缺血性脑白质病变患者前瞻性记忆损害

目的 了解缺血性脑白质病变(WMIL)患者前瞻性记忆改变的情况,初步探讨WMIL患者基于事件的前瞻性记忆(EBPM)和基于时间的前瞻性记忆(TBPM)损害的特点.方法 建立前瞻性记忆的神经心理学测验方法,测试年龄、受教育程度等相匹配的30例对照者和30例WMIL患者的EBPM和TBPM.结果 WMIL患者的TBPM成绩(分)较对照组明显损害(2.2±1.4、5.0±1.1,t=-8.483.P<0.01),而EBPM成绩(分)较对照组差异无统计学意义(4.3±1.6、4.0±1.5,t=0.667,P>0.05);且TBPM成绩与白质病变严重程度、白质病变对脑内胆碱能通路的损伤程度均呈负相关(r=-0.387、-0.416,均P<0.05).结论 WMIL患者存在前瞻性记忆的损害,表现为TBPM损害突出,且病变越严重TBPM损害越明显,而EBPM却相对正常;WMIL患者TBPM损害程度与其对脑内胆碱能通路的损伤程度相关,提示胆碱能通路损害可能参与TBPM的发病机制.     

颞叶癫痫对前瞻性记忆的影响

目的 探讨颞叶癫痫对基于事件的前瞻性记忆(event-based prospective memory,EBPM)和基于时间的前瞻性记忆(time-based prospective memory,TBPM)的影响,验证颞叶参与前瞻性记忆的神经机制假说.方法 采用McDaniel等建立的前瞻性记忆神经心理学试验方法,测试62例颞叶癫痫患者(33例服用抗癫痫药物和29例未服用药物,颞叶癫痫组)和年龄、教育程度相匹配的30名健康者(健康对照组)的EBPM和TBPM.结果 颞叶癫痫组简易精神状态检查(MMSE)、数字广度测试(DS)、词汇流畅性测试(VFT)的成绩均低于健康对照组,且MMSE、VFT两组间差异有统计学意义.与健康对照组[ EBPM测试(6.83±1.34)分,TBPM测试(5.00±1.70)分]相比,颢叶癫痫组的EBPM测试[(3.95±2.77)分]和TBPM测试[(3.08±2.42)分]的成绩差异均有统计学意义(t=6.72、4.39,均P＜0.01),且TBPM测试得分均低于EBPM.其中服药和未服药两组间EBPM测试成绩[(3.82±2 70)、(4.10±2.90)分]差异无统计学意义(t=-0.40,P ＞0.05),两组间TBPM测试成绩[(2.55±2.20)、(3.69±2.55)分]差异亦无统计学意义(t=-1.90,P＞0.05).结论 颞叶癫痫患者存在前瞻性记忆损害,提示颞叶参与前瞻性记忆的神经机制过程;与EBPM相比,TBPM损害更明显,提示TBPM需要更多的自我发动过程.     

早期未治疗帕金森病患者前瞻性记忆损害和事件相关电位改变的特点

目的 探讨早期未治疗PD患者前瞻性记忆损害情况和事件相关电位(ERPs)改变的特点.方法 选择自2007年1月至2010年10月在河南省人民医院神经内科门诊确诊的早期未治疗的PD患者33例(PD组)和同期该家医院31名健康体检者(健康对照组)进行研究,研究项目包括基于事件的前瞻性记忆(EBPM)、基于时间的前瞻性记忆(TBPM)和ERPs综合检查.结果 PD组EBPM和TBPM评分均明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜ 0.05); PD组N2、P300潜伏期均较健康对照组明显延长,P300波幅与对照组比较明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).相关分析结果显示,PD患者的P300潜伏期与EBPM和TBPM均呈明显正相关,r值分别为0.628、0.582,P值均为0.000.结论 早期未治疗PD患者存在EBPM和TBPM损害；P300潜伏期可作为判定PD患者EBPM和TBPM损害程度的电生理指标.     

遗忘型轻度认知损害患者的前瞻性记忆障碍

目的 探讨遗忘型轻度认知损害(amnesia mild cognitive impairment,aMCI)患者前瞻性记忆(prospective memory,PM)改变的特征,初步了解基于事件的PM(event-based prospective memory,EBPM)和基于时间的PM(time-based prospective memory,TBPM)在aMCI患者中的损害情况.方法 建立PM的神经心理学测验方法,对30例aMCI患者以及年龄、受教育程度相匹配的30名健康老年人进行测试.结果 与健康对照组[EBPM:(2.33±0.66)分、TBPM:(4.90±1.03)分]相比,aMCI组的EBPM成绩[(0.90±1.09)分]和TBPM成绩[(4.23 ±1.14)分]差异均有统计学意义(t=-6.143,P<0.01;t=-2.383,P<0.05).结论 aMCI患者的记忆障碍不仅表现为回顾性记忆(retrospective memory,RM)损害,PM损害可能更为突出,且EBPM的损害程度大于TBPM和RM,提示EBPM的测查可能有利于aMCI的早期识别.     

