心肌肌钙蛋白I在急性冠状动脉综合征中的应用

急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)是指不稳定型心绞痛(UA)、Q波型心肌梗死(QMI)、非Q波型心肌梗死(NQMI)和心源性猝死这样一组临床病征。心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)是新近发展的心肌组织所特有的心肌酶学标志物。本文对cTnI的生物化学特点、检测方法、cTnI与ACS的联系进行评价。cTnI在诊断心肌损害方面敏感性高,特异性强,诊断时间窗口宽,明显优于传统心肌酶,对ACS可进行危险度分层及预后评价,并可预测UA患者复杂冠状动脉形态,值得推广使用。     

急性冠状动脉综合征心电图与冠状动脉造影的分析

目的 探讨临床心电图(ECG)改变与冠状动脉病变部位的关系。方法 对105例临床初诊为急性冠状动脉综合症(ACS)病人的心电图(ECG)与冠状动脉造影(CAG)结果进行回顾性分析。结果 临床初诊的ACS病例中，冠状动脉存在有意义狭窄者84例，未见明显狭窄病变21例，占25％。非ST段抬高的ACS以多支，中、重度血管病变为主，ST段抬高的心肌梗死前壁系统以前降支病变或合并多支血管病变为主，下壁系统以右冠动脉病变合并多支血管病变为主。结论 ECG可反映当时动脉粥样斑块破裂伴血栓形成、血流阻断血管的对应病变。CAG为了解冠状动脉病变部位、程度，尽早介入治疗提供客观依据。     

既往胃镜检查对评估经皮冠脉介入术后非急性冠脉综合症患者是否联用质子泵抑制剂的作用

目的 探讨经皮冠脉介入术(PCI)前非急性冠脉综合症(非ACS)患者既往胃镜检查对PCI术后综合评估联用质子泵抑制剂(PPIs)的风险和获益的重要意义.方法 回顾性分析673例行PCI术放置冠脉支架的非ACS患者,先将其分为PPIs联用组和未联用组,然后根据与上消化道不良事件密切相关的危险因素再分高、中、低危亚组,分别比较各组心血管和上消化道不良事件发生率的差别以及既往胃镜检查情况.结果 PCI术前5年内仅12.2％(82/673)的患者曾行胃镜检查,消化性溃疡的总体检出率为32.9％(27/82),PPIs联用组占55.6％(15/27).PPIs联用组患者的心血管不良事件发生率显著高于未联用组(22.6％比8.9％,P＜0.01),其中以消化道高危患者(16.4％,24/146)的心血管不良事件发生率最高(41.7％,10/24),但其上消化道不良事件发生率最低(4.2％,1/24).90.5％ (344/380)的中危患者是年龄≥65岁且联用NSAIDs等药物者,其在PCI术前5年内行胃镜检查的比例显著低于既往有上消化道病史且联用NSAIDs等药物者(PPIs联用组:14.1％比54.5％,P＜0.01;未联用组:7.5％比28.0％,P＜0.01),在PPIs联用组前者心血管不良事件发生率显著高于后者(20.5％比9.1％,P＜0.01),但两者在PCI术后1年内上消化道不良事件的发生率相近(9.0％比9.1％,P ＞0.05).结论 PCI术前既往胃镜检查可提供上消化道基础疾病信息,有助于PCI术后合理应用PPIs,减少心血管不良事件的发生.年龄≥65岁且联用NSAIDs等药物的中危患者是需重点关注的人群.     

急性冠状动脉综合征的急诊介入治疗

目的评价急诊冠状动脉内介入治疗急性冠状动脉综合征的疗效和安全性。方法急性冠状动脉综合征患者87例,男72例,女15例。年龄37～82岁。其中ST段抬高心肌梗死62例,非ST段抬高心肌梗死和不稳定型心绞痛25例,行急诊冠状动脉内介入治疗,分析其临床表现,冠状动脉病变特点,处理以及并发症和预后。结果87例患者共成功置入支架169枚,其中直接支架术53次,经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术加支架术116次。单纯冠状动脉腔内成形术22次。有16例患者行血管内超声指导冠状动脉内介入。手术成功率96．5％,住院期间死亡1例。随访5～22月,生存率98.8％,无事件生存率86．0％。院外猝死1例,心肌梗死1例,心绞痛再发10例。结论急诊冠状动脉内介入治疗急性冠状动脉综合征安全有效,有助于改善预后。     

高敏C反应蛋白、心肌肌钙蛋白I与冠状动脉病变程度的关系

目的探讨高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)和心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)浓度变化与冠状动脉(冠脉)的病变程度之间的关系.方法冠脉造影患者按照造影结果分为阴性组、单支病变组、双支病变组和三支病变组,寻找hs-CRP和cTnI与冠脉病变的关系.结果 hs-CRP浓度按病变程度依次升高,双支病变组和三支病变组与阴性组比较差异有非常显著性(P<0.001),cTnI的阳性率依次升高,差异有非常显著性(χ2 =50.881,P<0.001).结论血中hs-CRP浓度的升高和cTnI阳性率的升高与冠脉病变的程度有着密切的联系,对冠心病的病变程度具有预测价值.     

