不同直径种植体与天然牙联合支持固定桥的应力分析

目的:通过三维有限元方法研究种植体直径对天然牙种植体联合固定桥周围骨组织应力的影响。方法:CT扫描获得志愿者DICOM数据,通过Mimics软件、Imageware逆向工程软件及ANSYS软件处理,先建立左侧下颌第二前磨牙和第二磨牙支持的天然牙固定桥三维有限元模型,用不同直径种植体替换下颌第二磨牙得到一系列种植体-天然牙联合支持式固定桥的三维有限元模型。分别在垂直向和斜向45°集中加载下,对比分析天然牙及种植体周围的应力分布情况。结果:相同加载条件下,不同模型的第二前磨牙(天然牙)颈部应力无明显区别。对联合支持式固定桥,当种植体直径由3.5 mm增加为4.3 mm时,种植体颈部和基台的应力明显降低(近1/2);随种植体直径增加,2处应力也继续降低,但降低的幅度明显放缓。结论:随着种植体直径的增大,种植体颈缘处骨组织及基台的von Mises应力逐渐减小,但对天然牙周围的应力影响较小。斜向载荷时,天然牙、种植体周围骨组织及基台受到的von Mises应力显著增大,更易导致固定桥修复的失败。     

Influence of implant length and diameter on stress distribution: a finite element analysis

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Masticatory forces acting on dental implants can result in undesirable stress in adjacent bone, which in turn can cause bone defects and the eventual failure of implants. PURPOSE: A mathematical simulation of stress distribution around implants was used to determine which length and diameter of implants would be best to dissipate stress. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Computations of stress arising in the implant bed were made with finite element analysis, using 3-dimensional computer models. The models simulated implants placed in vertical positions in the molar region of the mandible. A model simulating an implant with a diameter of 3.6 mm and lengths of 8 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm, 14 mm, 16 mm, 17 mm, and 18 mm was developed to investigate the influence of the length factor. The influence of different diameters was modeled using implants with a length of 12 mm and diameters of 2.9 mm, 3.6 mm, 4.2 mm, 5.0 mm, 5.5 mm, 6.0 mm, and 6.5 mm. The masticatory load was simulated using an average masticatory force in a natural direction, oblique to the occlusal plane. Values of von Mises equivalent stress at the implant-bone interface were computed using the finite element analysis for all variations. Values for the 3 most stressed elements of each variation were averaged and expressed in percent of values computed for reference (100%), which was the stress magnitude for the implant with a length of 12 mm and diameter of 3.6 mm. RESULTS: Maximum stress areas were located around the implant neck. The decrease in stress was the greatest (31.5%) for implants with a diameter ranging from of 3.6 mm to 4.2 mm. Further stress reduction for the 5.0-mm implant was only 16.4%. An increase in the implant length also led to a decrease in the maximum von Mises equivalent stress values; the influence of implant length, however, was not as pronounced as that of implant diameter. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this study, an increase in the implant diameter decreased the maximum von Mises equivalent stress around the implant neck more than an increase in the implant length, as a result of a more favorable distribution of the simulated masticatory forces applied in this study.     

种植牙即刻负载与延期负载的生物力学三维有限元分析

目的比较即刻负载和延期负载对种植体骨界面生物力学分布的影响。方法采用CT扫描和自主开发的USIS软件建模,用有限元法计算分析即刻负载和延期负载时种植体骨界面的应力、应变及种植体的位移。结果即刻负载时种植体骨界面的VonMises应力稍小于延期负载,均集中于种植体颈部骨皮质,底部骨松质次之;但VonMises应变有较明显的增加,均集中于种植体底部骨松质和螺纹部位;种植体的位移较延期负载略有增大。即刻负载种植体和延期负载种植体在受到颊舌向力时,VonMises应力、应变及位移均有不同程度的增加。结论即刻负载时种植体骨界面的生物力学分布规律与延期负载时相似,受到侧向力时应力、应变增大。种植牙即刻负载技术是可行的。     