重症肌无力患者基于事件和基于时间的前瞻性记忆研究

目的探讨重症肌无力(MG)患者前瞻性记忆(PM)的损害情况。方法运用经典PM的神经心理学测验方法,分别检测MG组和正常对照组(NC组)的基于事件的PM(EBPM)和基于时间的PM(TBPM)。结果 MG患者的EBPM得分(EBPM=5.9±1.1)明显低于NC组(EBPM=7.4±0.9)(t=-4.785,P0.01),而两组间的TBPM差异无统计学意义(MG组:TBPM=5.3±0.6,NC组:TBPM=5.5±0.7)(t=-0.668,P0.05)。结论 MG患者的EBPM存在损害,而TBPM无明显损害。     

老年人前瞻性记忆损害的研究

目的 了解健康老年人前瞻性记忆改变的情况,初步探讨老年人基于事件的前瞻性记忆(EBPM)和基于时间的前瞻性记忆(TBPM)损害程度的区别.方法 建立前瞻性记忆的神经心理学测验方法,测试教育程度相匹配的40名健康老年人和40名健康成年人的EBPM和TBPM.结果 与成年组[EBPM(6.25±1.60)分;TBPM(5.38±0.87)分]相比,老年组的EBPM[(2.50±0.85)分和TBPM(4.93±1.07)分]均较成年组差(P＜0.01,P＜0.05),而EBPM损伤指数的差异亦有统计学意义(P＜0.01).老年组前瞻性记忆的EBPM和TBPM存在双分离.结论 老年人存在前瞻性记忆的损害,EBPM损害较TBPM损害更为显著.EBPM和TBPM的双分离表明其可能有不同的神经机制,推测额叶可能特异性地参与了EBPM.     

前额叶损伤患者基于事件和基于时间的前瞻性记忆损害

目的探讨前额叶(PFC)损伤患者基于事件的前瞻性记忆(EBPM)和基于时间的前瞻性记忆(TBPM)的损害情况,验证PFC参与前瞻性记忆神经机制的假说。方法建立前瞻性记忆的神经心理学测验方法,测试年龄、教育程度相匹配的30名健康人和30例前额叶损伤患者的EBPM和TBPM。结果与健康对照组[EBPM(6.00±1.91)分;TBPM(5.30±0.92)分]相比,前额叶损伤组的EBPM[(1.47±1.07)分]差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),而TBPM[(4.77±1.17)分]的差异却无统计学意义(P>0.05)。左右侧PFC损伤组的EBPM[(1.40±1.12)、(1.64±1.01)分]和TBPM[(4.60±1.06)、(4.86±1.29)分]的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论前额叶损伤患者的EBPM存在损害,而TBPM却相对正常,这说明EBPM和TBPM可能有着不同的脑机制。相对于TBPM,前额叶可能更多地参与了EBPM的认知加工。     

阿尔茨海默病的前瞻性记忆损害

目的 探讨阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer's disease,AD）患者前瞻性记忆(prospective memory,PM)改变的特征,初步了解基于事件的前瞻性记忆(EBPM)和基于时间的前瞻性记忆( TBPM)在早期AD患者中的损害情况。方法 建立前瞻性记忆的神经心理学测验方法,测试20例AD患者（AD组）以及年龄、教育程度相匹配的20例遗忘型轻度认知损害（amnesia mild cognitive impairment,aMCI）患者（aMCI组）及30名健康人（NC组）。结果 与NC组及aMCI组前瞻性记忆(2.23 +0.77、4.83+1.09,1.00+1.03、3.10±1.52)及情景记忆成绩(0.70±0.12、0.66 +0.16,0.45±0.07、0.54±0.10)相比,AD组的成绩(0.20±0.41、2.05±1.43,0.33±0.12、0.32±0.10)差异均有统计学意义,而EBPM的成绩差异更明显（t=-2.792,P＜0.01;t=-10.761,P＜0.01）。结论 早期AD患者的记忆障碍不仅表现为情景记忆的损害,前瞻性记忆损害可能更为突出,且AD的前瞻性记忆损害与aMCI患者呈现了一致性,提示前瞻性记忆的早期测查可能会有利于AD的早期诊断。     

