“复方养阴清肺汤”镇咳、祛痰、抗炎及抑菌作用的实验研究

本文采用浓氨水诱导法、小鼠气管段酚红排泄法和小鼠耳肿胀法,对复方养阴清肺汤（原养阴清肺汤加入鱼腥草素）进行了镇咳、祛痰、抗炎及抑菌作用实验观察。结果表明,该汤剂有明显镇咳、祛痰（P＜0．01）及抗炎作用（P＜0．05）,且镇咳作用优于养阴清肺汤。说明鱼腥草素加入养阴清肺汤后使其抑菌作用增强。     

养阴清肺汤镇咳、祛痰、抗炎作用的药理研究

本文采用浓氨水诱导法，小鼠气管段酚红排泄法和小鼠耳肿胀法，对中药方剂养阴清肺汤进行了镇咳、祛痰、抗炎作用的实验观察。结果表明，该方剂有明显镇咳、祛痰（Ｐ＜０．０１）及抗炎（Ｐ＜０．０５）作用，从而为用于呼吸系统疾病治疗提供了依据     

弓形虫感染致实验动物体温异常的实验观察

目的观察急性弓形虫感染对实验动物体温的影响，探讨弓形虫感染后，机体可能出现的新发病体征方法将实验小鼠随机分为3组：1组为空白对照组，另2组分别感染弓形虫RH株和AH株。以恒定的条件测量小鼠体温，同时观察发病情况。结果感染前的小鼠基础体温为37．5～38℃，小鼠感染弓形虫RH株速殖子后第3d发病，体温即开始下降，每天下降2～3℃，最低降至28℃，动物死亡。AH株感染小鼠第8d发病，体温开始下降，每天下降1～3℃，最低降至32℃以下，动物死亡，体温下降不低于32℃的动物可渡过低体温期，即急性发病期，得以存活。对照组小鼠体温未发生明显变化。结论体温下降可能是小鼠弓形虫急性感染发病的一个重要体征。     

弓形虫感染致实验动物体温异常的实验观察

目的观察急性弓形虫感染对实验动物体温的影响,探讨弓形虫感染后,机体可能出现的新发病体征方法将实验小鼠随机分为3组:1组为空白对照组,另2组分别感染弓形虫RH株和AH株。以恒定的条件测量小鼠体温,同时观察发病情况。结果感染前的小鼠基础体温为37.5~38℃,小鼠感染弓形虫RH株速殖子后第3 d发病,体温即开始下降,每天下降2~3℃,最低降至28℃,动物死亡。AH株感染小鼠第8 d发病,体温开始下降,每天下降1~3℃,最低降至32℃以下,动物死亡,体温下降不低于32℃的动物可渡过低体温期,即急性发病期,得以存活。对照组小鼠体温未发生明显变化。结论体温下降可能是小鼠弓形虫急性感染发病的一个重要体征。     

实验动物在弓形虫病研究中的应用

弓形虫病 (toxoplasmosis)是一种呈世界性分布的寄生虫病 ,可致人的弓形虫性脑炎、弓形虫性脉络膜视网膜炎、孕妇流产、死胎、胎儿畸形等。作为机会性细胞内寄生原虫 ,弓形虫 (Toxoplasmagondii)尤其对免疫功能受累患者 ,如艾滋病病人、器官移植患者等 ,造成严重乃至致命的威胁。弓形虫病又是一种人兽共患病 ,可引起山羊、绵羊、牛等反刍动物的流产、死胎等 ,给畜牧业造成巨大的经济损失。随着宠物的兴起 ,作为弓形虫惟一终末宿主的猫以及起机械传播作用的犬与人们的关系越来越密切 ,在弓形虫病的传播中起着尤为重要的作用。因此如何全面揭…     

不同方法的灭菌饲料饲喂清洁级KM小鼠的效价分析

目的通过饲养实验,分析同一来源颗粒饲料,经60↑Co-γ射线辐照灭菌和高温高压灭菌处理后饲喂清洁级KM小鼠的效价。为清洁级动物饲料寻找最佳灭菌方法和最低耗料成本提供参考依据。方法在清洁级屏障系统内将21日龄的健康KM小鼠离乳后♀♂各半均随机分为2组,分别饲喂不同方法处理的饲料,每周称重1次并统计绘制曲线图,成熟后同组内随机交配,记录繁殖情况,计算出胎间隔、离乳率、生殖指数等繁殖指标,进行统计学分析。结果同一周龄吃60↑Co-γ射线辐照灭菌饲料组小鼠的体重明显比吃高压灭菌饲料组的小鼠重。虽然高压灭菌颗粒饲料的单价比经60↑Co-γ射线辐照灭菌的低且耗料量少,但离乳鼠的体重,生长速度及母鼠的各项生殖指标均差于后者。结论 60↑Co-γ射线辐照灭菌的颗粒饲料用于清洁级KM小鼠生产繁殖的效价比高,是目前比较理想的灭菌方式。     