Influence of maxillary cortical bone thickness,implant design and implant diameter on stress around implants: A three-dimensional finite element analysis

PurposeThere is no clear evidence of the factors that could improve implant biomechanics in the posterior maxilla. Thus, a finite element analysis was performed to investigate the effect of maxillary cortical bone thickness, implant design and diameter on stress around implants.MethodsA total of 12 models of the posterior maxilla with implant were computer-simulated by varying the thickness of the alveolar cortical bone (1.5, 1.0, 0.5 or 0 mm) and implant characteristics (cylindrical implant of 4.1-mm diameter, screw-type implants of 4.1-mm or 4.8-mm outer diameters). On top of each implant, forces were separately applied axially (100 N) and buccolingually (50 N), and the von Mises stresses were calculated.ResultsRegardless of load direction, implant design and diameter, cortical and cancellous bone stresses increased with the decrease of crestal cortical bone thickness. In the absence of crestal cortical bone, cancellous bone stresses were highest and, under axial load, were transferred to the sinus floor. Implant design and diameter influenced stress to a less extent, especially under buccolingual load and in the presence of crestal cortical bone.ConclusionsFrom a biomechanical viewpoint, to improve implant success odds in the posterior maxilla, rather than implant selection, careful preoperative evaluation of the cortical bone at the planned implant site is recommended. If this cortical bone is very thin or even lacking, implant treatment should be carried on with caution by progressive loading in the range of functional loads.     

Effect of diameter and length on stress distribution of the alveolar crest around immediate loading implants

Background: Many clinical observations have shown that immediate loading is indicated when the stabilization of the bone/implant is optimal and when the estimated loads are not excessively high. Nonetheless, more experimental studies are needed to consider the immediate loading protocol as a safe procedure. Mechanical analysis using the finite element (FE) method analysis has been employed by many authors to understand the biomechanical behavior around dental implants. Purpose: This study was to evaluate the effect of the diameter and length on the stress and strain distribution of the crestal bone around implants under immediate loading. Materials and Methods: By an ad hoc automatic mesh generator, high‐quality FE models of complete range mandible was constructed from computer tomography, with three Straumann (Straumann Institute, Waldenburg, Switzerland) implants of various sizes embedded in the anterior zone. The implant diameter ranged from 3.3 to 4.8 mm, and length ranged from 6 to 14 mm, resulting in seven designs. The implant–bone interface was simulated by nonlinear frictional contact algorithm. For each design, vertical and oblique loadings of 150 N were applied, respectively, to each implant, and stresses and strains in the surrounding cortical bone were evaluated. Results: The biomechanics analysis provided results that the oblique loading would induce significantly higher interfacial stresses and strains than the vertical loading, while the intergroup stress difference significant levels was evaluated using t‐tests method and the level of significance (.05) that was accepted for significance. Under both loadings, the maximal values were recorded in the 3.3 (diameter) × 10 (length) mm implant configuration, whose mean and peak values were both higher than that of others with significant statistical differences. The second maximal one is 4.1 × 6 mm configuration, and the minimal stresses were recorded in 4.8 × 10 mm configuration, whose strains were also near to lowest. Conclusions: Increasing the diameter and length of the implant decreased the stress and strain on the alveolar crest, and the stress and strain values notably increased under buccolingual loading as compared with vertical loading, but diameter had a more significant effect than length to relieve the crestal stress and strain concentration.     

种植体长度与直径对骨界面应力分布影响的三维有限元分析

目的　比较不同直径、长度的种植体对种植体-骨界面应力分布的影响。方法　按照种植体不同长度与直径,建立种植义齿的三维有限元模型。以美国3I种植体系统为参考,在Solidworks三维制图软件中绘制包含种植体、相应基台及牙冠的三维实体模型。种植体长度分别设为8、10、12、14 mm,直径分别设为3.5、4.0、4.5、5.0 mm,通过不同长度与直径交叉组合,共得到16种模型。对每个模型进行垂直向及斜向加载负荷,运用Ansys Workbench 13.0分析比较各模型受力后应力分布情况。结果　两种载荷下应力集中出现在种植体颈部皮质骨区和根尖松质骨区,随着种植体长度增加,根尖松质骨区应力集中缓慢下降;随着种植体直径的增大,根尖松质骨区应力集中明显减小。结论　在种植体长度与直径的选择中,直径与长度越大,种植体-骨界面的应力集中越小,但与长度相比,直径的影响更加显著。     

