自身免疫病相关噬血细胞综合征22例临床分析

目的:通过对22例自身免疫病相关噬血细胞综合征(AAHS)患者临床资料分析,探讨本病的临床特点,提高对本病的认识。方法:对22例患者的临床表现、实验室检查、诊断、治疗方案及临床转归进行回顾性综合分析。结果:22例AAHS患者中,男4例,女18例,年龄16～62(33.73±10.63)岁,中位年龄31岁。基础病为成人Still病(AOSD)13例、系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)4例、干燥综合征(SS)1例、多发性肌炎(PM)1例、原发性胆汁性肝硬化(PBC)1例、组织细胞坏死性淋巴结炎(HNL)1例、皮肤血管炎1例。主要临床表现以持续高热(100%)、脾肿大(77%)最为多见。实验室检查所有患者均出现自然杀伤(NK)细胞活性下降、血清铁蛋白升高和清蛋白降低,其次较为常见的有噬血现象、转氨酶升高、可溶性CD25(sCD25)及乳酸脱氢酶水平升高,发生率均高于80%。外周血2系及以上血细胞减少占91%。22例AAHS患者经治疗后总体生存率为91%。结论:AAHS早期诊断和治疗预后较好。对于自身免疫病患者在常规方案治疗过程中,病情无明显缓解或出现急性加重时,同时伴有2系或以上血细胞减少、血清铁蛋白明显升高、肝功能损害严重等,应高度警惕噬血细胞综合征可能,积极完善相关检查明确诊断,及时积极有效治疗。     

噬血细胞综合征与脓毒症的鉴别要点

噬血细胞综合征和脓毒症均存在过度炎症反应,临床表现部分重叠.然而针对噬血细胞综合征的积极免疫抑制治疗与脓毒症治疗原则截然不同,早期准确诊断至关重要.血细胞显著减少、脾肿大、高铁蛋白血症、低纤维蛋白原血症及高甘油三酯血症对鉴别两种疾病具有重要价值,基因检测、细胞因子谱和免疫表型可能对鉴别诊断有协助作用;发热、噬血现象、自...     

11例黑热病相关噬血细胞综合征的临床特点分析

目的:分析黑热病相关噬血细胞综合征患者的临床特征,讨论此类患者的诊断和治疗。方法:收集并分析2018年10月—2021年12月确诊的11例黑热病相关噬血细胞综合征患者的临床资料。结果:11例患者中,10例来自黑热病流行地区,6例初诊时血清球蛋白升高,9例行噬血细胞综合征细胞因子谱检测到IL-10异常增高,2例合并EB病毒感染,1例合并干燥综合征。经8周治疗后,通过噬血细胞综合征疗效评估,6例达完全缓解(其中3例使用了芦可替尼治疗),5例达部分缓解;所有患者均未检测到利什曼原虫;血小板计数、铁蛋白、纤维蛋白原三项指标治疗后均明显改善,与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:临床医生接诊来自黑热病流行地区的噬血细胞综合征患者需警惕黑热病可能。分子生物学筛查对黑热病相关噬血细胞综合征的诊断有重要意义,早期联合芦可替尼治疗或可提高黑热病相关噬血细胞综合征的疗效,血小板、铁蛋白、纤维蛋白原可作为重要的疗效评估指标。     

EB病毒相关性噬血综合征6例诊治

综合征(HPS)是一组以良性巨噬细胞增生、活化及吞噬血细胞现象的一类综合征.EB病毒(EBV)引起的称为EB病毒相关淋巴细胞增生性噬血综合征(EBV-HLH).2005年1月～2006年12月,我们共收治EBV-HLH 6例.     