全反式维甲酸诱导LoVo细胞分化的动物实验研究

目的：研究经全反式维甲酸（ＡＴＲＡ）诱导分化的结肠癌细胞株（ＬｏＶｏ细胞）在裸鼠体内的致瘤性。方法：将ＡＴＲＡ作用下经５次和１０次传代的ＬｏＶｏ细胞接种于裸鼠皮下,观察移植瘤生长情况。用扫描电镜观察肿瘤细胞的超微结构,用免疫组化法分析肿瘤细胞癌胚抗原（ＣＥＡ）的表达及分泌粘液的性质。结果：经５次传代实验组与对照组裸鼠均有移植瘤形成,但实验组移植瘤生长明显受抑制（Ｐ〈０．０５）。经１０次传代实验组裸     

自身免疫性肝炎小鼠动物实验模型的建立

为了有效地防治慢性肝炎,Ｌｏｈｓｅ等［１］对纯系小鼠ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ,Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６,Ｃ３Ｈ／Ｈｅ用同系小鼠ＬＳＰ与Ｆｒｅｕｎｄ完全佐剂一起进行免疫,成功地复制出免疫肝损伤动物模型。通过比较发现,Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６ 小鼠对此种免疫攻击方式最敏感,在实验中免疫６次后,小鼠均出现了类似人类肝炎的肝细胞坏死及汇管区较严重的炎细胞浸润,我们参考上述方法,做适当改进,复制出Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６小鼠自身免疫性肝炎动物模型。 一、材料与方法 １．研究对象：５周龄雄性Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６小鼠１３０只。由重庆医科大学动物中心提供．小鼠…     

结核菌实验动物探讨

本文用标准人型结核菌 H_(37)Rv 对8个品系小鼠进行了结核菌的敏感性检测。结果昆明鼠和 C_(57)BL/6N 鼠较另外6个品系小鼠敏感。鉴于 C_(57)BL/6N 鼠是近交系小鼠,具有遗传特性专一,个体差异小,重复性较大而优于远交系昆明鼠。因此,我们认为,除豚鼠之外用 C_(57)BL/6N 鼠作结核菌的实验动物更合适。     

KM种白内障小鼠的剖腹净化研究

目的应用剖宫产方法取得白内障仔鼠,建立SPF级动物模型。方法对妊娠20 d的孕鼠在临产前进行剖宫产手术,再用SPF级KM种小鼠代乳,净化后的白内障仔鼠进行繁殖扩群。结果用SPF级KM种小鼠代乳净化白内障小鼠可以达到生物净化与建立动物模型的目的;KM种鼠的仔鼠成活率69.7%,白内障鼠的仔鼠成活率72.8%;KM种鼠和白内障小鼠的受孕率分别为42.5%和27.1%。结论 KM种白内障小鼠的剖腹净化、繁殖扩群是可行的,白内障小鼠剖腹净化仔鼠成活率较KM种小鼠仔鼠成活率高。     

非支气管哮喘嗜酸粒细胞性支气管炎的最新进展

非支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)嗜酸粒细胞性支气管炎(nonasthmatic eosinophilie bronchitis,NAEB)以慢性咳嗽为主要症状,无明显临床体征,肺影像学与肺功能正常,无气道高反应性,应用抗生素治疗无效,而应用糖皮质激素治疗有效,由于诱导痰液中嗜酸粒细胞≥3%而称为NAEB.其病因与发病机制尚不清楚,近年在病机、诊断程序及治疗方面取得较大进展.本文就近年对该病的认识作一综述.     

变应性咳嗽患者痰白三烯的测定及意义

目的 研究白三烯(leukotriene,LT)在变应性咳嗽(atopic cough,AC)患者和健康成人痰液中的水平,探讨LT在AC中的发病机制.方法 选取23例确诊为AC患者,并以20例健康成人做对照,通过酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)检测诱导痰中白三烯C4 (LTC4)、白三烯D4 (LTD4),比较2组诱导痰LT水平有无差异.结果 AC组LTC4水平较健康对照组显著增高(t=5.212,P＜0.05),而LTD4水平与健康成人相比差异无统计学意义(t =1.457,P＞0.05).结论 LT可能在AC的发病中起到重要作用,临床常规检测痰液中LT水平可有效指导合理用药.     