动态载荷下种植体位置和直径对悬臂梁种植固定义齿应力影响的三维有限元研究

目的 应用三维有限元法分析动态加载下种植体植入位置和直径对悬臂梁种植固定义齿应力的影响。方法 建立左下颌第二前磨牙、第一磨牙、第二磨牙缺失种植固定义齿的三维有限元模型,远中种植体的位置和直径保持不变;近中种植体依次向远中移动形成中轴与第一前磨牙远中面距离D分别为5.5、8.0、10.5、13.0 mm的悬臂梁种植固定义齿,分别采用4.1和4.8 mm两种直径的种植体;以250 N 牙合力模拟咀嚼周期0.875 s的动态载荷加载于颊尖和舌尖上,应用有限元分析软件MSC.Marc和Partran分析种植体-骨组织界面的Von Mises应力情况。结果 随着近中种植体逐渐向远中移动,近远中种植体Von Mises应力均有不同程度增高,近中种植体中轴与第一前磨牙远中面距离D≤8.0 mm范围内种植体最大Von Mises应力增幅缓和,D>8.0 mm时应力急剧加大;近中种植体直径增大,则近远中种植体的应力减小;各加载阶段最大Von Mises应力均处于近远中种植体颈部与皮质骨交界处;斜向加载种植体应力显著大于垂直加载。结论 种植体植入位置是影响悬臂梁种植固定义齿应力的重要因素,悬臂梁长度不超过前磨牙宽度时行种植固定义齿设计是可行的,直径的选择要考虑骨量和悬臂梁长度双重因素。     

Three-dimensional finite-element analysis of functional stresses in different bone locations produced by implants placed in the maxillary posterior region of the sinus floor

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Implants placed in the posterior maxilla have lower success rates compared to implants placed in other oral regions. Inadequate bone levels have been suggested as a reason for this differential success rate. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the amount and localization of functional stresses in implants and adjacent bone locations when the implants were placed in the posterior maxilla in proximity to the sinus using finite element analysis (FEA). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A 3-dimensional finite element model of a maxillary posterior section of bone (Type 3) was used in this study. Different bony dimensions were generated to perform nonlinear calculations. A single-piece 4.1x10-mm screw-shaped dental implant system (ITI solid implant) was modeled and inserted into atrophic maxillary models with crestal bone heights of 4, 5, 7, 10, or 13 mm. In some models the implant penetrated the sinus floor. Cobalt-Chromium (Wiron 99) was used as the crown framework material placed onto the implant, and porcelain was used for occlusal surface of the crown. A total average occlusal force (vertical load) of 300 N was applied at the palatal cusp (150 N) and mesial fossa (150 N) of the crown. The implant and superstructure were simulated in finite element software (Pro/Engineer 2000i program). RESULTS: For the porcelain superstructure for bone levels, maximum von Mises stress values were observed on the mesial fossae and palatal cusp. For the bone structure, the maximum von Mises stress values were observed in the palatal cortical bone adjacent to the implant neck. There was no stress within the spongy bone. High stresses occurred within the implants for all bone levels. CONCLUSION: The maximum von Mises stresses in the implants were localized in the neck of implants for 4- and 5-mm bone levels, but for 7-, 10-, and 13-mm bone levels more even stresses occurred within the implants.     

上部结构材料对无牙下颌种植固定修复影响的三维有限元分析

目的:通过三维有限元方法探讨上部结构材料对无牙下颌种植固定修复生物力学的影响,为无牙颌修复治疗提供参考。方法:构建无牙下颌种植固定修复三维有限元模型,用6种牙科材料（纯钛、钴铬合金、金合金、氧化锆、聚醚醚酮及碳纤维增强聚醚醚酮）分别对种植上部结构进行赋值,得到6种模型,模拟斜向加载,对种植体、周围骨组织及上部结构进行应...     