慢性精神分裂症前瞻性记忆损害与回顾性记忆损害分析

目的分析慢性精神分裂症患者前瞻性记忆(prospective memory,PM)与回顾性记忆(retrospective memory,RM)损害状况,探讨慢性精神分裂症患者PM与RM的关联。方法纳入50例慢性精神分裂症患者和50名正常对照,用中文版剑桥前瞻性记忆测试量表(Cambridge prospective memory test,C-CAMPROMPT)评估基于事件的前瞻性记忆(event-based PM,EBPM)和基于时间的前瞻性记忆(time-based PM,TBPM),数字序列(digital span,DS)测验评估工作记忆(working memory,WM),逻辑记忆(logical memory)测验和视觉再现(visual reproduction,VR)测验分别评估即刻听觉逻辑记忆(immediate auditory logical memory,IALM)、延迟性听觉逻辑记忆(delayed auditory logical memory,DALM)和即刻视觉再现记忆(immediate visual reproduction memory,IVRM)、延迟性视觉再现记忆(delayed visual reproduction memory,DVRM),并根据标准分数将患者各量表得分转换为可进行量表间比较的损伤指数。结果患者组的EBPM[(7.9±3.4)vs.(13.7±2.9)]、TBPM[(6.9±3.6)vs.(13.0±3.2)]、DS-顺背[(5.8±2.0)vs.(7.5±2.2)]、DS-倒背[(6.5±1.9)vs.(8.2±2.8)]、IALM[(8.3±3.1)vs.(11.9±2.5)]、DALM[(7.4±3.7)vs.(11.8±2.6)]、IVRM[(8.0±2.7)vs.(11.2±3.8)]及DVRM[(7.7±3.5)vs.(10.8±2.7)]得分均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05);患者组EBPM损伤指数和TBPM损伤指数均大于DS-顺背损伤指数、DS-倒背损伤指数、IALM损伤指数、IVRM损伤指数、DVRM损伤指数(均P<0.05),与DALM损伤指数差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。患者组PM总分与除IVRM(P=0.155)外RM各测验得分的相关关系均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论慢性精神分裂症患者存在前瞻性记忆和回顾性记忆损害,前瞻性记忆损害较回顾性记忆损害严重,且两种损害相互关联。     

早期未治疗帕金森病患者情绪记忆损害的特点

目的 探讨早期未治疗帕金森病(PD)患者情绪记忆损害的特点。方法 利用标准的情绪图片(包括正性、负性和中性效价)对33例PD患者和31名年龄、性别和教育程度相匹配的健康对照组进行情绪记忆测试。结果 与对照组[负性(13.4±1.4)分]相比,PD组[(8.9±1.0)分]负性情绪效价图片再认成绩差异有统计学意义(t= - 14.87,P＜0.01);PD组正性[(11.8±1.0)分]和中性[(7.9±1.4)分]情绪效价图片再认成绩与对照组[正性(12.4±2.2)分,中性(8.2±1.3)分]比,差异均无统计学意义。结论 早期未治疗PD患者负性效价情绪记忆存在损害,而正性和中性效价情绪记忆相对保留。     

慢性原发性失眠患者的前瞻性记忆研究

目的 探讨慢性失眠对患者前瞻性记忆的损害情况.初步探讨慢性失眠引起前瞻性记忆损害的可能神经机制.方法 采用前瞻性记忆的神经心理学测试方法,对42例慢性原发性失眠患者及40名正常睡眠者进行基于事件和基于时间的前瞻性记忆测试.结果 与正常睡眠组[(5.58±0.35)分]比较,慢性原发性失眠组[(3.44±0.40)分]患者基于事件的前瞻性记忆差异有统计学意义(t=3.933,P=0.000);基于事件的前瞻性记忆的回溯成分差异无统计学意义(t=1.308,P =0.195);基于时间的前瞻性记忆差异无统计学意义(t=0.787,P=0.433);基于时间的前瞻性记忆的同溯成分差异无统计学意义(Z=-0.776,P=0.437).结论 慢性失眠影响患者基于事件的前瞻性记忆,而基于时间的前瞻性记忆及同溯成分相对正常.     

The prospective memory of patients with idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder

BackgroundIdiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) likely represents the prodromal stage of synucleinopathy. The present study was to investigate if there was prospective memory (PM) impairment and the relationship between different PM tasks and traditional cognitive tests in patients with iRBD.MethodsA total of 28 patients with iRBD, 25 with Parkinson's disease (PD) and 21 healthy controls were included. The Cambridge Prospective Memory Test (CAMPROMPT) was used to measure the PM including time-based (TBPM) and event-based PM (EBPM). Standard cognitive tests were administered to all participants.ResultsEBPM scores were lower only in patients with iRBD, while the obvious PM abnormalities were found in patients with PD. The patients with iRBD and PD performed worse on delayed recall of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) and copy of the Rey–Osterrieth complex figure (ROCF). The EBPM correlated with attention, executive function, and immediate memory besides working memory in patients with iRBD. The PM tasks involved in more memory functions in PD patients.ConclusionsThe patients with iRBD were impaired on both episodic memory and EBPM tasks that correlated with attention, executive function, and immediate memory. The PM abnormality was an early cognitive change in iRBD to which more attention should be paid more attention.     

