中国多中心新生儿重症监护室胎龄小于34周早产儿出院前视网膜病变发生率的横断面调查

目的调查中国NICU胎龄34周早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)发生率。方法数据来源于"基于证据的质量改进方法降低我国新生儿重症监护室院内感染发生率的整群随机对照试验"所建立的早产儿临床数据库,收集25家三级NICU 2015年5月1日至2018年4月30日住院期间接受积极治疗、转出NICU或死亡前至少完成1次ROP筛查的胎龄34周早产儿的临床资料,分析不同胎龄及出生体重早产儿的ROP发生率、分期及治疗方式,并比较各单位间的差异。结果14 015例34周的早产儿在出院前或死亡前至少进行了1次ROP筛查,筛查阳性2 304例(16.4%),其中ROP1期1 092例(7.8%),ROP2期1 004例(7.2%),ROP 3～5期208例(1.5%)。胎龄28周早产儿ROP发生率为56.5%(578/1 023),3～5期ROP发生率为9.6%(98/1 023)。出生体重1 000 g和1 000～1 499 g早产儿ROP发生率分别为54.2%(465/858)和22.1%(1 411/6 381),3～5期ROP发生率分别为9.6%(82/858)和1.5%(95/6 381)。2 304例ROP早产儿在出院前188例(8.2%)接受治疗,其中眼内药物注射117例。各单位间ROP发生率存在显著差异。结论胎龄34周的早产儿的ROP发生率为16.4%,8.2%的ROP患儿接受治疗,其中62%采用玻璃体内注药,不同单位间ROP发生率差异显著。     

A national survey of the enteral feeding practices in Canadian neonatal intensive care units

AimNutrition affects the growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants, yet controversies exist about the optimal enteral feeding regime. The objective of this study was to compare enteral feeding guidelines in Canadian neonatal intensive care units (NICUs).MethodThe research team identified key enteral feeding practices of interest. Canadian Neonatal Network site investigators at 30 Level 3 NICUs were contacted to obtain a copy of their 2016 to 2017 feeding guidelines for infants who weighed less than 1,500 g at birth. Each guideline was reviewed to compare recommendations around the selected feeding practices.ResultsFive of the 30 NICUs did not have a feeding guideline. The other 25 NICUs used 22 different enteral feeding guidelines. The guidelines in 40% of those NICUs recommend commencing minimal enteral nutrition (MEN) within 24 hours of birth and maintaining that same feeding volume for 24 to 96 hours. In 40% of NICUs, the guideline recommended that MEN be initiated at a volume of 5 to 10 mL/kg/day for infants born at <1,000 g. Guidelines in all 25 NICUs recommend the use of bovine-based human milk fortifier (HMF), and in 56% of NICUs, it is recommended that HMF be initiated at a total fluid intake of 100 mL/kg/day. Guidelines in only 16% of NICUs recommended routine gastric residual checks. Donor milk and probiotics are used in 76% and 72% of the 25 NICUs, respectively.ConclusionThis study revealed substantial variability in recommended feeding practices for very low birth weight infants, underscoring the need to establish a national feeding guideline for this vulnerable group.     

Distribution of Retinopathy of Prematurity and Its Risk Factors

Objective

This study was conducted to determine the distribution and risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in premature infants referred to neonates intensive care unit (NICU) of central hospital of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, to obtain primary information on ROP in Kerman, Iran.

Methods

In a cross sectional prospective study, data of premature infants screened for ROP including possible risk factors and eye examination results were recorded during 2006-2008 and analyzed by using logistic regression and chi-square tests.

Findings

Out of 83 premature infants, 24 (29%) had different stages of ROP (CI 95%: 0.19-0.39). The infants’ mean gestational age (GA) and mean birth weight (BW) in ROP group were 30.17±1.8 weeks and 1247.92±237.1 grams (g), respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed a significant relation between GA and BW with ROP (P<0.001). Indication for treatment was set in 6 (25%) infants.

Conclusion

The results of this study illustrate a relatively high prevalence of ROP in this series. GA and BW were independent ROP determinants.     