反应性噬血细胞综合征和系统性红斑狼疮

反应性噬血细胞综合征 (ｒｅａｃｔｉｖｅｈｅｍｏｐｈａｇｏｃｙｔｉｃｓｙｎ ｄｒｏｍｅ)是一从骨髓细胞学角度提出的 ,且有其一系列临床特征的综合征。主要表现为发热 ,肝脾淋巴结肿大和血细胞减少 ,最显著的特征是骨髓组织细胞良性增生且活跃吞噬各种血细胞。病因各异 ,常见的有感染、肿瘤及免疫缺陷病等。近年来 ,系统性红斑狼疮 (ＳＬＥ)并发反应性噬血细胞综合征的报道陆续见于西方报端 ,国内尚未见报道 ,但普遍认为是一种少见现象。我们复习本院十年来所收的 2 2 7例ＳＬＥ病案 ,发现 10例反应性噬血细胞综合征 ,现报道如下1　资料…     

噬血细胞综合征患儿生化及免疫指标分析

目的 探讨噬血细胞综合征生化免疫指标的改变及临床意义.方法 分别应用免疫荧光法和酶联免疫法,对噬血细胞综合征患儿及同期普通呼吸道感染患儿静脉血进行生化及免疫指标检测.结果 实验组患儿转氨酶、乳酸脱氢酶、胆红素、甘油三酯、血清铁蛋白、β2微球蛋白明显增高,纤维蛋白原、白蛋白明显降低等较对照组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 噬血细胞综合征患儿部分生化及免疫指标有明显变化,对明确诊断及进一步采取针对性治疗有很大意义.     

噬血细胞综合征尸检1例并文献复习

对1例表现为发热、皮疹、肝大、外周血细胞减少的噬血细胞综合征(HPS)死亡病例进行尸体解剖,用光镜和免疫组化染色,并行病理组织学观察.结果组织病理学特征主要为骨髓组织及淋巴组织内见大量吞噬含铁血黄素、红细胞及有核细胞的组织细胞,胸腺、肝、脾、肺等组织中示组织细胞明显增多,并有组织细胞吞噬红细胞现象.免疫组化CD68阳性.提示HPS以组织细胞良性增生伴有明显的吞噬血细胞现象为特征,可累及多个脏器,应结合临床表现及实验室检查进行诊断.     

成人Still病24例临床特征分析

<正>成人Still病(AOSD)是以高热、关节痛、皮疹以及外周血白细胞升高为主要表现的全身性疾病,其病因及发病机制尚未完全明了。AOSD临床表现复杂,无特异性诊断方法,故临床上误诊率较高。以往普遍认为AOSD预后良好,但近年来我院收治的AOSD合并急性肝脏功能衰竭、噬血细胞综合征、急性呼吸窘迫综合征等重症病例亦不在少数。2014—2015年我院收治了24例AOSD患者,其中4例合     

EB病毒相关性噬血综合征6例诊治分析

噬血细胞综合征（HPS）是一组以良性巨噬细胞增生、活化及吞噬血细胞现象的一类综合征。EB病毒（EBV）引起的称为EB病毒相关淋巴细胞增生性噬血综合征（EBV—HLH）。2005年1月～2006年12月，我们共收治EBV—HLH6例。现分析如下。     

新型布尼亚病毒感染相关噬血细胞综合征12例临床分析

目的 探讨新型布尼亚病毒感染相关噬血细胞综合征的临床特点.方法 对12例新型布尼亚病毒感染相关噬血细胞综合征患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 12例患者均急性起病,散发于山区,多发病于夏秋季节.临床表现均以发热为首发症状,伴纳差、肌肉酸痛及不同程度的出血,部分患者伴有肖化系统及神经、精神症状,同时表现为肝脾大、血细胞减少、肝功能异常和凝血功能异常.外周血见较多异型淋巴细胞,骨髓中见噬血组织细胞吞噬红细胞、白细胞及血小板现象等.新型布尼亚病毒核酸阳性.经抗病毒、支持、对症治疗后,患者痊愈10例,死亡2例.结论 新型布尼亚病毒感染继发性噬血细胞综合征临床表现复杂,病情进展迅速,易引起多脏器功能衰竭和弥漫性血管内凝血(DIC)而死亡,以支持、对症治疗为主.     