The staggered installation of dental implants and its effect on bone stresses

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of offsetting the middle or peripheral implant on the compressive stress values in the crestal bone around the neck of the dental implant. Materials and Methods: Three finite element models describing three titanium implants installed in quadrilateral pieces of bone was executed. A 2‐mm nickel chromium superstructure representing a bridge was modeled over the implant abutments. In model 1, implants were installed along a straight line. Model 2 had the middle implant installed outside the line connecting the two peripheral implants buccally. Model 3 had the mesial implant installed out of alignment. Six 100‐N loads were modeled on top of the mesial and middle implants of the three models individually. Loads 1 and 2 were directed vertically on the mesial and middle implants, while loads 3 and 4 represented the horizontal loads in the buccal direction. Loads 5 and 6 were directed mesially on the mesial and central implants. Maximal compressive stress levels in the crestal bone of the three models were then investigated. Results: The results demonstrated that offset implant installation revealed slightly lower bone stresses under buccally or lingually directed horizontal forces. Slightly higher bone stresses under vertical loads were observed. Horizontal mesial or distal loads resulted in slightly higher bone stresses than those caused by buccal or lingual loading. Conclusions: The in‐line implant alignment clearly had the safest compressive stress outcome on the surrounding structure under vertical loads. Under buccolingual loads, implant alignment with peripheral offset would have, relatively, the safest compressive stress outcome on bone.     

上颌窦底提升不同高度对种植义齿受力影响的三维有限元分析

目的:研究上颌窦底提升后种植义齿修复时,不同提升高度对种植体-骨界面应力状况的影响,为其临床应用提供生物力学参考依据。方法:采用健康志愿者的CT扫描数据,通过Mimics 11.0软件,建立上颌第一磨牙缺失、含上颌窦的上颌骨三维有限元模型,并模拟植入10 mm长标准种植体1枚。模拟上颌骨骨量不足,建立上颌窦底分别提升2、4、6 mm的种植义齿模型,并以无需窦底提升的种植义齿模型为对照。分别从垂直、颊向30°和舌向30°三个方向,对种植义齿上部结构牙冠咬合面中心点施加100 N的集中载荷,用三维有限元分析方法对不同模型的种植体-骨界面进行应力分析。结果:各模型在同一加载条件下,皮质骨的应力最大,松质骨和人工骨的应力值接近。随着窦底提升高度的增高,种植体颈部周围骨组织的应力总体呈先降后升的趋势,在提升高度为4 mm时最小。颊舌向加载时产生的应力远大于垂直载荷下产生的应力。结论:上颌骨后部骨量不足时,上颌窦底提升植骨可以大大改善种植体-骨界面内应力,植骨高度为4 mm时,种植体-骨界面应力总体最小;垂直载荷更有利于种植体-骨界面的应力分布状况,在临床设计种植义齿上部结构时应尽量减小或避免斜向载荷。     

Evaluation of Design Parameters of Dental Implant Shape, Diameter and Length on Stress Distribution: A Finite Element Analysis