急性冠脉综合征不同程度冠脉病变患者血浆高敏C反应蛋白检测及其意义

目的观察急性冠脉综合征（ACS）患者冠脉病变严重程度与高敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）水平差异并探讨其临床意义。方法 135例经冠状动脉造影证实的至少一支冠状动脉狭窄超过75%的ACS患者,分为单支病变组（n=49例）及多支病变组（n=86例）,同期15例冠脉造影正常受试者作为正常对照组。检测ACS患者12h内及对照组受试者入院时的血浆hs-CRP,比较不同组别hs-CRPP的差异。结果对照组、单支病变、多支病变组,血浆hs-CRP分别为（0.92±0.75）mg/L、（1.52±0.63）mg/L、（1.71±0.83）mg/L,ACS各组血浆hs-CRP均明显高于对照组（P〈0.05）,多支病变组血浆hs-CRP明显高于单支病变组（P〈0.05）。结论不同ACS冠脉病变程度患者的血浆hs-CRP水平存在差异,血浆hs-CRP水平对预测ACS患者冠脉严重程度有一定意义。     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后再次急性冠状动脉综合征患者的冠状动脉造影分析

目的分析接受冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)后的患者再次发作急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)的时间与相关血管的关系.方法从本院1997～2001年间因CABG术后再次发作ACS而入院的168例患者中,选出行再次冠状动脉造影的患者43例,男38例,女5例,平均年龄(57.9±10.2)岁,再次发作ACS时间在术后次日至11年间.分析术后再次发作ACS的时间与罪犯血管之间的关系.结果 (1)由原自身冠状动脉血管病变加重导致的ACS共19例,占44.2%,由移植血管病变导致的共24例,占55.8%,其中12例移植血管病变发生在术后半年内,占移植血管病例的50%,且大部为吻合口病变.(2)从发作时间上划分,在术后次日至半年内发作ACS的为14例,占所有分析病例的32.6%.其中12例为移植血管病变所致,占整组病例的27.9%.随时间的延长,引起ACS的相关血管既有移植血管,也有原自身冠状动脉血管远端病变加重的血管,但术后3年内发作的ACS大多数由移植血管病变引起,检出率为75%,特异度为63%(P<0.01),3年后发生的ACS主要为未移植血管的原自身冠状动脉或移植血管远端的原自身冠状动脉血管病变加重所致.(3)所分析的43例患者共置入静脉血管桥99支,病变37支,总病变率37.4%,动脉桥31支,病变9支,总病变率29.0%.两者间差异有显著性(P<0.01).(4)桥病变的发生与患者综合危险因素间无明确相关性.结论 CABG术后3年内发作的ACS,其相关移植血管病变检出率为75%,特异度为63%,尤其半年内发生ACS的患者,移植血管病变检出特异度达89%,而且大部分为吻合口病变.移植血管病变的发生率与综合危险因素之间无明确相关性,但静脉移植血管的闭塞率要高于动脉移植血管.     

急性冠脉综合征患者血清同型半胱氨酸和hs-CRP的相关性

目的:探讨急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者血清同型半胱氨酸水平的变化,评价其与高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)的关系。方法:用免疫比浊透视法测定60例ACS患者和30例对照组血清中hs-CRP水平,以循环酶法测定血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平。结果:ACS组Hcy水平[(16.75±6.40)mg/L]明显高于对照组[(13.70±6.60)mg/L],P<0.05,AMI组的hs-CRP和Hcy水平明显高于UAP组(P<0.05),且ACS组血清Hcy水平升高[(16.75±6.40)mg/L]时,患者血清hs-CRP水平[(4.475±16.09)mg/L]也相应升高,两者之间呈正相关(r=0.444,P<0.01)。结论:血清同型半胱氨酸水平升高与心肌损伤程度有关,且可能通过hs-CRP加重心肌损伤。     

