nm23蛋白在纤支镜活检中的表达意义

应用免疫组化ＳＰ法,通过纤支镜取材或刷片研究肺癌及肺良性病的ｎｍ２３蛋白表达情况,以探索ｎｍ２３在肺癌中与肺门或纵隔淋巴结转移的关系。结果：肺癌组ｎｍ２３蛋白阳性率低于肺良性病组（Ｐ〈０．０５）,肺癌组肺门或纵隔淋巴结转移的ｎｍ２３蛋白阳性率低于无淋巴结转移组（Ｐ〈０．０５）。表明：ｎｍ２３蛋白的表达可为术前肺癌有无肺门或纵隔淋巴结转移的参考指标。     

Application of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration in the diagnosis of mediastinal lesions

Background  Mediastinal lesions are often difficult to diagnose in clinical practice because of the unique anatomical position of the mediastinum, which makes performance of biopsy difficult. The value of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration in the diagnosis of lung cancer and mediastinal lymph node staging has been widely accepted. However, few studies have been conducted on the value of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of mediastinal lesions. The current study was conducted to investigate the value of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of isolated mediastinal lesions without lung abnormalities.

Methods  We retrospectively analyzed the data of patients with isolated mediastinal lesions without lung abnormalities for whom endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration examination was performed at the Department of Thoracic Surgery of Peking University People’s Hospital, between September 2009 and December 2010. For patients who could not be diagnosed with endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration, surgical biopsy or more than 6 months of clinical and imaging follow-up was carried out. 

Results  Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration was performed for 60 patients with isolated mediastinal lesions. Correct diagnosis was made in 48 cases. Nineteen cases were malignant, and 29 were benign. The rate of correct diagnosis was 80%. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration in distinguishing benign from malignant mediastinal lesions were 95%, 100%, and 98%, respectively. The examination was tolerable for all patients. No associated complications were observed. 

Conclusion  Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration is a safe and effective method of diagnosing mediastinal lesions.

     

Utility of Wang transbronchial needle biopsy in sarcoidosis

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown aetiology, commonly seen in the western world. The incidence varies and may be as high as 40/100,000 of the population per year. The commonest mode of presentation is as hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy on a chest radiograph. Even though sarcoid is in general a benign disease and most patients will not progress to chronic lung disease, a tissue diagnosis is necessary for management as other differential diagnoses such as lymphoma, tuberculosis and other causes of interstitial lung disease need to be excluded. The usual method of a obtaining a tissue diagnosis is transbronchial forceps biopsy (TBBx), via a fibre-optic bronchoscope (FOB). The presence of non-caseating granuloma in the biopsy specimen is diagnostic of sarcoidosis if the tissue is stain and culture negative for tuberculosis and fungi. However TBBx carries significant complications — in particular there is a risk of pneumothorax (10–20 per cent) and significant and rarely life-threatening haemorrhage has been reported. Furthermore, a diagnosis of sarcoidosis is made by TBBx in only approximately 70 per cent of cases. Thus in about 30 per cent of cases a further procedure such as mediastinoscopy or open lung biopsy is required to obtain a tissue diagnosis. We report a patient with suspected sarcoidosis who had negative TBBx in whom the diagnosis was confirmed using a Wang transbronchial needle (MW-319, Mill Rose Lab., U.S.A.) to biopsy mediastinal lymph nodes via the FOB.     

Minimally invasive approaches for histological diagnosis of anterior mediastinal masses