高渗盐水诱导痰细胞学检查在儿童慢性咳嗽诊断中的意义

目的 探讨高渗盐水诱导痰细胞学检查在儿童慢性咳嗽病因诊断中的意义.方法 选择2007年1月至2007年12月广州医学院第一附属医院儿科门诊及住院的198例慢性非特异性咳嗽患儿,参考2006年ACCP《儿童慢性咳嗽临床循证实践指南》的诊断程序进行病因诊断,所有患儿均进行高渗盐水诱导痰细胞学检查,比较不同病因的慢性咳嗽儿童诱导痰细胞学分类的差异.同时选择159名健康儿童作为对照.结果 198例慢性咳嗽患儿中有175例痰诱导成功,成功率为88.4％,不良反应发生率为10.1％,主要表现为咽痒、恶心、咳嗽、头晕,停止诱导后可缓解.对175例痰诱导成功的慢性咳嗽患儿病因进行分析,获得明确诊断的有164例(93.7％),分别是咳嗽变异性哮喘(CVA) 65例(37.1％)、上气道咳嗽综合征(UACS)52例(29.7％)、感染后咳嗽(PIC)37例(21.1％)、嗜酸粒细胞性支气管炎(EB)4例(2.3％)、胃食管反流性咳嗽(GERC)4例(2.3％)、肺结核(TB)1例(0.6％)、气道异物1例(0.6％),病因未明11例(6.3％).CVA、UACS、PIC是本组慢性咳嗽患儿最常见的病因.按年龄分为三组,Ⅰ组(4～6岁)51例(29.1％),Ⅱ组(7～11岁)66例(37.7％),Ⅲ组(12～14岁)58例(33.1％).不同年龄组病因分布差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).不同病因组与正常对照组,以及不同病因组之间诱导痰细胞学分类差异有统计学意义(P ＜0.05).结论 在儿童开展高渗盐水诱导痰细胞学检查是安全和成功率较高的检测手段,对儿童慢性咳嗽病因诊断起着重要作用.     

变应性咳嗽的研究进展

变应性咳嗽以慢性咳嗽为主要表现，无明显临床体征，肺影像学与肺功能正常，无气道高反应性，应用组胺拮抗剂和糖皮质激素有效，患者本人具有变应性体质，因支气管肺泡灌洗液无嗜酸粒细胞而称为变应性咳嗽。其病因与发病机制尚不清楚，近年在病机、诊断程序及治疗方面取得较大进展。     

糖皮质激素佐治感染后咳嗽的疗效观察

目的观察糖皮质激素对感染后咳嗽的治疗效果。方法选择病例分成观察组（40例），对照组（40例），观察组在常规应用止咳化痰药的基础上加用强的松30mg/d，3-7天。比较治疗前后的症状评分。结果观察组的各种症状好转明显优于对照组（P〈0.001）。结论糖皮质激素短期应用后，可有效地改善感染后咳嗽的各种症状。     

水红花子对小鼠免疫性肝损伤的影响

目的:观察人用口服剂量40倍的水红花子对免疫性肝损伤小鼠形态学、生理生化学方面的影响,为临床安全用药提供依据。方法:观察水红花子20g.kg-1.d-1对BCG/LPS致免疫性肝损伤模型小鼠肝脏病理变化及血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)活性,肝组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果:水红花子组免疫性肝损伤小鼠肝脏病理损伤明显,血清ALT、AST均显著升高(P<0.01),肝组织SOD值明显下降(P<0.05),MDA明显升高(P<0.05)。结论:人用口服剂量40倍的水红花子可提高免疫性肝损伤小鼠的肝脏损伤程度,具有肝毒性,临床不可长期过量服用。     