A Recurrent Case of Adult-onset Still's Disease with Concurrent Acalculous Cholecystitis and Macrophage Activation Syndrome/Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Successfully Treated with Combination Immunosuppressive Therapy

We herein report the case of 21-year-old female diagnosed with adult-onset Still''s disease (AOSD) three years earlier who presented with fever and right upper abdominal pain. She was diagnosed with acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) based on hepatic dysfunction, elevated C-reactive protein, and gallbladder wall thickening on abdominal ultrasound. Based on the presence of pancytopenia, hyperferritinemia, and hemophagocytosis by a bone marrow examination, she was diagnosed with macrophage activation syndrome (MAS)/hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) which was refractory to glucocorticoid pulse therapy. The combination of intravenous cyclosporine A with glucocorticoids was able to successfully control the disease activity of AOSD-related AAC and MAS/HLH.     

Adult-onset Still disease as the cause of fever of unknown origin

We conducted the current study to evaluate the cases of fever of unknown origin (FUO) admitted in our institution during the 10 years between 1991 and 2001 and to compare the patients diagnosed as having adult-onset Still disease (AOSD) with the patients with FUO due to other diagnoses. We performed a case-control study and analyzed 26 patients with AOSD and 135 patients with FUO due to other diseases. Controls were classified into 1 of 4 groups: 1. Infectious diseases; 2. Malignant conditions; 3. Autoimmune diseases; 4. No diagnosis. Differences between groups were evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Odds ratios (OR) were calculated by multiple logistic regression analyses.Patients with AOSD were younger than controls. Arthritis (OR, 8.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-49.1; p = 0.014), pharyngitis (OR, 6.9; 95% CI, 1.5-30.2; p = 0.010), splenomegaly (OR, 5.4; 95% CI, 1.1-26.7; p = 0.039), and neutrophilic leukocytosis (OR, 18.1; 95% CI, 3.5-93.6; p = 0.001) were significantly more common in patients with AOSD than in the control groups. A clinical scale that identifies patients with AOSD was designed. It proved to be highly specific ( approximately 98%), with predictive values greater than 90%.AOSD is a defined clinical entity. In most cases, it is clinically distinguishable from other causes of FUO. We propose a clinical scale as a tool to identify patients whose disease can be diagnosed based on clinical grounds without the need of long, costly diagnostic procedures.     

Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome as a presenting feature of Hodgkin's disease

We report the case of a 60-year-old man with febris of unknown origin, severe pancytopenia, and rapidly developing splenomegaly due to reactive hemophagocytic syndrome and Hodgkin's disease. Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome is often rapidly fatal and, once this diagnosis is considered, an underlying infection or malignancy should be treated promptly. An extensive search of the literature revealed only two other cases of reactive hemophagocytic syndrome and Hodgkin's disease. This is the only reported patient who survived after being diagnosed as having reactive hemophagocytic syndrome and Hodgkin's disease. Received: 12 October 1998 / Accepted: 4 November 1999     

Erosive esophagitis associated with metabolic syndrome,impaired liver function,and dyslipidemia

AIM:To investigate whether erosive esophagitis is correlated with metabolic syndrome and its components,abnormal liver function,and lipoprotein profiles.METHODS:We conducted a cross-sectional,case control study of subjects who underwent upper endoscopy during a health examination at the Health Management and Evaluation Center of a tertiary medical care facility located in Southern Taiwan.Metabolic syndrome components,body mass index(BMI),liver function,dyslipidemia,and cardiovascular risk factors,as defined by the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),and the ratio of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to HDL-C were compared betweenindividuals with and without erosive esophagitis.Risk factors for erosive esophagitis were evaluated by multivariate logistic regression.RESULTS:Erosive esophagitis was diagnosed in 507of 5015 subjects who were individually age and sex matched to 507 esophagitis-free control subjects.In patients with erosive esophagitis,BMI,waist circumference,blood pressure,fasting plasma glucose,triglyceride levels,aspartate aminotransferase,alanine aminotransferase,the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL-C,and the ratio of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to HDL-C were significantly higher and HDL-C was significantly lower compared to patients without erosive esophagitis(all P<0.05).In a multivariate analysis,central obesity(OR=1.38;95%CI:1.0-1.86),hypertension(OR=1.35;95%CI:1.04-1.76),hypertriglyceridemia(OR=1.34;95%CI:1.02-1.76),cardiovascular risk factors as defined by a ratio of total cholesterol to HDL-C>5(OR=1.45;95%CI:1.06-1.97),and aspartate aminotransferase(OR=1.59;95%CI:1.08-2.34)were significantly associated with erosive esophagitis.CONCLUSION:Metabolic syndrome,impaired liver function,and a higher ratio of total cholesterol to HDL-C were associated with erosive esophagitis.     