Background Anterior mediastinal masses include a wide variety of diseases from benign lesions to extremely malignant tumors. Management strategies are highly diverse and depend strongly on the histological diagnosis as well as the extent of the disease. We reported a prospective study comparing the usefulness of core needle biopsy and mini-mediastinotomy under local anesthesia for histological diagnosis in anterior mediastinal masses. Methods Atotal of 40 patients with masses of unknown histology and located either at or near the anterior mediastinum received biopsy prior to treatment. The diagnostic methods were core needle biopsy in 28 patients and biopsy through mini-mediastinotomy under local anesthesia in 15 patients （including 3 patients for whom core needle biopsy failed to yield a definite diagnosis）. Results Histological diagnosis was achieved in 18 of the 28 patients receiving core needle biopsy. Of them, all 4 patients with pleural fibromas and 9 of the 12 patients （75%） with pulmonary mass were diagnosed definitively. In the remaining 12 patients with mediastinal mass, histological diagnosis was achieved in only 5 patients （41.7%）. In contrast, biopsy through a mini-mediastinotomy failed in only 3 patients. In the remaining 12 patients with huge mediastinal masses, who underwent mini-mediastinotomy, a definitive histological diagnosis was reached by pathological and/or immunohistochemical study （diagnostic yield 85.7% in 12 of 14 cases of mediastinal mass, P=0.038 vs core needle biopsy）. For the 9 patients with thymic epithelial tumors, the diagnostic yield was 40% （2 in 5 cases） for core needle biopsy and 83.3% （5 in 6 cases） for mini-mediastinotomy. There was no morbidity in patients receiving mini-mediastinotomy. In the 30 patients with biopsy-proven histological diagnosis, the results contributed to therapeutic decision making in 25 cases （83.3%）. Conclusions Core needle biopsy is effective in the diagnosis of pulmonary and pleural diseases. Yet its diagnostic yield in mediastinal mass is rather low. Superior to core needle biopsy, biopsy through a mini-mediastinotomy under local anesthesia is highly effective in the histological diagnosis of anterior mediastinal mass, and has a satisfactory diagnostic yield. The method is safe, minimally invasive, cost-effective, and useful in therapeutic decision making for anterior mediastinal masses.     

肺周围占位性病变经皮肺活检术的护理体会

目的探讨在x线引导下经皮肺穿刺活检的护理价值。方法所有27例患者均经胸部CT检查确诊肺周围性占位性病变,在X线引导下对肺穿刺过程进行全程护理。结果27例行穿刺术患者中发生单纯性气胸2例．占7．4％;痰中带血1例,占3．7％;无大咯血、纵隔气肿及呼吸衰竭等严重并发症。结论X线引导下经皮肺穿刺活检术是一种安全、有效、准确度高的获得组织学诊断的方法。严密观察病情变化和采取必要的护理措施是穿刺成功的关键。     

电视纵隔镜在胸部疾病中的临床应用

目的:探讨电视纵隔镜检查术在肺癌术前分期、纵隔疾病诊断中的价值。方法:12例纵隔镜均在全麻下行颈入路完成,其中单纯纵隔结节或肿物需要明确诊断者8例,确诊为肺癌伴有纵隔淋巴结肿大需明确临床病理分期者4例。结果:12例经过纵隔镜手术的病例均成功取得需要检测的组织,活检成功率100%。最终病理结果包括结节病5例,肺癌纵隔淋巴结转移3例,结核2例,慢性淋巴结炎1例。结论:电视纵隔镜在纵隔不明原因肿物的诊断和肺癌术前准确分期的临床应用中是一种安全,有效的重要手段。     

纵隔肿块CT导向经皮穿刺活检的精确性和安全性

目的 探讨CT导向经皮穿刺活检对纵隔肿块诊断的临床应用价值和限度。方法 回顾经组织学诊断证实的CT导向经皮纵隔肿块穿刺活检24例,12例直接途径穿刺,12例经肺途径穿刺。计算精确诊断率和两种穿刺途径并发症情况。结果 24例中22例获得足够的活检组织样本(92％),16例各种类型肺癌中,14例组织学分型诊断精确(87．5％),4例淋巴瘤只有1例诊断精确(25％)。直接途径穿刺气胸发生率0(0/12),经肺途径穿刺气胸发生率42％(5/12)。结论 纵隔肿块CT导向经皮穿刺活检是有效的获取组织学诊断的方法,其并发症与穿刺途径相关,直接途径穿刺安全性高,可广泛应用;其限度在于获取的组织样本有限,有时不能满足对淋巴瘤的诊断。     

电视纵隔镜检查术临床应用初探

目的:探讨电视纵隔镜检查术在临床应用中的价值。方法:对2004年9月至2005年2月间行电视纵隔镜检查的8例患者进行回顾性分析,所有患者都采取在全身麻醉下,经气管前间隙向下方探察气管周围肿物和淋巴结,并进行活检。结果:有8例诊断符合,0例诊断不符合。诊断符合率为100%。其中5例纵隔淋巴结阳性的肺癌患者和1例经纵隔镜诊断恶性淋巴瘤者避免了开胸手术。结论:电视纵隔镜手术更安全、可靠,可作为纵隔疑难疾病诊断和明确肺癌术前分期的常规方法。     