Pepsin and bile acids in induced sputum of chronic cough patients

One of the theories which explain, why gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD) may provoke cough, is the occurrence of aspiration of gastric content into the airways. The aim of the study was to assess the presence of aspiration markers: pepsin and bile acids (BA) in induced sputum in gastroesophageal reflux-related (GOR-related) chronic cough (CC) patients. Forty-one CC patients and 20 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. GORD as cause of CC was diagnosed by presence of GORD-related symptoms, gastroscopy and/or improvement of cough upon treatment with proton pump inhibitors (PPI). Patients were divided into two groups based on the response to PPI treatment. In all patients and healthy controls induced sputum was obtained and differential cell counts were calculated. Levels of pepsin and BA were measured in sputum supernatants. Pepsin was detectable in 48.8% samples in CC patients and in 60% healthy controls (p?=?NS). In pepsin positive samples no significant difference in pepsin concentration could be found between CC patients and control subjects. Pepsin levels in pepsin positive samples were significantly decreased in patients treated with PPI compared to non-treated patients. BA were detectable in 56% samples of CC patients and in 70% healthy controls (p?=?NS). BA concentration in BA positive samples in CC group was not different from healthy controls. There was also no difference when comparing patients who took PPI and those who did not. Patients characterized as PPI-responders and PPI-non-responders had similar pepsin and BA concentrations. Airway cellularity was not significantly different between groups of patients with or without pepsin or BA in induced sputum. Our results demonstrated the lack of differences in gastric content aspiration between patients with probable GOR-related CC and healthy control subjects. This might imply that the reflex cough theory may be more relevant than the reflux-associated aspiration theory in the pathophysiology of GORinduced chronic cough.     

Prevalence of respiratory symptoms and cases suspicious for tuberculosis among public health clinic patients in Afghanistan, 2005–2006: Perspectives on recognition and referral of tuberculosis cases

Objectives  To assess diagnosis and management of suspected pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) among patients with respiratory complaints attending Comprehensive Health Centers (CHCs) in Afghanistan.
Methods  Consecutive consenting patients presenting with respiratory complaints at 24 health centres in eight provinces were enrolled between November 2005 and February 2006. Demographics, health histories, clinic provider and study representative exam findings and diagnoses, and diagnostic test results were recorded. Correlates of TB-suggestive symptoms (defined as cough >2 weeks and/or haemoptysis) were assessed by logistic regression.
Results  There were 1401 participants; 24.6% ( n  = 345) were children (age 17 or under). The TB-suggestive symptoms of cough >2 weeks and/or haemoptysis were reported by 407 (31.3%) and 44(3.3%), respectively, with 39 participants reporting both symptoms. Of 413 participants reporting TB-suggestive symptoms, only 178 (43%) were diagnosed as having suspected TB; 22.0% received no clinical diagnosis. Suspected TB was significantly associated with having a household member residing in a refugee camp within the last 2 years (OR = 6.0; 95% CI: 4.1–8.7), seven or more people sleeping in the same room (OR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.4–2.6) and cooking with a wood fire in the sleeping room (OR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.2–2.2) in univariate analysis.
Conclusions  Diagnostic sensitivity by the health worker for possible cases of pulmonary TB was low, as 22% of persons with suspected tuberculosis received no diagnosis. Further, some common/chronic respiratory ailments were under-diagnosed. There is great need for improved practical training and continuing education in pulmonary disease diagnosis for clinical health workers.     

Induced sputum eosinophils in the assessment of asthma and chronic cough

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate induced sputum eosinophils in asthma and chronic cough. DESIGN: This was an analytical, cross-sectional study set in an ambulatory respiratory clinic. SUBJECTS: Subjects (n=75) referred for evaluation of symptomatic asthma or episodic respiratory symptoms had a clinical assessment, spirometry, hypertonic saline challenge and induced sputum. Two diagnostic groups were identified. The first group comprised subjects with symptomatic asthma and variable airway obstruction (VAO) (n=32). The second group included subjects with episodic respiratory symptoms and no VAO (n=43). RESULTS: The prevalence of eosinophilic bronchitis (eosinophils >2.75%) was greatest in asthma (n=14, 44%), compared to the episodic respiratory symptoms group (n=9, 21%, P = 0.02). Clinical variables did not predict increased eosinophils (P > 0.05). Sputum eosinophils were highest in asthmatics not using inhaled corticosteroids (6.5% vs 0.5%, P = 0.02). Sputum neutrophils were higher in subjects using inhaled corticosteroid (53% vs 25%, P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Airway inflammation with eosinophilia was common among patients presenting to a respiratory clinic, especially those with asthma who were not using inhaled corticosteroids. Induced sputum also identified eosinophilic bronchitis in those without asthma. It was not possible to detect the presence or absence of airway eosinophilia by routine clinical assessment. The results in this study imply that the assessment of induced sputum eosinophils may be a useful guide to therapy, especially in the assessment of persistent symptoms in asthmatics on corticosteroids, and in the assessment of non-asthmatic subjects with symptoms.