Immediate perinatal outcomes of postterm deliveries

Objective: To investigate whether postterm pregnancy (≥42 0/7 weeks’ gestation) increases the risk for adverse perinatal outcome.

Study design: In this population based cohort study, all singleton deliveries occurring between 1991 and 2014 in a tertiary medical center were included. Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes were compared between postterm and term deliveries (37 0/7 to 41 6/7 weeks’ gestation). Preterm deliveries, unknown gestational age, congenital malformations, and multiple gestations, were excluded. The association between postterm and adverse perinatal outcomes was evaluated using a general estimation equation (GEE) multivariable analyses.

Results: During the study period, 226,918 deliveries were included in the analysis. Of them, 95.9% (n?=?217,544) were term and 4.1% (n?=?9374) were postterm. Post-term pregnancies were more likely to be complicated with oligohydramnios, macrosomia, meconium stained amniotic fluid, shoulder dystocia, low Apgar scores, and hysterectomy (p?Conclusions: Post-term delivery involves higher rates of adverse perinatal outcomes and is independently associated with significant perinatal mortality.     

Retrospective study of the success rates and complications associated with total laparoscopic hysterectomy

AIMS: Laparoscopic techniques are being used increasingly more in gynecologic surgery and the introduction of modern laparoscopic instruments has allowed complex operations to be performed laparoscopically. The aim of this study is to evaluate our surgical technique with regard to the success of total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) for the removal of the uterus, by analyzing its intraoperative and postoperative surgical outcomes and complications in the hope of reducing their occurrence. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was carried out at KK Hospital, Singapore, based on TLH operations performed from January 2001 to June 2005. The KOH Colpotomizer System and the RUMI Uterine Manipulator were the surgical methods used. RESULTS: 435 women consented for a TLH. 427 women (98.2%) had a successful TLH with three mini-laparotomy and five laparotomy conversions (1.8% failure rate). Injuries included bowel injury (four), bladder base bleeding (one), uterine perforation (one), uterovaginal fistula (one) and vaginal laceration (four). 21 women (4.8%) encountered major complications (defined as laparotomy conversion, excessive bleeding requiring blood transfusion, hemorrhage >or=1000 mL, ureteric injury, bowel injury and pulmonary embolus), which compares favorably with previous reports (4.0-11.0%) of laparoscopic hysterectomy. Our mean operating time, mean estimated blood loss, mean hospital stay and readmission rate are similarly comparable. CONCLUSION: TLH is associated with a high success rate, and low morbidity with few complications.     

Pregnancy and obesity: practical implications

Obesity is presently the most prevalent health threat in the western world, and its influence on general health is rapidly increasing. Obesity has also developed as a major and frequent risk factor for pregnancy complications. Complications often encountered in obese pregnant women are hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes mellitus, caesarean section, and postpartum and postoperative infections. The incidence of pulmonary embolism and primary postpartum haemorrhage is most likely also increased. Anaesthetic complications are more frequent. Neonatal consequences of obesity include an increased rate of congenital anomalies, stillbirth, and macrosomia. This article focuses on practical implications of obesity in pregnancy and childbirth for the caregiver.     

Morbidity associated with vaginal hysterectomies in Queensland public teaching hospitals

Hysterectomies performed vaginally are associated with less perioperative risk than those performed abdominally but the risk is not negligible. There are little sizable and/or contemporary Australian data of adverse outcomes associated with vaginal hysterectomy available. A retrospective analysis was undertaken in each of five Queensland public teaching hospitals of the last 200 women in each centre who underwent a vaginal hysterectomy for benign reasons. Serious morbidity complicated 14.0% of vaginal hysterectomies, minor morbidity was associated with 24.0% of hysterectomies and, overall, 29.9% suffered any (ie serious or minor) morbidity. Following multivariate analysis there remained an association between serious perioperative morbidity and ASA > or = 2 (relative risk (RR) 1.89 (1.37-2.61)) and omission of prophylactic antibiotics (RR 2.0 (1.45-2.78)). There also remained an association between any morbidity and use of antidepressants (RR 1.35 (1.07-1.72)), epilepsy (RR 2.00 (136-2.95)), preoperative hypoalbuminaemia (albumin < or = 35 g/L RR 2.08 (1.33-3.24)) as well as ASA > or = 2 (RR 1.24 (1.00-1.54)) and omission of prophylactic antibiotics (RR 1.45 (1.18-1.79)).     