The aim was to evaluate the design parameters of dental implants shape, diameter and length on stress distribution by finite element analysis (FEA).The objectives of the study was to compare the influence of stress distribution in the implants of screw-vent tapered and parallel design by varying the implant diameter with a standard implant length. Six dental implant models have been simulated three-dimensionally. The influence of diameter and length on stress distribution was evaluated by Group I: for screw-vent tapered design (Zimmer Dental Implant Carlsbad, CA, USA) (1) Dental implant model with diameter 3.7 mm and length 13 mm. (2) Dental implant model with diameter 4.1 mm and length 13 mm. (3) Dental implant model with diameter 4.7 mm and length 13 mm. Group II: for parallel design (Zimmer Dental Implant Carlsbad, CA, USA) (4) Dental implant model with diameter 3.7 mm and length 13 mm. (5) Dental implant model with diameter 4.1 mm and length 13 mm. (6) Dental implant model with diameter 4.7 mm and length 13 mm. The 3-D model of the implant was created in the pro-e wildfire 4.0 software by giving various commands. This model was imported to the ANSYS software through IGES (initial graphic exchange specification) file for further analysis. All six models were loaded with a force of 17.1, 114.6 and 23.4 N in a lingual, an axial and disto-mesial direction respectively, simulating average masticatory force in a natural oblique direction, to analyze the stress distribution on these implants. The increase in implant diameter in Group I and Group II from 3.7 to 4.1 mm and from 4.1 to 4.7 mm with constant 13 mm length for screw-vent tapered and parallel design implant resulted in a reduction in maximum value of Von Mises stress in the bone surrounding the implant was statistically significant at 5% level done by student “t” test. The overall maximum value of Von Mises stress was decreased in parallel design implant diameter of 4.7 mm with constant length of 13 mm when compared to screw-vent tapered design implant samples. The results of the FEA computation depend on many individual factors including material properties, boundary conditions interface definition and also on the overall approach to the model. The results depicted that the tapered shape implant design exhibited higher stress levels in bone than the parallel shaped implant design which seemed to be distributing stresses more evenly. The application of a 3-D model simulation with the non-symmetric loading by the masticatory force on a dental implant resulted in a more satisfactory modeling of “clinical reality” than that achieved with 2-D models used in other studies.     

平台转换连接对种植体-骨界面应力分布的影响

目的：探讨平台转换连接对种植体-骨界面应力分布的影响。方法：采用三维有限元分析方法,模拟建立上颌骨前牙区、种植体（直径3.5mm、长度11mm）以及修复体模型。实验模型的种植体-基台连接形式为平台转换连接,对照模型为平齐对接式连接。对模型施以100N的轴向载荷和与牙体长轴呈30°的侧向载荷,分别计算两模型种植体-骨界面的最大等效应力,并进行比较分析。结果：不同加载条件下,两模型的最大等效应力均位于种植体颈部周围颊侧皮质骨中,松质骨中应力较小;相比对照模型,平台转换连接方式的骨应力分布更均匀,且等效应力峰值较小。结论：平台转换连接可减小种植体颈周骨组织的应力,从生物力学角度考虑,建议临床上尽量选择平台转换连接式种植体。     

Bivariate Evaluation of Cylinder Implant Diameter and Length: A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis

Purpose: To evaluate continuous and simultaneous variations of implant diameter and length for an experimental cylinder implant.
Materials and Methods: A finite element model of a mandible segment with implant was created. The range of implant diameter (D) was set from 2.5 to 5.0 mm, and that of implant length (L) from 6.0 to 16.0 mm. The maximum Von Mises stresses in the mandible were evaluated, and the sensitivity of the stresses in the mandible to the variables was also evaluated.
Results: Under axial load, the maximum von Mises stresses in cortical and cancellous bones decreased by 73.3% and 69.4%, respectively, with D and L increasing. Under buccolingual load, those decreased 83.8% and 79.2%, respectively. When D exceeded 3.9 mm and L exceeded 10.0 mm, the tangent slope rate of the maximum von Mises stress response curve ranged from −1 to 0. The variation of the maximum von Mises stresses in the mandible was more sensitive to D than to L.
Conclusions: Buccolingual force is apt to be influenced by the two implant parameters; implant diameter and length favor stress distribution in cortical bone and cancellous bone, respectively. Implant diameter exceeding 3.9 mm and implant length exceeding 10.0 mm are the optimal choice for type B/2 bone in a cylinder implant. The implant diameter is more important than length in reducing bone stress.     