Prospective memory impairment in patients with white matter lesions

Objective: A vast majority of the episodic memory literature in white matter lesions (WML) had focused on “retrospective memory (RM)”, little was known about prospective memory (PM) in WML patients. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of WML patients on event-based prospective memory (EBPM) and time-based prospective memory (TBPM). In addition, our study attempted to understand the possible mechanisms of PM damage in WML patients.

Methods: A total of 42 WML patients and 40 age and education level matched healthy controls were included. EBPM (an action whenever particular words were presented) and TBPM (an action at certain times) were performed to test the involvement of PM in WML. The extent of WML within cholinergic pathways were assessed using the cholinergic pathways hyperintensities scale (CHIPS).

Results: A significant difference was found in the performance of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) (21.8?±?3.9 vs. 26.6?±?1.7, p?<?0.05) and TBPM (2.88?±?1.21 vs. 4.27?±?0.78, p?<?0.05), but not Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) (26.9?±?2.8 vs. 27.3?±?1.2, p?>?0.05) and EBPM (3.62?±?1.25 vs.4.47?±?1.11, p?>?0.05) in WML patients compared with the healthy controls. Moreover, TBPM and MOCA scores were negatively correlated with CHIPS scores.

Conclusions: WML patients were impaired in TBPM but not in EBPM, supporting that EBPM and TBPM have different neural mechanisms. Our results demonstrated that WML are involved in the TBPM probably by affecting the central cholinergic pathway.     

Errorless learning of prospective memory tasks: An experimental investigation in people with memory disorders

The term prospective memory (PM) refers to memory for future intentions. PM problems are frequent in people with cognitive impairment and, because they are central to the realisation of many everyday goals, are important in rehabilitation. Event-based PM tasks (EBPM) are environmentally-cued and have primarily mnemonic demands, whereas time-based PM tasks (TBPM) require self-initiated retrieval, and have greater executive demands. Errorless learning (EL) is an encoding method that results in superior retrospective memory compared with “errorful” learning (EF). As this EL advantage (ELA) likely stems from its reduced explicit memory demands, and there is no such advantage for executive tasks, a greater ELA for EBPM than TBPM was predicted. Fourteen adults with neurological memory impairment completed PM tasks under four counterbalanced conditions: EL of EBPM, EL of TBPM, EF of EBPM, and EF of TBPM. A significant ELA was observed for EBPM (d = .63), but not TBPM (d = –.01). These results extend the evidence for EL within cognitive rehabilitation, by showing for the first time that the method can benefit future action in addition to retrospective memory. The clinical implications are also clear: errorless learning techniques may be usefully employed to support completion of day-to-day EBPM tasks.     

帕金森病患者记忆监测与情景记忆的相关研究

目的 研究帕金森病患者( Parkinson's disease,PD)对情景记忆监测情况,并进一步探讨PD患者情景记忆障碍的可能机制.方法 建立情景记忆知晓感(feeling of knowing-episodic memory,FOK-EM)判断的试验范式,对25例PD患者和25名年龄及教育程度相匹配的健康对照(HC)者进行研究.结果 与HC组的FOK-EM的回忆率(39.67％±6.11％)、再认率(58.42％±7.50％)以及FOK判断准确率(0.61 ±0.22)比较,PD患者组FOK-EM的回忆率(19.33％±5.10％)、再认率(45.93％±7.82％)以及FOK判断准确率(-0.18±0.46)显著降低,差异均有统计学意义(t=-4.833,P＜0.01;t=-2.497,P＜0.05;t=-5.986,P＜0.01);FOK-EM的肯定判断/正确再认成绩(20.47％±10.78％)以及肯定判断/错误再认成绩(即高估,29.53％±5.62％)与HC组的肯定判断/正确再认成绩(39.47％±9.47％)以及肯定判断/错误再认成绩(即高估,13.90％±5.50％)之间差异有统计学意义(t =3.564,P＜0.05;t=2.306,P＜0.05),且Stroop效应与FOK-EM的肯定判断/错误再认成绩呈正相关(r =0.640,P＜0.01).结论 PD患者的情景记忆监测受损,表现为对自身再认能力的高估.这种记忆监测受损与执行功能的损害相关,提示此机制可能是导致PD患者情景记忆障碍的重要因素.