累及胸部的Castleman 病12例临床分析

目的： 探讨累及胸部的Castleman 病(Castleman’s disease,CD)的临床特点及鉴别诊断方法,以提高对该 病的认识和诊治水平。方法： 回顾性分析12 例累及胸部的CD患者的临床资料,包括临床表现、实验室检查、影像 学、病理学、治疗及预后资料。结果： 12 例CD患者均经肿块或淋巴结活体组织检查(以下简称活检)确诊。7 例单中 心CD型患者临床无症状或少症状,影像学主要表现为孤立、边界清楚的纵隔或肺门软组织肿块影,少见浸润性肿 块,病理组织类型均为透明血管型;6 例行手术切除肿块治疗,1 例因肿块无法完整切除行化学药物治疗(以下简称化 疗),7 例患者均预后较好。5 例多中心型患者临床表现多样,影像学主要表现为纵隔/肺门多发肿大淋巴结、多浆膜 腔积液、肝脾肿大并伴全身其他多部位淋巴结肿大;病理组织类型3 例为透明血管型,1 例浆细胞型,1 例混合型;3 例行以化疗为基础的综合性治疗,2 例未治疗,5 例患者预后不良。结论： 累及胸部的单中心型CD以纵隔或肺门软 组织肿块为主要表现,多中心型CD以弥漫性纵隔/肺门淋巴结肿大伴全身多发淋巴结肿大为主要表现。对有纵隔/肺 门肿块或有全身多发淋巴结肿大表现者的鉴别诊断应将CD考虑在内,早期肿块或淋巴结活检对CD诊断和治疗具有 重要意义。     

电视胸腔镜在胸心外科临床应用76例报告

目的　总结分析 76例电视胸腔镜胸心外科手术。　方法　手术方法包括 :动脉导管钳闭 ;纵隔肿瘤 ,胸交感神经切除 ;肺、胸膜 ,纵隔淋巴结活检 ;肺大泡、自发性气胸治疗 ;外伤性血胸 ,自发性血胸 ,不明原因胸腔积液探查 ;胸膜固定术 ;心包开窗引流 ;包裹性脓肿清除。　结果　电视胸腔镜 PDA钳闭病例 ,彩色超声心动图复查均无残余分流 ,术后最长已随访 2年 ,未发现再通现象。纵隔肿瘤成功地在电视胸腔镜下摘除。原发性长 QT综合征左 T2 、T3交感神经节广泛切除后 ,术后即刻 QT间期即从 0 .6 0 s缩短为 0 .42 s,术后再未出现室性心动过速和昏厥现象。重症雷诺病患者行双侧胸交感神经节切除后 ,末梢循环得到显著改善 ;自发性气胸治疗多数术后仅留置闭式引流 2～ 4天 ;纵隔淋巴结活检为准确病理诊断提供了新手段。　结论　电视胸腔镜下动脉导管钳闭等手术安全可靠、创伤小 ,值得进一步应用和完善。     

纵隔镜在胸部疾病诊断中的临床应用

目的探讨纵隔镜检查术在胸部疾病诊断中的价值.方法回顾分析我院胸外科2002年5月-2005年3月对94例纵隔肿物和淋巴结肿大者应用纵隔镜检查治疗,获取病理和切除肿物.结果其中79例CT显示不明原因的纵隔肿物或纵隔淋巴结肿大,且纤维支气管镜和痰脱落细胞学或经皮肺穿刺未找到病理细胞,纵隔镜检查后74例获得病理诊断,5例未获病理明确.另外15例临床诊断肺癌,区域淋巴结（N2,N3）肿大明显,为进行病理分期,进一步决定治疗方案行纵隔镜检查,8例纵隔淋巴结病理检查阳性放弃开胸手术,7例阴性者开胸术中摘除的纵隔淋巴结标本与纵隔镜活检结果均未发现纵隔淋巴结转移者5例,经纵隔镜活检阴性,而手术切除标本纵隔淋巴结阳性者1例,1例探查.除1例因术后出血需再开胸止血外,本组无其他严重并发症.结论纵隔镜检查术在不明原因的纵隔肿物或纵隔淋巴结肿大的诊断中具有较高的价值;为肺癌临床N2和N3提供病理分期.     