胰岛素抵抗及氧化应激对急性冠脉综合征患者冠脉病变评估的研究

目的 探讨胰岛素抵抗及氧化应激对急性冠状动脉综合征（ACS）患者病情评估的价值及与冠脉病变程度的相关性.方法 入选急性心肌梗死患者30例为A组,不稳定型心绞痛患者30例为B组,冠脉造影正常者30例为C组.对各组受试者于入院24h内空腹抽取静脉血,测定入选患者血清脂质过氧化物（MDA）、一氧化氮（NO）、一氧化氮合酶总活力（tNOS）、诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）、空腹血糖（FPG）、空腹胰岛素（FINs）水平,均采用分光比色法.计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）,对入选患者行冠脉造影检查,根据冠脉造影结果所显示的血管狭窄程度及部位计算Gensini积分值.对胰岛素抵抗及氧化应激指标与冠脉Gensini积分进行相关性分析.结果 FPG、FINs、HOMA-IR、MDA、Gensini积分急性心肌梗死组高于不稳定型心绞痛组及冠脉造影正常组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;而tNOS、iNOS、NO急性心肌梗死组低于不稳定型心绞痛组及冠脉造影正常组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;急性心肌梗死组及不稳定型心绞痛组FPG、FINs、HOMA-IR、MDA、Gensini积分均高于冠脉造影正常组,而NO、tNOS、iNOS均低于冠脉造影正常组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;急性心肌梗死组及不稳定型心绞痛组HOMA-IR与MDA、Gensini积分呈正相关,与NO、tNOS、iNOS呈负相关.结论 胰岛素抵抗与氧化应激反应与急性冠状动脉综合征（ACS）患者病情密切相关,且与冠脉病变程度呈正相关.     

Plasma levels of Elabela are associated with coronary angiographic severity in patients with acute coronary syndrome

BackgroundElabela (ELA) was newly discovered as a novel endogenous ligand of the apelin receptor (APJ) which has demonstrated to be crucial for cardiovascular disease such as myocardial infarction, hypertension and heart failure. Previous experiments have revealed that ELA reduced arterial pressure and exerted positive inotropic effects on the heart. However, the role of plasma ELA levels in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and its relationship with severity of coronary arteries have not been investigated.MethodsTwo hundred and one subjects who were hospitalized for chest pain and underwent coronary angiography were recruited in this study. One hundred and seventy five patients were diagnosed with ACS and twenty-six subjects with negative coronary angiography were included in the control group. Plasma ELA levels, routine blood test, blood lipid, liver and kidney functions were measured. The number of coronary arteries and SYNTAX (Synergy Between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Taxus and Cardiac Surgery) score of coronary lesions were used to evaluate the extent of coronary artery stenosis.ResultsELA in patients with ACS was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in plasma ELA levels among patients with single-, double- and triple-vessel diseases. However, in the generalized additive model (GAM), there was a threshold nonlinear correlation between the ELA levels and Syntax I score (P < 0.001). Plasma ELA levels were positively correlated with the Syntax I score when the ELA levels ranged from 63.47 to 85.49 ng/mL. There was no significant association between the plasma ELA levels and the extent of coronary artery stenosis when the ELA levels were less than 63.47 ng/mL or higher than 85.49 ng/mL.ConclusionThe present study demonstrates for the first time that plasma ELA levels are increased in patients with ACS. The rise in endogenous ELA levels was associated with severity of coronary stenosis and may be involved in the pathogenesis of ACS.     

Prevalence and impact of metabolic syndrome in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndrome

Background and aimsMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with increased incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in patients initially free from these diseases. However, its prognostic value in patients with established coronary artery diseases remains controversial. Therefore, we aimed to illustrate the prevalence and investigate the impact of MetS in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (MVD) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS).Methods and resultsThis was a large registry of consecutive patients with ACS referred to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and those with MVD were eligible for this analysis. MetS was defined based on modified Adult Treatment Panel III definition. The primary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), a composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction and stroke. A total of 2532 patients were included in the current analysis and 993 (39.2%) of them had MetS. The prevalence of MetS increased from 2010 to 2016 (p _{for trend} = 0.005). In patients over 60 years old, the prevalence of MetS decreased with aging (p _{for trend} = 0.002). Female subjects had a higher prevalence than their male counterparts (61.5% verse 32.9% and p < 0.001). Over a median follow-up of 2.3 years, MetS was not significantly associated with MACE (adjusted 95% CI from 0.92 to 1.54).ConclusionMetS was frequently observed in patients with MVD and ACS. Patients with MetS were more likely to be young and female. However, it was not an independent predictor for MACE after primary PCI in those patients.     