The impact of obesity on maternal morbidity and feto-infant outcomes among macrosomic infants

Objective.?To estimate the contribution of obesity to maternal complications, neonatal morbidity and mortality among macrosomic births.

Design.?A population-based retrospective cohort design using State of Missouri maternally linked birth cohort files.

Methods.?Using pre-gravid body mass index (BMI), we categorized mothers of 116,976 singleton macrosomic live births as non-obese (BMI?<?30) or obese (BMI?≥?30). We used logistic regression models to generate adjusted odd ratios for pregnancy and neonatal complications. We also estimated the proportion of potentially preventable excess maternal and neonatal complications that could be eliminated among obese women with infant macrosomia at various levels of pre-pregnancy obesity reduction.

Result.?Obese mothers with macrosomic infants were at elevated risk for chronic hypertension (odds ratio (OR)?=?6.78 [95% confidence interval (CI): 5.82–7.88]), insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, (OR?=?2.60 [CI: 2.34–2.88]) other types of diabetes mellitus (OR?=?2.83 [CI: 2.65–3.02]) and preeclampsia (OR?=?2.49 [CI: 2.33–2.67]). Macrosomic infants of obese mothers were at greater risk for hyaline membrane disease (OR?=?2.14 [CI: 1.73–2.66]), extended assisted ventilation (OR?=?1.71 [CI: 1.44–2.04]), birth injury (OR?=?1.58 [CI: 1.37–1.84]) and meconium aspiration syndrome (OR?=?1.42 [CI: 1.09–1.87]). The proportion of preventable excess maternal morbidity was 60%, 45%, 30% and 15%, assuming an effective pre-conception intervention that could reduce obesity down to 0%, 25%, 50% and 75% of its current level, respectively. The corresponding proportion of preventable excess neonatal complications would be 40%, 30%, 20% and 10%, respectively.

Conclusion.?Among obese mothers with macrosomic births, a substantial proportion of maternal and neonatal morbidity could be averted through effective pre-conception interventions.     

羊水过少698例临床分析

目的：探讨羊水过少与妊娠并发症的相关性及对围生儿的影响,寻找正确处理方法,降低围生儿病死率。方法：回顾性分析2006年5月—2009年12月住院分娩的698例羊水过少及同期13 642例非羊水过少妊娠妇女的情况,比较2组病因、妊娠并发症、分娩方式和围生儿结局。结果：过期妊娠羊水过少者的发生率为12.11%。羊水过少组过期妊娠、子痫前期、胎儿生长受限、胎儿畸形和死胎发生率及胎儿宫内窘迫、羊水粪染、新生儿窒息和脐带绕颈发生率高于对照组;羊水过少者阴道分娩的新生儿窒息率高于剖宫产产妇（均P <0.01）。结论：羊水过少是一种妊娠并发症,严重影响围生儿预后。一旦确诊,产前综合监护均正常者,可阴道试产,但必须严密监护胎心;适当放宽剖宫产指征,以降低新生儿窒息率。     

132例中、重度卵巢过度刺激综合征妊娠结局分析

目的探讨中、重度卵巢过度刺激综合征（ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome，OHSS）对患者妊娠结局有无影响。方法对于2004年至2005年在我院行体外受精-胚胎移植而发生中、重度OHSS的132例患者（妊娠患者72例）临床资料进行回顾性分析，并与同期未发生中、重度OHSS的妊娠患者861例就妊娠结局进行对比性分析。结果（1）132例中、重度OHSS患者，其中87例移植，临床妊娠率为82．8％（72／87），妊娠结局为：单胎分娩53．5％，双胎分娩25．4％，流产16．9％，胎死宫内1．4％，宫外孕1．4％，因胎儿畸形引产1．4％，其中出生缺陷共1．4％。同期非OHSS患者上述比率分别为：55．0％、19．5％、18．7％、0．6％、6．1％、0．1％，其中出生缺陷共2．4％。（2）OHSS患者与未发生OHSS的患者在单胎与双胎分娩比率，妊娠丢失（流产＋死胎）与分娩（早产＋足月产）比率上均无显著性差异（P〉O．05）；但OHSS患者早期流产率（7．0％）低于晚期流产率（9．9％），而非OHSS患者早期流产率（13．3％）高于晚期流产率（5．4％）（P=0．075）。（3）OHSS患者与未发生OHSS的患者在早产与低体重儿比率，妊娠期并发症（妊娠期高血压疾病、妊娠期糖尿病与前置胎盘等）比率上均无统计学意义（P〉O．05）。结论OHSS的发生对妊娠结局未产生明显不良影响。     