Use of nonsterile instruments for examination for retinopathy of prematurity in the neonatal intensive care unit

OBJECTIVE: Use of nonsterile eyelid speculae and scleral depressors during screening examinations for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) violates existing infection control recommendations. The objective of this study was to characterize current instrument management and to estimate the prevalence of use of nonsterile instruments. STUDY DESIGN: NICU nurse managers were surveyed. Questionnaires were mailed to 735 NICUs from The United States Neonatologists and Perinatologists Directory. RESULTS: Of 300 surveys returned, 290 reported ROP examinations in their NICUs. Two hundred ten (72%) of 290 NICUs reported supplying instruments. Seventy-five (36%) of 210 NICUs supplying instruments reported a best practice on the basis of current guidelines. Twenty-six (9%) of 290 NICUs reported eye infections as a result of ROP examinations. Reported infection was more frequent (19%) among NICUs reporting reuse of instruments ( P =.019) and more frequent (17%) among NICUs in which ophthalmologists brought their own instruments ( P =.021). Only one (2%) NICU reporting best practice also reported eye infections ( P =.004). CONCLUSIONS: ROP instrument management is inconsistent within and between NICUs. Without the exclusive use of sterile instruments, an increased risk of nosocomial infection might exist. Greater attention to sterile instrument management is recommended.     

早产儿视网膜病危险因素分析(英文)

目的：早产儿视网膜病(ROP)是儿童视觉损害及致盲的重要原因之一。众多的研究表明低出生体重和低胎龄是ROP发病的主要危险因素。该文旨在探讨除出生体重和胎龄外,影响ROP发生的其他危险因素。方法：根据胎龄、出生体重进行配对,合并ROP的早产儿和未合并ROP的早产儿各32例进行对照研究,对20种可能的危险因素进行Logistic回归性分析。结果：氧疗时间(DOT)、最高动脉氧分压(MaxPaO2)、妊娠高血压(PIH)、生后3 d内最低pH值(MinpH)的比值比(OR)值分别为2.764、2.175、1.935、2.417(P<0.01)。建立的早产儿ROP危险因素主效应模型是Logit(P)=β0+1.265 DOT+1.034MaxPaO2+0.936 PIH-1.273 MinpH (χ2=25.634,P<0.01)。结论：氧疗时间长、高氧血症、妊娠高血压和酸中毒为ROP的高危因素。     

浙江地区早产儿视网膜病筛查1225例分析

目的 了解早产儿ROP发病状况,探索早产儿ROP筛查的临床策略.方法 按照"早产儿治疗痒和视网膜病变防治指南"中的ROP筛查标准用间接眼底镜对浙江两家医院新生儿监护室(NICU)住院的早产儿进行ROP筛查.结果 2005年3月至2008年11月间共筛查1225例住院早产儿,发生ROP132例(10.8%),高风险阈前ROP12例(0.98%),阈值ROP4例(0.3%);其中未吸氧的早产儿65例,发生低风险阈前ROP1例(1.5%);两者差异有极显著性意义(x2=5.115,P＜0.01).有与无ROP组出生体重或胎龄的比较,差异均有极显著意义(分别F=26.39,19.73,P＜0.001);与出生体重或胎龄呈负相关(r=-0.145,-0.126,P＜0.000).不同出生体重或胎龄的早产儿发生ROP的比较,差异亦有极显著意义(x2=39.53,31.40,P＜0.001);体重≤1000 g的早产儿发生ROP是体重＞1000 g的3倍多,胎龄≤28周的早产儿发生ROP是＞28周的2.5倍.性别和多胎与ROP无明显相关性,差异无统计学意义(x2=0.279,3.449,P＞0.05).高风险阈前和阈值ROP与患儿反复呼吸暂停、多次窒息抢救及当地用氧抢救史相关(r=0.54,0.57,0.57,P＜0.05).阈值ROP患儿均有氧依赖、反复呼吸暂停及窒息.结论 ROP的发生与出生体重和胎龄负相关,体重≤1000 g或胎龄≤28周的有吸氧史的早产儿在筛查中要予以特别关注;通过筛查,ROP及时发现并在阈值期得到治疗,减少了盲童.     