Bone remodeling around implants placed in fresh extraction sockets

The aim of the present experimental study was to evaluate the physiologic bone remodeling in beagle dogs following the placement of small-diameter (3.25 mm) implants in fresh extraction sites. Five 1-year-old beagle dogs that weighed approximately 10 to 13 kg each were used in this study. The third and fourth premolars (P3, P4) were used as experimental teeth, which were hemisected using a fissure bur; the distal roots were removed carefully using forceps. Implants (3.25-mm wide, 10- or 11.5-mm long) were placed in the fresh extraction sockets with the neck of the implant at the level of the buccal bone crest. The dogs were subsequently put to sleep according to the following schedule: one dog 15 days after implant placement, two dogs after 1 month, and the remaining two dogs after 3 months. The distance from the implant shoulder to the bone wall crest was measured at both the buccal and lingual sites. The width of the buccolingual bone crest was measured using a caliper. Assessments were made immediately after root extraction and at 2, 4, and 12 weeks after implant placement. The mean width of the buccolingual bone crest was 4.5 ± 0.5 mm at the time of root extraction. Subsequently, at 2, 4, and 12 weeks after implant placement, the buccolingual bone width was 4.1 ± 0.5 mm, 3.7 ± 0.3 mm, and 3.5 ± 0.7 mm, respectively. Two weeks after implant placement, the lingual bone crest was measured at 0.2 ± 0.3 mm from the implant shoulder, while the buccal bone crest was 0.3 ± 0.3 mm. After 4 weeks of healing, the mean distance from the implant shoulder to the lingual bone crest was 0.1 ± 0.9 mm, compared to 0.4 ± 0.9 mm for the buccal bone crest. After 12 weeks of healing, the bone crest at the lingual sites was -0.3 ± 0.5 mm from the implant shoulder, compared to 0.8 ± 0.3 mm at the buccal sites. The findings from this study show that although vertical bone remodeling was indeed observed, the mean vertical buccal bone resorption was 0.5 mm. It might be suggested, therefore, that the implant position along the lingual wall and the use of implants with a narrow diameter in relation to the extraction socket width play a key role in reducing the rate of vertical bone resorption at the buccal aspect of implants placed in fresh extraction sockets.     

Three-dimensional finite element analysis of the effect of different bone quality on stress distribution in an implant-supported crown

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Primary implant stability and bone density are variables that are considered essential to achieve predictable osseointegration and long-term clinical survival of implants. Information about the influence of bone quality on stress distribution in an implant-supported crown is limited. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 4 different bone qualities on stress distribution in an implant-supported mandibular crown, using 3-dimensional (3-D) finite element (FE) analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A 3-D FE model of a mandibular section of bone with a missing second premolar tooth was developed, and an implant to receive a crown was developed. A solid 4.1 x 10-mm screw-type dental implant system (ITI; solid implant) and a metal-ceramic crown using Co-Cr (Wiron 99) and feldspathic porcelain were modeled. The model was developed with FE software (Pro/Engineer 2000i program), and 4 types of bone quality (D1, D2, D3, and D4) were prepared. A load of 300 N was applied in a vertical direction to the buccal cusp and distal fossa of the crowns. Optimal bone quality for an implant-supported crown was evaluated. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that von Mises stresses in D3 and D4 bone quality were 163 MPa and 180 MPa, respectively, and reached the highest values at the neck of the implant. The von Mises stress values in D1 and D2 bone quality were 150 MPa and 152 MPa, respectively, at the neck of the implant. A more homogenous stress distribution was seen in the entire bone. Conclusion For the bone qualities investigated, stress concentrations in compact bone followed the same distributions as in the D3 bone model, but because the trabecular bone was weaker and less resistant to deformation than the other bone qualities modeled, the stress magnitudes were greatest for D3 and D4 bone.     

