经尿道电汽化术联合电切术治疗前列腺增生症(附46例报告)

目的 探讨经尿道电汽化术联合电切术治疗前列腺增生症(BPH)的疗效。方法 联合应用经尿道前列腺电汽化术(TUVP)和经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)治疗BPH患者46例。结果 手术过程顺利，视野清晰，出血量少，疗效满意，术后平均留置导尿管3～5d。随访1～24月，排尿通畅，并发症少。结论 经尿道电汽化术联合电切术是一种治疗BPH的安全性高、易掌握、并发症少、疗效确切的手术方法。     

经尿道前列腺汽化电切术结合经尿道前列腺电切术治疗前列腺增生症及其并发症的防治

目的总结经尿道前列腺汽化电切术（TUVP）结合经尿道前列腺电切术（TURP）治疗前列腺增生症的临床意义。方法经尿道前列腺汽化电切术加电切术治疗前列腺增生300例。结果300例患者手术成功,最大尿流率15.3～21.2mL/s,平均最大尿流率为17.1mL/s,IPSS评分7～14分,平均7.2分,QOL评分平均为2分。无尿失禁和死亡病例。结论TUVP结合TURP治疗BPH是一种安全性高、并发症少、疗效确切、可靠的手术方法。     

经尿道前列腺电气化术治疗前列腺增生症(附496例报告)

目的；评价经尿道前列腺电气化术（TUVP）治疗前列腺增生症（BPH）的疗效。方法：对496例BPH患者采用Wolf气化电切镜行经尿道前列腺气化电切术治疗。结果：平均手术时间69min，手术过程顺利，视野清晰，出血量少，疗效稳定。结论：应用经尿道前列腺电气化术可快速去除增生前列腺组织，安全性高，易掌握，并发症少，疗效确切。     

经尿道前列腺汽化电切术124例

目的探讨经尿道前列腺汽化电切术（TuVP）治疗前列腺增生（BPH）的安全和疗效。方法回顾性分析经尿道前列腺汽化电切术治疗124例前列腺增生症患者临床资料。结果 手术均获成功,手术操作35～70min,术中出血量80—220ml,平均（120±20）ml。手术切除前列腺重量26—65g,平均（29±8）g,IPSS评分平均降至10．0分。最大尿流率平均为19．0ml／s。结论经尿道前列腺汽化电切术具有安全性高、出血少,手术时间短、并发症少、疗效确切的优点。     

经尿道前列腺电汽化术联合经尿道前列腺电切术治疗前列腺增生症(附263例分析)

目的探讨经尿道汽化术联合电切术治疗前列腺增生症(BPH)的临床效果。方法联合交替应用经尿道前列腺电汽化术(TUVP)和前列腺电切术(TURP)治疗BPH263例。结果263例患者手术过程顺利,无严重并发症,术后留置尿管3￣7d,随访0.5￣2.0a,拔除尿管后排尿通畅,临床症状明显改善,IPSS由术前(28.9±1.1)分(P<0.01),下降至术后(12.2±1.1)分(P<0.01),最大尿流率(Qmax)由术前5.3mL/s增加至术后16.2mL/s(P<0.01)。结论经尿道电汽化术联合电切术治疗BPH具有安全、出血少、并发症少、易掌握的特点,是治疗BPH较理想的手术方法。     

经尿道前列腺汽化切割联合电切术治疗中重度前列腺增生症(附428例报告)

目的 探讨经尿道前列腺汽化切割联合电切术治疗中重度前列腺增生症的方法和疗效。方法 采用先经尿道汽化切割切除大部分增生腺体组织，再用电切刀切膀胱颈部，剩余腺体和前列腺尖部组织。结果 手术时间短，视野清晰，出血少，术后尿路刺激症状轻，无经尿道电切综合征等严重并发症发生。结论 经尿道前列腺汽化切割联合电切术治疗中重度前列腺增生症可以充分发挥两种术式的优点，安全，并发症少，值得临床推广。     

经尿道汽化联合电切治疗前列腺增生症

目的：探讨治疗良性前列腺增生症（BPH）的有效方法。方法：采用经尿道汽化电切（TUVP）加经尿道前列腺电切术（TURP）治疗BPH196例。结果：平均手术操作时间65min，失血量86ml，切割前列腺组织重32g。无电切综合征发生。术后3月176例随访：按国际前列腺症状评分IPSS，最大尿流率，剩余尿均比术前有显著性改善（P＜0．01）。结论：TUVP加TURP联合治疗BPH可以兼容二者的优点，是一种安全性高，并发症少，疗效确切的新手术方法。     

电切术治疗前列腺增生症128例

目的：探讨治疗前列腺增生症(BPH)的有效手术方法。方法：采用经尿道前列腺电切术治疗BPH128例。结果：疗效满意，术后随访6～12个月，国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)平均9．0分，未出现严重并发症。结论：经尿道前列腺电切术是一种并发症少、安全性高、疗效确切的手术方法。     

经尿道前列腺电切术治疗前列腺增生症413例临床分析

目的：探讨前列腺增生症(BPH)的有效新手术方法．方法：采用经尿道前列腺电切和气化术治疗BPH 413例。结果：疗效满意，术后3个月随访，国际前列腺症状评分平均8．7分。最大尿流率平均15．4ml/s．剩余尿量平均26ml。未出现严重并发症。结论：气化和电切结合经尿道前列腺切除术是一种安全性高．并发症少、疗效确切的新手术方法。     

经尿道前列腺汽化电切联合经尿道前列腺电切治疗良性前列腺增生症

目的 分析观察经尿道前列腺汽化电切（TUVP）与经尿道前列腺电切（TURP）治疗良性前列腺增生症（BPH）的疗效。方法 96例TUVP加TURP切除前列腺，平均手术时间40min。结果 96例均手术顺利，前列腺症状评分、最大尿流率、平均尿流率均明显改善，7例发生轻微并发症经处理恢复。结论 TUVP联合TURP治疗BPH，结合两者优点，出血少，时间短，疗效确切。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.