早产儿视网膜病血清血管内皮生长因子色素上皮衍生因子的检测和临床意义

目的 观察早产儿生后血清血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）和色素上皮衍生因子（PEDF）水平的动态变化，为早期诊断及预测早产儿视网膜病(ROP)提供依据。方法 从2006年6月至2007年1月复旦大学附属儿科医院新生儿病房的早产儿中按入选标准和排除标准确认研究对象。将出生体重≤2 000 g或胎龄≤34周的患儿进行ROP筛查，将发生ROP患儿作为ROP组；选取与ROP组胎龄和出生体重相匹配的早产儿作为ROP对照组。将未发生ROP的早产儿根据胎龄分为<32周，~33+6周和~36+6周3个胎龄组。所有入选早产儿生后第7、14、21、28和35天分别进行采血，分离血清，经ELISA法检测血清VEGF和PEDF的水平。采用SPSS 13.0中混合线性模型 重复数据测量、相关性分析、t检验和单变量方差分析法进行数据分析。结果 入选的早产儿共170例，其中6例在生后14 d内自动出院失访而排除，11例发生ROP。未发生ROP的153例早产儿中，<32周54例，~33+6周48例，~36+6周51例。各胎龄组血清VEGF水平随日龄的增长而下降（r=－0.167，P=0.000），与第7天比较，差异有统计学意义（第14天，P=0.010；第21天，P=0.000），而自21 d起基本保持稳定；血清PEDF水平在生后14 d内变化无统计学意义（P=0.713），14 d后随日龄的增长而升高（r=0.287，P=0.000），与第7天比较，差异有统计学意义（第21天，P=0.008；第28天，P=0.001；第35天，P=0.000）。胎龄对VEGF和PEDF水平的影响较出生体重显著，胎龄越小，生后血清VEGF和PEDF水平越高，在出生体重的协同作用下，胎龄与VEGF和PEDF水平均呈负相关（r=－0.162，P=0.027；r=－0.165，P=0.024）。早产儿生后PEDF/VEGF比值恒定，且随日龄的增长而升高（r=0.237，P=0.000）。ROP组血清VEGF（P=0.000）水平在生后21 d均较ROP对照组低，且随日龄的增长反有上升； PEDF水平随着日龄的增长未能体现上升趋势；PEDF/VEGF比值在生后第7天显著升高（P=0.036），生后35 d内随着日龄的增长反有下降（r=－0.449，P=0.047）。结论 发生ROP的早产儿血清VEGF、PEDF水平以及PEDF/VEGF比值在生后1～3周可有变化趋势的改变，提示若早产儿生后血清VEGF水平较同胎龄者低，且随着日龄的增长反有升高，PEDF水平随着日龄的增长未能升高，PEDF/VEGF比值在第7天显著升高，在生后28 d内随着日龄的增长反有下降，可能预示着ROP的发生。这可能有助于临床医生更早地预测ROP的发生，从而积极采取有效的干预措施预防和减轻ROP的发生。     

Follow up retrospective study of compliance with a standard of care for retinopathy of prematurity in one neonatal intensive care unit

A retrospective chart review was conducted to determine the impact of recently instituted guidelines on compliance with the standard of care for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in the Newborn Intensive Care Unit at the University of Utah Medical Center. In a previous study, it was found that infants eligible for participation in a National Institutes of Health-funded study of ROP were routinely receiving screening eye examinations, whereas infants who qualified for ROP screening according to the standard of care, but not eligible for the study, were seen infrequently. Consequently, a plan to improve the compliance with the standard of care for all infants who fit the standard criteria was implemented. The comparison revealed significant improvement in compliance rates. In one subgrouping of infants, compliance rose from three of 16 (18.75%) infants screened for ROP according to the standard of care, to nine of 11 (82%) infants screened for ROP according to the revised standard. This increase in compliance appears to be due to adherence to guidelines recommended in an earlier study, which included increasing staff awareness of the standard of care, designating a person to schedule and track infants who fit the screening criteria, and including the need for ROP screening on the admission and discharge summary.     

Phototherapy is commonly used for neonatal jaundice but greater control is needed to avoid toxicity in the most vulnerable infants

Aim

Limited information is available about how guidelines on phototherapy for neonatal jaundice are applied in practice and toxicity is a concern. We studied the use of phototherapy in relation to birthweight and gestational age (GA) in Norwegian neonatal intensive care units (NICUs).

Methods

The study population was all 5382 infants admitted to the 21 NICUs in Norway between September 1, 2013 and August 31, 2014. Data were recorded daily in the Norwegian Neonatal Network database and anonymised data on patient characteristics, diagnoses, duration, the ages at the start and discontinuation of phototherapy were analysed.

