肢运动阻滞时间随剂量增加而逐渐延长 (P <0 0 5 ) ;Ⅰ组Bromage评分明显低于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;腹肌松弛度Ⅱ、Ⅲ组优于Ⅰ组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;其余指标三组间无统计学差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ;三组均未观察到明显神经系统不良反应。结论　 15mg罗比卡因重比重腰麻液应用于剖宫产蛛网膜下隙阻滞 ,可达较完善的临床效果 ,且较安全     

全身麻醉对剖宫产产妇分娩新生儿的影响

目的探讨剖宫产产妇实施全身麻醉对新生儿的影响。方法选择全身麻醉或硬膜外阻滞下行择期剖宫产产妇各30例，分别组成全身麻醉组和硬膜外阻滞组。全身麻醉组产妇先后静脉注射异丙酚2mg／kg、琥珀胆碱1．5mg／kg、并给予气管插管。麻醉维持：40％笑气＋60％氧气＋0．5MAC异氟醚，及维库溴铵0．08mg／kg，硬膜外阻滞组产妇应用1．73％碳酸利多卡因4ml＋5ml＋5ml（含1：200000肾上腺素）椎管内注入。两组分别于胎儿娩出后立即抽取新生儿脐动脉血进行血气分析，并记录两组新生儿出生后1d～5d的新生儿神经行为评分（NBNA）：新生儿行为能力、被动肌张力、主动肌张力、原始反射、一般状态。结果①血气分析：全身麻醉组新生儿pH值、二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、氧分压（PO2）、动脉氧饱和度（SaO2）及碳酸氢根（HCO3^-）分别为7．21±0．08、（56．1±16．5）mmHg、（23．1±11．0）mmHg、（29．9±20．6）％、（19．1±3．4）（mmoL／L）。硬膜外阻滞组新生儿分别为7．37±0．06、（51．3±9．7）mmHg、（17．5±6．9）mmHg、（21．8±12．7）％、（21．6±3．3）（mmoL／L）。②NBNA：全身麻醉组第1d，2d，3d，5d的NBNA分别为（36．1±2．8）、（37．0±5．1）、（38．3±2．3）、（38．7±2．3）分。硬膜外阻滞组分别为（37．2±2．5）、（38．7±1．9）、（39．1±4．5）、（39．2±5．1）分。两组各项评分比较，差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论剖宫产产妇采用常规剂量药物实施全身麻醉对新生儿安全无明显影响。