Vertebral osteomyelitis: a rare complication of transvaginal ultrasound-guided oocyte retrieval

Objective: To present a case of vertebral osteomyelitis as a complication of transvaginal oocyte retrieval.

Design: Case report.

Setting: The IVF unit of a university-affiliated hospital.

Patient(s): A 41-year-old woman who underwent IVF-ET treatment.

Intervention(s): Standard IVF-ET treatment cycles with the use of transvaginal ultrasound for oocyte retrieval and computed tomography–guided needle aspiration.

Main Outcome Measure(s): Recovery of the patient, sequelae, and recurrence.

Result(s): Vertebral osteomyelitis was diagnosed and treated with antibiotics.

Conclusion(s): When severe low back pain occurs after ovum retrieval, vertebral osteomyelitis should be considered. Early diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion.     

Major surgical complications of laparoscopy

During the 15-yr period from 1965 to 1979, 6 major surgical complications were encountered among 2757 consecutive laparoscopies, yielding a rate of 2.1 per 1000. Five of the complications required exploratory laparotomy (in 2 patients with small bowel perforations, 2 patients with intraabdominal bleeding and 1 patient with severe peritonitis). In the 6th patient perforation of the uterine fundus occurred during laparoscopy performed because the presence of an adnexal mass was suspected at 15 wk gestation. Laparotomy in this patient was not performed since bleeding from the perforation site stopped spontaneously. Exploratory laparotomy rather than laparoscopy should be considered for evaluation of pelvic masses suspected after the first trimester of pregnancy. A small rate of major surgical complications of laparoscopy is to be expected even when accurate technique is used.     

Maternal morbidity and mortality in in-vitro fertilization

Pregnancies following in-vitro fertilization (IVF) are known to be at increased risk of a number of pregnancy- and delivery-related complications when compared with non-IVF pregnancies. Most of these complications seem to be due to underlying fertility problems. Ovarian stimulation carries a marked risk for two serious conditions - ovarian torsion and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome - both of which are relatively rare. Although some common pregnancy complications show an up to five times increased risk over non-IVF pregnancies, the absolute frequencies are still low for most of these conditions. However, an increased risk of placenta praevia might be to some extent due to the IVF procedure. No long-terms effects on cancer risk or mortality can be linked to the IVF procedure, although follow-up time is still relatively short.     

Wound complications after gynecologic cancer surgery

Objective

To explore clinical correlates of wound complications in high-risk women undergoing abdominal gynecologic surgery in a tertiary referral center.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of patient demographics, pre-operative and intra-operative information, and outcomes was performed in a cohort of patients who underwent abdominal surgery for suspected gynecologic malignancy between 1/2005 and 6/2008. The primary outcome was wound complication within 6 weeks of surgery. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed. A nomogram predicting post-operative wound complications was created and validated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and 10-fold cross-validation.