Results

More than a quarter (26.6%) of all infants admitted to Norwegian NICUs during the study period received phototherapy. The use of phototherapy was inversely related to GA and birthweight. More than 80% of the preterm infants under 28 weeks of GA received phototherapy. The duration was significantly longer in the lowest birthweight and GA groups and decreased with increasing birthweight and GA.

Conclusion

Phototherapy is proved to be a strong candidate for the most common therapeutic modality in NICU infants. However, in the light of reported toxicity in the smallest, most vulnerable infants, we recommend increased emphasis on quality control.     

Newborn screening with tandem mass spectrometry: examining its cost-effectiveness in the Wisconsin Newborn Screening Panel

OBJECTIVE: To examine the cost-effectiveness of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in a neonatal screening panel for 14 fatty acid oxidation and organic acidemia disorders in the Wisconsin Newborn Screening Program. STUDY DESIGN: An incremental cost-effectiveness analysis with a hypothetical cohort of 100,000 infants was performed. A threshold of $50,000/QALY (quality-adjusted life-year) was used to determine whether screening for medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD) alone is cost-effective or whether additional disorders would need to be incorporated into the analysis to arrive at a conclusion regarding the overall cost-effectiveness of MS/MS. RESULTS: Under conservative assumptions, screening for MCAD alone yields an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $41,862/QALY. With the use of more realistic assumptions, screening becomes more cost-effective ($6008/QALY) and remains cost-effective so long as the incremental cost of screening remains under $13.05 per test. Adding the incremental costs of detecting the 13 other disorders on the screening panel still yields a result well within accepted norms for cost-effectiveness ($15,252/QALY). CONCLUSIONS: In Wisconsin, MS/MS screening for MCAD alone appears to be cost-effective. Future analyses should examine the cost-effectiveness of alternative follow-up and treatment regimens for MCAD and other panel disorders.     

Maternal and neonatal factors associated with poor early weight gain and later retinopathy of prematurity

Aim: To identify factors associated with poor early weight gain as reflected in an alarm system, WINROP, and risk of later proliferative retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in infants with gestational age (GA) < 28 weeks. Methods: Infants with a WINROP alarm and proliferative ROP, the ‘alarm group’ (n = 23), were matched to GA and gender to a ‘no alarm group’ (n = 23) with no WINROP alarm and no or mild ROP. Retrospectively maternal variables, birth characteristics and neonatal factors, during the first three postnatal weeks, were compared. Results: The ‘alarm group’ had lower birth weight (BW) and BW standard deviation score, longer stay in ventilator, more insulin and corticosteroid treatments, and lower white blood cell count. In a logistic regression model, BW standard deviation score, insulin, low white blood cell count, absence of both elevated C‐reactive protein and premature rupture of membranes were associated with proliferative ROP and WINROP alarm (p = 0.000, r² = 0.704). Conclusions: This study shows that prenatal factors resulting in low BW have persisting effects on early postnatal growth, metabolism and inflammatory response. Future prospective studies will focus on the link between these factors and pathological retinal vessel development in the early postnatal period to find possible preventive strategies.     

Fluconazole prophylaxis in preterm infants: a multicenter case-controlled analysis of efficacy and safety

BackgroundFluconazole prophylaxis has demonstrated efficacy in single and multicenter randomized controlled trials without side effects or emergence of resistance. Additional evidence based on incidence of invasive Candida infections, multicenter data, resistance, and safety is desired.MethodsWe conducted a case-control analysis of efficacy and safety of fluconazole prophylaxis from a multicenter database from a neonatal infection study that included 2017 infants <1250 grams from 95 NICUs. Infants receiving intravenous antifungal prophylaxis were pre-identified during enrollment in the parent study. For each infant receiving antifungal prophylaxis (case), three infants not receiving antifungal (controls) were matched by birth weight (±50 g), by gestational age (±1 week), gender, and study site. Results: Fluconazole prophylaxis was administered to 127 patients [754±163 g birth weight (BW) and 25.4±1.7 weeks gestational age (GA)] and were compared with 399 control patients (756±163 g BW and 25.5±1.8 weeks GA). Invasive Candida infection occurred in 0.8% (1 of 127) infants who received fluconazole prophylaxis compared with 7.3% (29 of 399) of matched controls (p = 0.006). Candida bloodstream infection occurred in 0.8% (1 of 127) fluconazole prophylaxis infants compared with 5.5% (22 of 399) of matched controls (p = 0.02). There were no differences in late-onset sepsis due to gram-positive or gram-negative organisms, focal bowel perforation, necrotizing enterocolitis, cholestasis, or overall mortality.ConclusionFluconazole prophylaxis is safe and efficacious in preventing invasive Candida infections. Even in NICUs with a low incidence of invasive Candida infections, antifungal prophylaxis for high-risk infants is a proven and safe opportunity for infection prevention in these patients.     