血尿酸水平与冠状动脉病变及代谢综合征的关系

目的 探讨血尿酸水平变化与冠状动脉病变程度、代谢综合征及其相关组分的关系.方法 343例(男性223例,女性120例)接受冠状动脉造影检查的患者,应用冠脉狭窄指数(CSI)评价冠状动脉病变严重程度.结果 (1)女性血尿酸水平显著低于男性[(306.3±76.9对358.9±85.2)μmol/L,P＜0.01],而男女性代谢综合征及各组分的患病率未见明显差异.(2)女性≥3项代谢异常亚组血清尿酸水平显著高于1项代谢异常亚组(P＜0.01)及2项代谢异常亚组(P＜0.05),而男性尿酸水平与代谢异常数目无明显关系.(3)将男、女人群的尿酸值分为4分位数,女性位于上1/4位点者的CSI评分高于下1/4位点者[7.0(2.5～12.0)对2.0(0.0～6.0),P=0.025].女性多支病变组血尿酸水平明显高于无病变组[(327.0±81.9对284.9±78.6)μmol/L,P=0.033].(4)Logistic回归显示年龄(β=0.042,P=0.007)和血脂异常(β=0.836,P=0.037)为男性冠脉病变的独立危险因素,而女性人群中血压异常(β=1.127,P=0.039)及血脂异常(β=0.901,P=0.009)为影响冠脉病变的主要因素.结论 血尿酸水平较高的女性,代谢异常组分聚集较多,其冠状动脉病变程度较重,故尿酸水平可作为女性动脉粥样硬化的标志.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the association of blood uric acid level with the severity of coronary artery stenotic changes, metabolic syndrome (MS), and its components. Methods A total of 343 individuals ( male 223,female 120) who underwent coronary angiography and had complete data on MS and serum uric acid were collected. The severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) was assessed by the coronary stenesis index (CSI). MS was diagnosed according to the Guideline on Prevention and Treatment of Blood Lipid Abnormality in Chinese Adults. Results (1)The mean uric acid level was significantly lower in women than in men [ ( 306.3±76.9 vs 358.9±85.2 ) μmol/L, P＜0.01 ]. The prevalence of MS and its components showed no difference between men and women. (2) The uric acid level in women with 3 components was higher than those with1( P＜0. 01 ) or 2 ( P＜0.05 ) components of metabolic disorders, but not in men. (3) Quartiles of concentration of uric acid were computed. Compared with those in the lowest quartile of uric acid, women in the highest quartile had higher CSI score [ 7.0 (2.5-12.0) vs 2. 0( 0.0-6.0), P= 0. 025 ]. Moreover, the uric acid level was higher in women with multivessel lesions than nonCAD patients [ (327.0±81.9 vs 284.9±78.6) μmol/L, P = 0.033 ]. However, no correlation was found between uric acid level and the severity of coronary artery lesion in men. (4) Logistic regression showed that age (β=0.042, P=0. 007) and dyslipidemia(β=0.836, P=0. 037 ) were the independent risk factors of CAD in men, and hypertension(β=1. 127, P=0.039) and dyslipidemia(β=0.901, P=0.009)in women. Conclusions In women with higher uric acid level, the clustering of metabolic abnormalities was increased, and the coronary artery lesion was more severe. High uric acid level might be a marker of CAD for women.     

Autologous intramyocardial injection of cultured skeletal muscle-derived stem cells in patients with non-acute myocardial infarction.

AIM: Experimental animal studies suggest that the use of skeletal myoblast in patients with myocardial infarction may result in improved cardiac function. The aim of the study was to assess the feasibility and safety of this therapy in patients with myocardial infarction. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twelve patients with old myocardial infarction and ischaemic coronary artery disease underwent treatment with coronary artery bypass surgery and intramyocardial injection of autologous skeletal myoblasts obtained from a muscle biopsy of vastus lateralis and cultured with autologous serum for 3 weeks. Global and regional cardiac function was assessed by 2D and ABD echocardiogram. 18F-FDG and 13N-ammonia PET studies were used to determine perfusion and viability. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) improved from 35.5+/-2.3% before surgery to 53.5+/-4.98% at 3 months (P=0.002). Echocardiography revealed a marked improvement in regional contractility in those cardiac segments treated with skeletal myoblast (wall motion score index 2.64+/-0.13 at baseline vs 1.64+/-0.16 at 3 months P=0.0001). Quantitative 18F-FDG PET studies showed a significant (P=0.012) increased in cardiac viability in the infarct zone 3 months after surgery. No statistically significant differences were found in 13N-ammonia PET studies. Skeletal myoblast implant was not associated with an increase in adverse events. No cardiac arrhythmias were detected during early follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with old myocardial infarction, treatment with skeletal myoblast in conjunction with coronary artery bypass is safe and feasible and is associated with an increased global and regional left ventricular function,improvement in the viability of cardiac tissue in the infarct area and no induction of arrhythmias.     