Comparative evaluation of the effect of diameter, length and number of implants supporting three-unit fixed partial prostheses on stress distribution in the bone.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of the diameter, the length and the number of implants on stress distribution in the bone around the implants supporting three-unit fixed partial prostheses in the mandibular posterior edentulism. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A mandibular Kennedy II three-dimensional finite element model was constructed. Four fixed partial prostheses with two terminal implant supports of various lengths and diameters, and two fixed partial prostheses with three implant supports of various lengths were designed. In separate load cases, 400 N oblique, 200 N vertical, and 57 N horizontal forces were simulated. The tensile and the compressive stress values in the cortical bone around the collar of the implants and Von Mises stresses in the implants were evaluated. RESULTS: Although the change in the length of implants did not decrease the stress levels, lower tensile and compressive stress values were observed in the bone for wider implant placement configurations. Similar stress distributions and close stress levels were observed for two wider implant supports in comparison with the three-implant-supported fixed partial prostheses. CONCLUSION: With the use of two implants of 4.1-mm diameter and 10-mm length as terminal supports for three-unit fixed prostheses, the magnitude and the distribution of stresses in the cortical bone around the implant collar is within the normal physiological limits.     

人工种植牙直径对骨界面应力分布的影响

本文应用二维有限元方法，对３ｍｍ、４ｍｍ、５ｍｍ三种不同直径的螺旋型种植牙进行了对比分析，实验结果表明：螺旋型种植牙直径的增加，对骨界面的总体应力分布规律影响不大，应力值均以根端部皮质骨为最大，其次为根侧部皮质骨，再以颈部皮质骨，最小的为松质骨，但随着种植牙直径的增加，各部位骨界面应力随之降低，种植牙－骨界面的相对位移运动也相应减小，有利于骨界面的应力分布。提示临床种植时，根据颌骨的具体解剖形态，尽可能选择直径稍粗一些的种植牙，可减小骨界面的应力分布及位移运动，取得更好的临床种植效果。     

种植体直径-长度比的三维有限元应力分析

目的:探讨直径与长度连续变化时选择种植体尺寸的方法。方法 :运用Pro/E和ANSYS软件建立不同长度(7¹6 mm)、不同直径(316 mm)、不同直径(3⁶ mm)的三维有限元模型,施加垂直荷载和侧向荷载,观察种植体位移峰值和骨组织VonMises应力峰值等评估指标。结果:垂直或侧向荷载作用下,随着直径和长度的增大,各评估指标均明显下降(60%6 mm)的三维有限元模型,施加垂直荷载和侧向荷载,观察种植体位移峰值和骨组织VonMises应力峰值等评估指标。结果:垂直或侧向荷载作用下,随着直径和长度的增大,各评估指标均明显下降(60%⁸0%),相关度分析显示,两种荷载下直径的影响均较大(约90%),长度的影响与荷载有关(垂直荷载:18%80%),相关度分析显示,两种荷载下直径的影响均较大(约90%),长度的影响与荷载有关(垂直荷载:18%⁶0%;侧向荷载:<7%)。直径-长度比兼顾种植体直径与长度,当确定皮质骨承载力及安全系数,便可由直径-长度关系曲线选择合适的种植体直径与长度。结论:种植体直径与长度均可明显影响种植体位移和骨组织应力峰值。本文介绍的直径长度比法可为临床医生选择、优化种植体提供一种新的思路。     

Anchorage effect of various shape palatal osseointegrated implants: a finite element study

The purpose of this study was to compare the anchorage effects of different palatal osseointegrated implants using a finite element analysis. Three types of cylinder implants (simple implant, step implant, screw implant) were investigated. Three finite element models were constructed. Each consisted of two maxillary second premolars, their associated periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bones, palatal bone, palatal implant, and a transpalatal arch. Another model without an implant was used for comparison. The horizontal force (mesial 5N, palatal 1N) was loaded at the buccal bracket of each second premolar, and the stress in the PDL, implant, and implant surrounding bone was calculated. The results showed that the palatal implant could significantly reduce von Mises stress in the PDL (maximum von Mises stress was reduced 24.3-27.7%). The von Mises stress magnitude in the PDL was almost same in the three models with implants. The stress in the implant surrounding bone was very low. These results suggested that the implant is a useful tool for increasing anchorage. Adding a step is useful to lower the stress in the implant and surrounding bone, but adding a screw to a cylinder implant had little advantage in increasing the anchorage effect.