Results

Median age of 373 women analyzed was 57 years (range 25-88), median body mass index (BMI) 32.3 kg/m² (range 14.0-70.7). A total of 150 patients (40%) had prior abdominal surgery; 40 (11%) had a pre-operative serum albumin < 3.5 g/dl; and 78 (21%) had pulmonary disease. Wound complications occurred in 125 patients (34%). In multivariate analysis wound complications were correlated with BMI of 30-39.9 kg/m² (OR = 5.62, 95% CI 2.08-15.19, p < 0.0001) and BMI ≥ 40 kg/m² (OR = 10.27, 95% CI 3.66-28.88, p < 0.0001), prior abdominal surgery (OR 3.28, 95%CI1.89-5.70, p < 0.0001), serum albumin ≤ 3.5 g/dl (OR 4.24, 95%CI 1.87-9.61, p = 0.0005), pulmonary disease (OR 2.22, 95%CI 1.09-4.51, p = 0.03), lysis of adhesions (OR 3.57, 95%CI 1.04-12.26, p = 0.04), and length of surgery (OR 2.42, 95%CI 1.35-4.35, p = 0.003). Risk for wound complication was lower with pelvic drain placement (OR 0.26, 95%CI 0.11-0.64, p = 0.003).

Conclusions

Wound complications are common in gynecologic oncology. Further studies should explore whether risk factor modification decreases complications.     

Recurrent incarceration of the gravid uterus

Incarceration of the gravid uterus is a rare phenomenon, associated with maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. A 37-year-old gravida 2 para 1 develops a recurrent incarceration in her second pregnancy. Therefore, examination and follow-up early in the next pregnancy is advised.     

腹腔镜手术并发症34例分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜手术的并发症及其相关因素。方法 回顾性分析北京协和医院妇产科近6扑的1769例腹腔镜手术病例及34例出现并发症的病例情况。手术包括附件手术1421例，子宫肌瘤剔除术52例，腹腔镜辅助的阴式子宫切除术296例，并发症指术中出现的需额外处理或术后出现的因手术术身引起需行再次手术或保守治疗的情况。结果 并发症发生率为1.9%，需开腹手术处理者6例（0.3%)。附件手术、肌瘤剔除术及阴式子宫切除术的并发症发生率分别为0.9%、1.9%及6.8%。与穿刺及气腹有关的并发症12例（35.3%)，包括腹壁血管、大网膜血管损伤及严重的皮下气肿；术中并发症5例（14.7%)，其中大出血3例，膀胱破裂1例，均改开腹手术，另1例为负极板放置处大腿皮肤烧伤；术后并发症17例（50.0%)，其中2例术后腹腔内出血再次开腹止血，术后并发症还包括肠道并发症、神经麻痹及发热。结论 妇科腹腔镜手术的并发症不容忽视，并发症的发生与手术的难度有关。阴式子宫切除术并发症的发生远高于附件手术及子宫肌瘤剔除手术。     

产科急重症

叙述产科急重症所涉及的范围,并分别介绍产科急症、产科重症的处理原则,以及急重症患者转诊的相关程序和注意事项。     

International Session Award. Non-invasive cutaneous cardiovascular dynamics (CVD) as a predictor of preterm delivery: a pilot study

AIM: To assess the clinical value of cardiovascular dynamics (CVD) pattern of 'positive cycling' in predicting true preterm labor. METHODS: Patients with a clinical diagnosis of preterm labor had CVD measurement with a non-invasive miniature pressure transducer applied to the fingertip concomitantly with uterine activity monitoring. Based on previous work by our group, the rapid ejection time (RET) reflects arterial compliance; an elevated RET is suggestive of vasoconstriction. Positive cycling is present when the RET shows elevation with uterine contractions and negative cycling is present when there are no changes in the RET with uterine contractions. RESULTS: Twenty-seven women had negative CVD cycling and nine had positive CVD cycling. There was no difference between the two groups in initial gestational age, cervical effacement or cervical dilation at testing. However, the mean interval from testing to delivery was 1.56 (SEM+/-0.29) days for positive cycling and 39 days (+/-5.25) for negative cycling (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Non-invasive cardiovascular patterns of positive cycling appear predictive of preterm delivery.     