CT导引下纵隔穿刺活检术的临床应用及价值

目的 探讨CT导引下纵隔穿刺活检术的临床应用及价值。方法 25例纵隔疾病患者，在CT导引下应用自动切割式活检针取材。所有病例均同时行组织学和细胞学检查。结果 穿刺取材成功率（刺中率）为96．2％（25／26），细胞学准确率为95．8％（23／24），组织学准确率87．5％（21／24），总体诊断准确率为92．0％（23／25）。气胸发生率为24．0％（6／25），最多肺压缩15例，肺出血3例（12％），咯血1例（4％），随诊。结论：CT导引下纵隔穿刺活检术是一种有效，安全的检查手段。     

超声支气管镜引导下的经支气管针吸活检术在肺和纵隔占位性病变诊断中的应用

  目的  探讨超声支气管镜引导下的经支气管针吸活检术（EBUS-TBNA）在肺和纵隔占位性病变诊断及肺癌分期中的应用价值。  方法  90例肺和纵隔占位病变施行超声支气管镜引导下的经支气管针吸活检术，穿刺的151份标本经石蜡包埋，HE染色，细胞病理学诊断，免疫细胞化学Ki67检测，对肺癌进行淋巴结分期，以组织病理学诊断结合临床共同诊断为标准，分析细胞学诊断的符合率及敏感性。  结果  EBUS-TBNA穿刺成功率100% （151/151），诊断率91.1% （82/90），肺和纵隔占位性病变在EBUS-TBNA术后诊断率显著提高（P < 0.01）。90例中恶性肿瘤占72.22% （65/90），良性病变占18.89% （17/90），8.89%未明确诊断（8/90）。细胞学查见恶性细胞57例，诊断敏感度为 87.69%，80%的肺癌获TNM分期（44/55）。肺结核及肉芽肿性炎Ki67阳性指数0～3%，肺恶性结节ki67阳性指数20%～80%，肺良性病变与恶性肿瘤Ki67表达差异有显著统计学意义（P < 0.01）。  结论  EBUS-TBNA 是一种安全、灵敏、准确的诊断方法，可显著提高肺和纵隔占位性病变的诊断成功率，对肺癌的分类、分期、治疗和预后判断均有重要的指导意义及临床应用价值，Ki67阳性指数是判断EBUS-TBNA穿刺细胞良恶性质的重要参考指标。     

经支气管针吸术在肺癌诊断中应用的临床分析

目的：分析经支气管针吸术在支气管腔外病变或伴有纵隔淋巴结肿大的肺癌诊断中的价值。方法回顾性总结分析60例对支气管腔外病变或纵隔淋巴结肿大的拟诊肺癌患者行TBNA检查的临床资料。结果60例患者中TBNA检查确诊肺癌的有41例,阳性率68．33％（41/60）,常规活检、刷检的阳性率分别为13．33％（8/60）、8．33％（5/60）。TBNA诊断阳性率分别高于常规活检、刷检,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论对于支气管腔外病变或纵隔淋巴结肿大的肺癌患者,TBNA是一种安全和有效的诊断方法,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

Flexible Bronchoscopy in the Evaluation of Mediastinal and Hilar Lymphadenopathy

Background

The diagnosis in cases of mediastinal and/or hilar lymphadenopathy with no lung parenchymal involvement is often difficult. We undertook this study to assess the diagnostic value of flexible bronchoscopy (FOB) especially transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) and transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) in these patients.

Methods

Forty eight patients with hilar and/or mediastinal lymphadenopathy without any parenchymal lung lesions, managed between 2000 to 2004 at a tertiary care centre who underwent FOB were evaluated retrospectively.

Results

Out of 48 patients, FOB showed widening of carina in six, widening of secondary carina in four, bulge in airways because of extrinsic compression in seven and endobronchial nodule in two patients. It was normal in rest 29 patients. TBNA was done in all patients and TBLB in 13 patients where clinico-radiologic findings were consistent with stage 1 sarcoidosis. FOB established diagnosis in 18 patients (caseating granuloma in eight, noncaseating granuloma in nine, and AFB culture positive in one). It was inconclusive in other patients. One patient developed pneumothorax requiring intercostal tube drainage.

Conclusion

FOB especially TBNA has an important role in the diagnosis of hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy and should be considered before other invasive procedures.Key Words: Flexible bronchoscopy, Mediastinal lymphadenopathy, Hilar lymphadenopathy, Transbronchial needle aspiration, Transbronchial biopsy     

Flexible bronchoscopy in the evaluation of mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy

Background: The diagnosis in cases of mediastinal and/or hilar lymphadenopathy with no lung parenchymal involvement is often difficult. We undertook this study to assess the diagnostic value of flexible bronchoscopy (FOB) especially transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) and transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) in these patients.     