早产儿早期血脂代谢特点及与新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征关系探讨

目的：了解早产儿早期血脂代谢特点及其与新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征（RDS）的关系。方法：将100例适于胎龄早产儿按胎龄或出生体重分组,并以40例足月适于胎龄儿作为对照组,于出生后12 h内静脉采血,测定血浆总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三脂（TG）,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）及高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）水平;另外,分别根据胎龄及出生体重进一步比较发生RDS与未发生RDS早产儿的血脂水平。结果：随胎龄及体重增加,TG水平呈递增趋势,28~30周组及31~33周组早产儿血浆TG水平均明显低于34~36周早产儿及足月儿（P<0.01）;出生体重≤1499 g组及1500~2499 g组早产儿血浆TG水平均明显低于出生体重≥2500 g早产儿及足月儿（P<0.05）,且出生体重≤1499 g组与1500~2499 g组早产儿之间TG水平差异亦有统计学意义（P<0.01）;而各组新生儿HDL-C、LDL-C及TC水平差异无统计学意义。RDS与非RDS早产儿血浆TC、LDL-C及HDL-C水平差异亦无统计学意义;但在胎龄28~30周组,RDS早产儿的TG水平比非RDS早产儿明显降低（P<0.05）;体重≤1499 g RDS早产儿TG水平低于非RDS早产儿（P<0.05）。结论：早产儿血脂水平与胎龄及体重相关,低TG水平可能是胎龄28~30周及体重≤1499 g早产儿出现RDS的原因之一。     

The Evidence-based Practice for Improving Quality method has greater impact on improvement of outcomes than dissemination of practice change guidelines and quality improvement training in neonatal intensive care units

OBJECTIVES:To determine whether outcome improvements achieved by neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in the Evidence-based Practice for Improving Quality (EPIQ) trial could be reproduced in other NICUs by providing quality improvement (QI) training and practice change guidelines developed during the EPIQ trial; and to examine whether the results of the EPIQ trial were sustained.METHODS:The present prospective before-after study included 5812 infants born at ≤32 weeks’ gestation and admitted to 19 level 3 NICUs in the Canadian Neonatal Network between October 1, 2005 and December 31, 2007. During a three-month baseline period, multi-disciplinary teams received general training in QI techniques at a two-day workshop, and practice change guidelines targeting nosocomial infection (NI) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) developed during the EPIQ trial were provided to all participants. Outcome data collected during the intervention period were compared with data from the baseline period and reported quarterly.RESULTS:In NICUs that had not previously participated in the EPIQ trial (non-EPIQ NICUs), there were no significant changes in the incidence trends of NI or BPD. However, within NICUs that had previously participated in the EPIQ trial (EPIQ NICUs) there was a continued reduction in the incidence trend of NI and BPD among EPIQ NICUs randomized during the trial to reduce NI and BPD, respectively.CONCLUSIONS:Providing NICUs with QI training and practice change guidelines developed during a successful QI initiative in other units is not effective. The authors speculate that successful practice change involves organizational culture and behaviour change, and should be driven by context-specific evidence.     