The long-term effects of individual cardiac rehabilitation in patients with coronary artery disease

BackgroundThe positive effects of cardiac rehabilitation have been repeatedly described and are well-known over the short- and middle-term periods. However there is less knowledge about long-term outcomes in patients with chronic stable coronary artery disease.AimThe aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term outcome of individual cardiac rehabilitation in patients with coronary artery disease.MethodsOne hundred fifty-two patients with stable coronary artery disease were retrospectively divided into two groups according to their adherence to individual physical activity recommendations, regardless of their participation in guided cardiac rehabilitation training. The IT+ group which participated in individual exercise programmes according to recommendations was compared with patients who declined these activities (the IT− group). The median follow-up period was 12.7 years.ResultsThe individual training had no long-term effect on survival after being checked for other possible contributing factors, but the multivariate analysis showed a significant association with the occurrence of cardiac events like myocardial infarction, unstable angina, coronary revascularization and hospitalization for heart failure: HR (95% CI) 0.51 (0.30–0.89); p = 0.017.ConclusionHome based cardiac rehabilitation and regular physical activity significantly improve long-term cardiac morbidity in patients with coronary artery disease.     

The significance of elevated troponin T in patients with nondialysis-dependent renal insufficiency: a validation with coronary angiography

BACKGROUND: Patients with elevated troponin are at high risk of adverse outcomes, future cardiac events, and are more likely to have hemodynamically significant coronary artery stenoses. Elevated troponin T (cTnT) in patients with poor renal function portends a poor prognosis; however, findings of significant coronary artery disease (CAD) by coronary angiography have not been demonstrated in patients with poor renal function and elevated cTnT. HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study was to correlate the angiographic findings of patients with elevated cTnT with respect to renal function in patients with nondialysis-dependent renal insufficiency. METHODS: We retrospectively identified 342 patients with elevated cTnT who underwent coronary angiography in the setting of acute coronary syndrome. Patients were divided into poor (< 40 ml/min) and normal (> 40 ml/min) renal function by measuring their glomerular filtration rate. Our primary outcome was CAD stenosis, defined as epicardial stenosis > or = 70%. Secondary outcomes were rates of contrast nephropathy, initiation of hemodialysis, revascularization, length of stay (LOS), and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the prevalence of CAD between patients who had positive cTnT with poor renal function versus patients with positive cTnT and normal renal function (87.1 vs. 89.7%, p = 0.54). This finding persisted after stratifying by age. Patients with impaired renal function had a higher mortality, longer LOS, and a higher rate contrast nephropathy requiring hemodialysis. CONCLUSION: The association between elevated cTnT and significant CAD stenosis does not vary with renal function.     

非ST段抬高急性冠脉综合征的危险分层和治疗策略

临床上，非ST段抬高急性冠脉综合征（ACS）包括不稳定型心绞痛和非Q波心肌梗死，极为常见，根据临床，心电图，血清生化，左心功能状态和冠状动态（冠脉）病变作危险分层对治疗策略的制定尤为重要。尽管内科保守治疗已普遍采用，但对心绞痛反复发作，ST段压低，TnT或TnI增高，血流动力学或心电不稳定，心肌梗死后早期不稳定型心绞痛等高危患者，应尽早行冠脉造影，并根据冠脉病变情况决定行介入治疗（最好联合应用血小板GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体阻滞剂），以改善患者的临床预后。     

非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征肌钙蛋白Ⅰ水平对危险分层的评估

目的:探讨血清肌钙蛋白Ⅰ(cTnI)对非ST段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征(NSTEACS)患者危险分层的判断价值。方法:对82例NSTEACS患者、50例健康者分别进行血清cTnI测定,并观察NSTEACS患者住院1个月内心脏事件发生情况。结果:NSTEACS组血清cTnI值明显高于正常对照组(P0.01)。NSTEACS组内,心肌梗塞者(cTnI阳性亚组)血清cTnI值明显高于不稳定型心绞痛者(cTnI阴性亚组)(P0.01)。正常对照组无一例发生心脏事件;cTnI阳性亚组心脏事件发生率为17.3%,显著高于cTnI阴性亚组的5.5%(P0.05)。结论:血清cTnI水平对NSTEACS患者危险分层有较好的价值。