妊娠急性脂肪肝的临床诊断及治疗方法

目的 探讨妊娠急性脂肪肝的临床诊断及治疗方法。方法 对上海市公共卫生临床中心1988年1月至2007年7月收治的36例妊娠急性脂肪肝患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 （1）临床表现：36例妊娠急性脂肪肝患者均发生于妊娠晚期,有明显的临床症状（以恶心、呕吐为主）和实验室检查特征（36例患者全部出现白细胞计数、肝酶及血清总胆红素水平升高,全部出现凝血酶原时间延长及血清白蛋白水平降低）。肝脏B超的阳性检出率为57％（17／30）,肝脏CT的阳性检出率为73％（16／22）,肝脏CT的阳性检出率高于B超（P〈0．05）。（2）分娩方式：阴道分娩12例,其中产后出血发生率为42％（5／12）,孕产妇死亡率为50％（6／12）,围产儿死亡率为50％（6／12）,新生儿窒息发生率为58％（7／12）;剖宫产分娩24例,其中产后出血发生率为42％（10／24）,孕产妇死亡率为8％（2／24）,围产儿死亡率为13％（3／24）,新生儿窒息发生率为38％（9／24）。（3）剖宫产终止妊娠加内科综合支持治疗能明显降低产后出血发生率、孕产妇死亡率、围产儿死亡率、新生儿窒息发生率。剖宫产分娩的孕产妇死亡率及围产儿死亡率与阴道分娩比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,剖官产分娩的产后出血发生率及新生儿窒息发生率与阴道分娩比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。（4）全部死亡病例均是从发病至接受正规治疗时间超过7d的患者。结论 结合临床症状、实验窀检查特征、肝脏B超、CT检查等,力争在发病1周内明确诊断;立即剖宫产术终止妊娠、积极内科综合支持疗法是改善母儿预后的关键。     

妊娠合并极重度血小板减少26例临床分析

Objective To investigate the etiology and perinatal outcome of pregnancies complicated with extremely severe thrombocytopenia [ at least two times of platelets count (PLT) < 10 × 109/L during pregnancy]. Methods Clinical data, including basic information, etiology, management and outcomes of pregnant women with extremely severe thrombocytopenia, admitted to Peking University People's Hospital from January 2004 to March 2009, were retrospectively collected. The management of these cases varied according to different etiology and the symptoms: (1) PLT were maitained > 20 × 109/L and hemoglobulin> 70 g/L in those women without spontaneous bleeding; (2) PLT transfusion would be required when PLT< 10 × 109/L or bleeding occur and RBC would be supplied when hematocrit <25% and hemoglobulin <70g/L; (3) Hemoglobulin should be > 70 g/L and PLT >30 × 109/L before cesarean section or delivery;(4) Predinisone and/or intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIG) would be given in women complicated with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) when PLT < (20-30) × 109/L or bleeding. PLT would be given if all the above management were failed, or PLT < 10 × 109/L, or bleeding. Women without bleeding would be closely monitored and delivery would be planned. Results (1) Twenty-six cases were identified among 9302 deliveries during the study period (0.28%), with an average of maternal age of 29. Seventeen were diagnosed before conception and 9 during pregnancy. Among the 26 women, half received regular prenatal check in our hospital and the average gestations at diagnosis was 24 weeks and the other half without regular prenatal visits and the average gestations at diagnosis was 32 weeks. Etiology was identified in 24 out of the 26 women, including 14(54%) ITP, 5 myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), 4 chronic aplastic anaemia(CAA) and 1 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). (2) Management: All of the 26 women received blood products. Among the 14 ITP cases, 6 received predinisone and IVIG and 8 only took predinisone. Nine of the 26 patients (35%) had pregnant complications, among which 6 (6/9) were preeclampsia. The overall average gestation at delivery was 36 weeks. Only 2 delivered vaginally with the average blood loss of 83 ml and 23 cesarean sections were performed with the average blood loss of 410 ml. (3) Perinatal outcomes:There were 26 perinatal babies, among which 1 died intrauterine and 25 were born alive (12 preterm infants). The average birth weight was 2877 g. Neonatal severe thrombocytopenia presented in 2 newborns whose mother complicated with ITP. Conclusions The main cause of extremely severe thrombocytopenia during pregnancy is ITP, managed mainly by predinisone and IVIG, followed by CAA and MDS, which may require supportive treatment. Pregnancy complicated with extremely severe thrombocytopenia is not an indication of termination. Better maternal and fetal outcomes can be achieved through proper treatment based on the etiology, intensive care in prevention and management of complications and cesarean section.