CT引导下经皮穿刺活检对肺部疾病的诊断价值

目的探讨CT引导下经皮切割针肺活检在影像学上表现为肺占位性疾病诊断中的作用和应用范围。方法选择2008年11月—2011年11月安徽省阜阳市人民医院呼吸内科CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检,胸部CT表现为占位性病例48例,回顾分析所有病例的病史、肿瘤标记物、气管镜、胸部CT及肺活检病理。结果男性33例,女性15例,年龄22-79岁,平均57岁。48例均穿刺活检成功,37例确诊为恶性肿瘤,其中鳞癌18例,有一例肺穿刺活检结果为浆细胞性肉芽肿,术后标本病理为中分化鳞状细胞癌,此例患者以术后病理结果统计;腺癌12例,包括1例细支气管肺泡癌,现称肺原位腺癌;小细胞癌4例;低分化非小细胞癌2例;转移癌1例,该病例原发为左侧肾脏;硬化性血管瘤1例;结核2例;机化性肺炎1例;真菌2例,但未区分出曲霉和隐球菌;炎性假瘤1例;未确诊4例,穿刺结果为肺组织内较多炎性细胞浸润、增生的纤维组织或者坏死组织。术中或者术后发生气胸4例,咳血3例,肺部并发症14.6%,明确诊断率91.7%。结论 CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检对肺部占位性疾病确诊率高,并发症少,具有重要临床应用价值。但对于特发性间质性肺炎诊断价值有限,为减少假阴性率,对CT引导下经皮肺活检不能明确诊断但可见较多炎性细胞浸润、增生的纤维组织或者坏死组织者,需结合临床及其他辅助检查,综合诊断。     

支气管内镜超声引导下经支气管针吸活检在纵隔疾病诊断中的应用

支气管内镜超声引导下经支气管针吸活检是指在支气管镜前端微型超声探头的引导下行实时经支气管壁对壁外组织针吸活检。该文重点介绍其在非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）纵隔分期中的应用,并与其他纵隔分期方法比较,介绍其在不明原因的纵隔占位以及纵隔其他良恶性疾病诊断中的应用。     

超声支气管镜引导下经支气管针吸活检术在肺疾病中的早期诊断研究

目的：研究超声支气管镜引导下经支气管针吸活检术（EBUS‐TBNA ）在肺疾病的早期诊断中的高效性、安全性和并发症。方法选取2013年5月至2014年5月胸部CT提示胸内包块或纵隔淋巴结肿大的28例患者行EBUS‐TBNA ,穿刺标本行病理学检查。结果28例患者中23例行EBUS‐TBNA检查,EBUS‐TBNA诊断出肺癌患者10例,转移性肿瘤4例,淋巴瘤3例,结核病3例,结节病2例,炎性患者1例。EBUS‐TBNA诊断恶性肿瘤率高达74．0％,比预期诊断率明显升高（53．2％,P＜0．01）。EBUS‐TBNA诊断准确率：肺癌91．0％;淋巴瘤100．0％;转移性肿瘤75．0％;结核75．0％,结节病50．0％,炎性病变100．0％。所有行EBUS‐TBNA检查患者,仅有2例出现轻度缺氧,1例出现出血症状。结论 EBUS‐TBNA针对早期诊断呼吸疾病特别是纵隔肿块,是一种高效、微创、安全的检查手段。     

电视纵隔镜对纵隔疑难病灶诊断的临床价值

目的 探讨电视纵隔镜在纵隔疑难病灶诊断中的应用价值.方法回顾性分析我院行电视纵隔镜检查的115例患者,其中颈部纵隔镜手术102例,胸骨旁纵隔镜手术13例,手术在全麻或局麻下完成.单纯纵隔病灶诊断不明的患者91例,高度怀疑肺癌或明确为非小细胞肺癌伴有纵隔淋巴结肿大的患者25例.结果纵隔病灶活检确诊为结节病者37例,结核14例,淋巴瘤15例,原因不明的纵隔转移癌18例,无于酪性坏死又无典型“结节细胞”的肉芽肿6例,疾病确诊率为93.3%（84/90）;肺癌诊断分期25例,准确率为100%（25/25）.电视纵隔镜总的诊断正确率为94.8%（109/115）,CT为56.5%（65/115）.本组患者平均手术时间26 min,无手术并发症及病死率.结论对于纵隔疑难病灶的诊断或肺癌分期,电视纵隔镜检查准确率高且安全可行.