Hemophagocytic syndrome in one patient with adult-onset Still’s disease

Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is an important complication seen in systemic for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis; until now, it has been reported in only a few cases of adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD). Here, we shall present a 50-year-old female patient who was using steroids and antimalarial drugs for AOSD, and who developed MAS during follow-up. The patient presented with febrile neutropenia, and the neutropenic period lasted for 15 days. The examination of bone marrow aspiration smears demonstrated increased macrophages and findings of hemophagocytosis. Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood showed decreased natural killer cells. The patient developed neurologic findings during this period, and during the recovery of neutropenia, she had icterus and liver function test abnormalities. The patient was given granulocyte colony-stimulating factor during neutropenic period, and her neutropenia improved after the administration of high-dose steroids. Our patient was the first AOSD patient who presented with febrile neutropenia during the course of her disease and who was diagnosed to have MAS.     

Retinal microangiopathy and rapidly fatal cerebral edema in a patient with adult-onset Still's disease and concurrent macrophage activation syndrome

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a complex inflammatory disease with multiple diagnostic and therapeutic pitfalls. The congenital form, referred to as familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL), is often associated with cerebromeningeal involvement, whereas neurological complications are not characteristic of the adult form of secondary HLH (sHLH). Here we report the case of a 20-year-old woman with adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD), retinal microangiopathy and concurrent macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), in the context of sHLH. Following treatment with etanercept, ibuprofen, methylprednisolone, and phenylbutazone for 3 weeks, MAS deteriorated and fatal cerebral edema occurred within only 24 h. The clinical signs and neuropathological findings are discussed with special emphasis on possible relationships between the aggravation of MAS and therapeutic interventions for AOSD. In conclusion, even the slightest sign of mental decline in a patient with AOSD must be considered central nervous system MAS which can be rapidly fatal.     

Macrophage activation syndrome complicating adult onset Still’s disease: A single center case series and comparison with literature

ObjectivesMacrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a life-threatening condition that can complicate adult onset Still’s disease (AOSD). Due to its rarity, there is no clear consensus concerning treatment recommendations and outcomes. We studied the clinical manifestations and outcomes of a relatively large cohort of patients with MAS and AOSD, and compared the data with the literature reports.MethodsWe performed a retrospective review of 7 adult patients with MAS complicating AOSD at the Cleveland Clinic (CCF) over 7 years. All patients underwent bone marrow biopsies. Through MEDLINE and PubMed literature searches, we identified 48 cases of MAS/AOSD. We compared the data of the CCF and literature cohorts.ResultsWe identified 7 patients with MAS complicating AOSD (6 females and 1 males) for our CCF cohort, with 4 cases simultaneously presenting with MAS and AOSD. The mean age at diagnosis of MAS was 41.9 ± 20.2 years and mean follow-up time was 18.6 ± 16.0 months. All patients had fever, arthralgias, and typical rash; 6 had leukocytosis, 4 had sore throat, and 3 had lymphadenopathy. These patients with AOSD also had MAS, with renal insufficiency and disseminated intravascular coagulation in 4, lung involvement in 3, and serositis and shock in 2. There was significant hepatic dysfunction in all patients and 6 had bi-cytopenias. At onset of MAS, all 7 patients had active AOSD. In addition to systemic glucocorticoids, 5 patients received anakinra, with 3 patients receiving combination therapy with cyclosporine. We also identified 48 cases (35 females and 13 males) for the literature cohort with the mean age at diagnosis of MAS of 40.2 ± 16.0 years and mean follow-up time of 17.5 ± 32.3 months. While the 2 cohorts were similar clinically, in the CCF cohort, more patients had renal insufficiency (p < 0.001), higher soluble IL-2 receptor level (p = 0.01), and lower ESR (p = 0.02) as compared with the literature cohort. All of our patients survived with a better outcome than the literature cohort.ConclusionMAS can be a serious complication of active AOSD. Our study of a relatively large cohort in conjunction with literature suggests that prompt recognition and treatment with early addition of anakinra, systemic glucocorticoids, and cyclosporine as a triple regimen may improve clinical outcomes.     