Incidence of retinopathy of prematurity requiring treatment in infants born greater than 30 weeks' gestation and with a birthweight greater than 1250 g from 1998 to 2002: a regional study

AIM: To ascertain the prevalence of significant Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) and ROP requiring treatment in infants born greater than 30 weeks gestation and with a birthweight greater than 1250 g, utilising the Neonatal Intensive Care Units' (NICUS) data collection from 1998 to 2002. Second, to determine whether infants delivered at more than 30 weeks gestation or with a birthweight greater than 1250 g require ROP screening. METHODS: A review of the New South Wales and Australian Capital Territory NICUS data collection from 1998 to 2002 was performed. Infants of gestational age 31-33 weeks and with a birthweight greater than 1250 g were included. A review was performed of these infants to ascertain stage of ROP, threshold disease and treatment for ROP. RESULTS: 2292 infants were greater than 30 weeks and had a birthweight greater than 1250 g. Of these 1386 (60%) were not examined or died prior to eye examination. No ROP was noted in 888 of the 904 infants examined (98%), 13 infants had stage 1 (1.4%), five infants stage 2 (0.6%) and no infant had stage 3 ROP. No infant developed stage 3 ROP, required treatment for ROP or had threshold disease. CONCLUSION: In this regional study of infants greater than 30 weeks gestation and with a birthweight greater than 1250 g, the prevalence of any ROP was low (2.0%). This study supports evidence from other studies that screening for ROP could be restricted, at least within our referral network, to infants less than 30 completed weeks and a birthweight less than 1250 g.     

Retinopathy of prematurity: Recommendations for screening

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a disorder of the developing retinal blood vessels of the preterm infant. New recommendations for screening and treatment of ROP have been published in the past few years. Current evidence suggests that screening infants with gestational ages of 30 6/7 weeks or less (regardless of birth weight) and birth weights of 1250 g or less is a strategy with a very small likelihood that an unscreened baby would have treatable ROP. Individual centres may choose to extend birth weight screening criteria to 1500 g. Initial screening should be performed at 31 weeks' postmenstrual age in infants with gestational ages of 26 6/7 weeks or less at birth, and at four weeks' chronological age in infants with gestational ages of 27 weeks or more at birth by an ophthalmologist skilled in the detection of ROP. Follow-up examinations are conducted according to the ophthalmologist's recommendation. Infants with high-risk prethreshold ROP and threshold ROP are referred for retinal ablative therapy. Developing processes for ROP screening, documenting results and communicating results to parents as well as health professionals involved in the infant's care are important responsibilities for all nurseries providing care for preterm infants.     

Low gestational age and chronic lung disease are synergistic risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity

Aims

This retrospective, population based study was designed to investigate risk factors for development of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and their possible interrelationships, in neonates of gestational age (GA) < 32 weeks born in a well-defined geographical region.

Study design—subjects

The study population included all preterm infants born alive with GA 24–32 weeks in Northwestern Greece during a 9-year period and hospitalised in the regional neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).

Outcome measurements

The association was assessed of the presence of ROP with maternal factors: age, pathology of pregnancy, in-vitro fertilisation, multiple gestation, mode of delivery, perinatal factors: gender, antenatal steroids, transportation, resuscitation, GA, birth weight (BW), small for GA status and postnatal morbidity: chronic lung disease (CLD), intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), maximum O₂ needs, hypoxic/hyperoxic episodes, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), sepsis, using multiple logistic regression analysis.

Results

Of 189 infants without congenital anomalies born at GA 24–32 weeks ROP was diagnosed in 24 (12.7%) (> grade 2: 6). Logistic regression analysis showed ROP to be strongly associated with GA, odds ratio (OR) 2.1, confidence interval (CI) 1.3–3.3, p < 0.01 and CLD, OR 10.2, CI 2.3–44, p < 0.01, respectively, independent of confounding factors. By estimating interaction on an additive scale it was shown that the combined risk effect of GA and CLD was larger than the sum of the individual risk effects, implying synergistic effect.

Conclusions

ROP was closely and independently related to both low GA and the diagnosis of CLD, which were interrelated in the development of ROP.     

Incidence and severity of retinopathy of prematurity in Vietnam,a developing middle-income country

BACKGROUND: Although retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a leading cause of childhood blindness, its impact in lower income countries is not well documented. The World Health Organization has proclaimed that infants at risk for ROP should have screening eye examinations and access to treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective study was conducted from January 1 through December 31, 2001, at Tu Du Hospital in Ho Chi Minh City for premature infants who weighed 1,500 g or less at birth or were 33 gestational weeks or younger. Serial examinations were used to classify ROP, and treatment outcomes were noted. RESULTS: Two hundred twenty-five consecutive infants were included in the data analysis. Birth weights ranged from 900 to 2,000 g (mean, 1,512 g). Gestational ages ranged from 26 to 36 weeks (mean, 31 weeks). ROP was present in 103 (45.8%) of the 225 infants. In infants who weighed 1,250 g or less at birth, the ROP rate was 81.2% (26 of 32 infants). Threshold ROP was present in 9.3% of the 225 infants but in 25% of the 32 infants. Twenty-four eyes received treatment, whereas 16 lacked the family resources. Of the 24 treated eyes, 18 (75%) had a favorable outcome. Of the 16 untreated eyes, only 3 had a favorable outcome. CONCLUSIONS: ROP incidence is high in Vietnam, similar to that in the United States. However, larger, older infants are at risk in Vietnam and the rate of severe ROP seems to be higher. This necessitates an ROP screening paradigm different from that currently used in the United States.     

The effect of an interventional program on adherence to the american academy of pediatrics guidelines for palivizumab prophylaxis

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of an interventional program designed to improve adherence to American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidelines for palivizumab prophylaxis. METHODS: The study was carried out at the Children's Hospital, University of California, Irvine Medical Center and its affiliated clinics. An interventional program focusing on education of health care workers on AAP guidelines, updating health care providers about respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) activity, as well as designating a single clinic with effective screening of referrals for administration of palivizumab, was implemented during the summer of 2004. The medical records of infants who had received at least 1 dose of palivizumab or were eligible to receive palivizumab during the 2003-2004 and the 2004-2005 RSV seasons at the University of California, Irvine Medical Center were reviewed. The proportion of patients who received injections according to AAP guidelines was compared. RESULTS: After the intervention, the proportion of patients who received palivizumab injections according to AAP recommendations increased from 39% to 61% (P < 0.0001). The program decreased the proportion of unnecessary injections significantly (140/525, or 27%, in 2003-2004 to 33/323, or 10%, in 2004-2005; P < 0.0001) but did not change the proportion of missing injections. The program resulted in a significant drop (14% to 2%; P < 0.0001) in proportion of palivizumab injections that were given too late, when RSV activity had subsided. RSV hospitalization rates did not change as a result of the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Our interventional program improved adherence to AAP guidelines mainly by decreasing the unnecessary palivizumab injections.     

早产儿视网膜血管发育成熟度的研究

目的 研究早产儿出生时视网膜血管的发育及其影响因素,与早产儿视网膜病(ROP)发生之间的关系.方法 2006年10至12月,在北京军区总医院新生儿监护病区住院的不同胎龄和出生体重的84例新生儿,于生后1周内,扩瞳后用Retcam Ⅱ数码照相机拍摄眼底照片,评价视网膜血管化的程度,分析母亲和婴儿因素对视网膜血管化的影响.并追踪观察视网膜血管化程度与ROP发生的关系.计数资料用四格表X2检验,计量资料以x±s表示,两样本均数行t检验.结果在本组84例中,视网膜血管化达到Ⅰ区和Ⅱ区在胎龄<30周早产儿组中为91.7%(11/12),在胎龄31～33周组为46.2%(12/26),在胎龄34～36周组为3.84%(1/26),在胎龄37～40周组为0(0/20);在出生体重<1500 g组为80%(12/15),1500 g<出生体重<1700 g组为57.1%(8/14),1700 g<出生体重<2000 g组为36.4%(4/11),在2000 g组为0(0/44).单变量分析显示胎龄(F=31.9193,P=0.000)、出生体重(F=32.4532,P=0.000)、产前使用糖皮质激素(F=36.9391,P=0.000)、表面活性物质(F=24.000,P=0.0000)、母亲营养状态(F=4.184,P=0.041)、RDS(F=17.6191,P=0.000)、生产方式(F=10.972,P=0.0022)和需氧超过48 h(F=22.076,P=0.0000)等和视网膜的不成熟有关.多变量分析显示视网膜血管化主要受胎龄(95%CI=1.57～261.728,P=0.021)影响.追踪观察视网膜不成熟的24例早产儿,最终发现有15例发生ROP,占62.5%(X2=45.1087,P=0.000).结论在胎龄31～34周的早产儿视网膜血管化存在较大的变异性.母亲和胎儿因素可能影响出生时视网膜的血管范围.胎龄是影响视网膜成熟度的主要因素.不成熟的视网膜是发生ROP的根本原因.