Cloak and dagger: the case for adult onset still disease and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

Adult onset Still’s disease (AOSD) is a rare systemic inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology. Systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SoJIA) is the preferred nomenclature of Still’s disease. Strong association with so-called macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) may provide a clue to the understanding of the distinctive pathogenetic features of SoJIA. MAS is a severe, potentially life-threatening complication characterized by the excessive activation of well-differentiated macrophages. It is more appropriately named autoimmune disease associated reactive hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (ReHLH), a subset of a histiocytic disorder: class II histiocytosis hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). The relation of SoJIA with HLH is still under debate. We propose that MAS, HLH, SoJIA, and AOSD are indeed the same disease, in different clinical presentations that may be classified based on severity and laboratory findings, but with essentially the same physiopathogenesis. We propose that the case described by Hong & Lee (Rheumatol Int 2008) was actually an AOSD-associated MAS/RHS/ReHLH fulminant disease.     

Reactive Hemophagocytic Syndrome in Adult-Onset Still Disease: Clinical Features,Predictive Factors,and Prognosis in 21 Patients

Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) is a potentially life-threatening complication of systemic inflammatory disorders. Adult-onset Still disease (AOSD) is one of the systemic autoimmune diseases associated with reactive hemophagocytic syndrome (RHS). This study aimed to evaluate the characteristic findings, predictive factors, and prognosis of RHS in patients with AOSD.We retrospectively evaluated 109 patients diagnosed with AOSD and reviewed their clinical data and laboratory findings, including the biopsy results of 21 AOSD patients with RHS. Moreover, data from 17 hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) patients evaluated during the same period were compared with those from the RHS patients.Twenty-one patients (19.3%) developed RHS during the course of AOSD, and only 7 patients (6.4%) were confirmed by bone marrow, liver, or lymph node biopsy. AOSD patients with RHS showed significantly higher frequencies of splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and lymphadenopathy than did those without RHS. Moreover, patients with RHS showed significantly higher relapse rates than those without RHS (61.9% vs 18.2%, P < 0.001). Possible triggering factors inducing hemophagocytosis were detected in 16 of 21 RHS patients (76.2%): disease flare in 12 patients (75%), infection in 3 patients (18.8%), and drug use in 1 patient (6.3%). AOSD patients with RHS showed higher frequencies of leukopenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, hypofibrinogenemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperferritinemia, and elevated lactate dehydrogenase levels than did those without RHS. Multivariate logistic regression with forward selection procedure showed that low platelet count (<121,000/mm³), anemia, and hepatomegaly were independent predictors of RHS. Patients with definite RHS and those with probable RHS showed comparable results. Although RHS is a life-threatening complication of AOSD, long-term prognosis was observed to be similar in patients with and those without RHS. Compared to RHS patients, HLH patients had poor prognosis, such as higher death rates (52.9% vs 9.5%, P = 0.005).RHS can be considered when an AOSD patient shows at least 2 of the following 3 findings: low platelet count, anemia, and hepatomegaly. Diagnostic confirmation by biopsy may not be essential if typical clinical findings of RHS are present. Moreover, prognosis of RHS was better than that of HLH diagnosed by the presence of trilineage cytopenia at admission.     

Ankylosing spondylitis presenting with macrophage activation syndrome

Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), which can also be considered as reactive hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS), is a rare and potentially fatal complication of rheumatic diseases. We describe a 42-year-old woman in whom MAS developed as a complication of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). She suffered from fever and low back pain before admission. Laboratory findings were pancytopenia, abnormal liver enzymes, increased ferritin levels, and positive for B27. Hyperplasia of hemophagocytic macrophages was confirmed in her bone marrow. High-dose steroids therapy resulted in clinical and laboratory improvements. In this patient, there was no possible causative factor of HPS (such as viral infection, lymphoma, and systemic lupus erythematosus) except the presence of AS. There have been no previously reported cases describing the relationship between AS and HPS. This case indicates that attention should be given to the possibility that certain patients with AS-associated cytopenia may display accompanying intramedullary hemophagocytic phenomena.