Mitral valve surgery simultaneous to coronary revascularization in patients with end-stage ischemic cardiomyopathy

Mitral valve regurgitation (MVR), occurring as a result of myocardial ischemia and global left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, predicts a poor outcome in terms of survival and morbidity. Between 1995 and 2003, 180 consecutive patients with impaired LV function and chronic ischemic MVR underwent cardiac surgery. Fifty-four patients (group I), MVR (grade III–IV) underwent simultaneous MV surgery and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG); 40 patients (group II), MVR (grade II–III), and 86 patients (group III), MVR (grade I–II), underwent CABG alone. In group I, MV repair was performed in 36 patients (group IA) and MV replacement in 18 (group IB). The incidence of hospital death was similar between groups. The actuarial event-free survival was significantly lower in group than in groups II and III (P = 0.0045) and I (P = 0.038). The overall actuarial survival was significantly higher in group IA than in group IB (P = 0.027). Postoperatively, the LV ejection fraction (P < 0.001), LV end-diastolic diameter (P < 0.001), LV end-systolic diameter (P < 0.01), and cardiac index (P < 0.001) improved significantly in group I. The regurgitation fraction decreased significantly in Groups I and III after surgery (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). Both MV repair and replacement that preserves subvalvular apparatus in patients with end-stage ischemic myocardiopathy offer an acceptable outcome. Mitral valve repair simultaneous to CABG improves significantly the LV function and its geometry. In patients with mild to moderate mitral regurgitation, CABG alone may be performed with good overall survival, but with lower event-free survival than those undergoing concomitant mitral valve repair.     

Impact of mitral regurgitation on long-term survival in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy: efficacy of combined mitral valve repair and revascularization

Ischemic cardiomyopathy complicated by severe mitral regurgitation (MR) has a poor prognosis. In such cases, whether mitral valve repair for MR improves the prognosis of survival remains unclear. In this study, 50 patients diagnosed with ischemic cardiomyopathy at our hospital between August 1991 and August 1996 were studied to examine the long-term prognosis and factors determining the prognosis. Among 17 patients with the complication of severe MR, 11 underwent mitral valve repair (repair group) and 6 did not (nonrepair group). Among the 33 patients without MR, 15 underwent revascularization (revascularization group) and 18 received medical treatment alone (medical group). Patients with MR showed significantly poorer baseline activities of daily living (ADL) [New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III or above: MR(+) vs MR(–) = 14 vs 8; P = 0.0001] and survival rate [MR(+) vs MR(–); log rank = 3.8, P = 0.05]. In contrast, patients in whom mitral valve repair was actively performed to resolve MR had favorable outcomes for both ADL (NYHA class improved from 3.9 ± 0.3 to 2.7 ± 1.0; P = 0.0004) and survival rate (MV repair vs nonrepair: long rank = 10.1, P = 0.0015). In addition, among patients without MR, the revascularization group showed more favorable results in terms of ADL (NYHA class improved from 3.5 ± 0.7 to 2.5 ± 0.8; P = 0.0059) and survival rate (revascularization vs medical: log rank = 3.7, P = 0.05), irrespective of improvement of left ventricular function. When the factors determining the prognosis for ischemic cardiomyopathy were examined by multivariate analysis, whether or not revascularization was conducted, the presence or absence of mitral regurgitation, and if present, whether or not mitral valve repair was performed were identified as independent factors determining the prognosis (revascularization: hazard ratio = 0.121, P = 0.012; absence of MR: hazard ratio = 0.104, P = 0.050; mitral valve repair: hazard ratio = 0.018, P = 0.005). These results showed that revascularization should be conducted as actively as possible in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy; in addition, for those patients with mitral regurgitation, mitral valve repair should be conducted actively to relieve it.     

Baseline QRS width and mitral regurgitation behavior after cardiac resynchronization therapy among patients with dilated cardiomyopathy

BackgroundThe effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) on functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) is reflected on both clinical and echocardiographic response. We sought to assess the behavior of FMR and the response to CRT implantation in relation to the baseline width of the QRS complex among patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).Patients and methodsThis is a prospective observational case-control study, including forty patients with advanced DCM who had left bundle branch block (LBBB), QRS ⩾ 130 ms (group 1) and 10 patients with QRS < 130 ms (group 2) both with echocardiographic evidence of dyssynchrony and subjected to CRT in our center.ResultsEvidence of response to CRT at 6 months, was observed in 31 patients (77.5%) of group 1 Vs 2 (20%) patients of group 2 (p. 0.001). MR improvement was higher among responders to CRT in 31/33 (93.9%) Vs 2/17 patients (11.7%) of the non responders (p. 0.003). FMR improvement was observed in 31 patients of group 1 (77.5%) Vs 2 patients of group 2 (20%) p. value 0.001.ConclusionAmong patients with DCM, the degree of FMR regression after CRT seems to be more clear in patients with a baseline QRS width ⩾130 ms and this seems to be associated with better response of the patients to CRT.     

Mitral valve repair in heart failure

Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a frequent complication of end-stage heart failure. Historically, these patients were either managed medically or with mitral valve replacement, both associated with poor outcomes. Mitral valve repair via an 'undersized' annuloplasty repair is safe and effectively corrects MR in heart-failure patients. All of the observed changes contribute to reverse remodeling and restoration of the normal left-ventricular geometric relationship. Mitral valve repair offers a new strategy for patients with MR and end-stage heart failure.     

扩张型心肌病的治疗进展

扩张型心肌病(DCM)的基本治疗包括抗心力衰竭、心律失常及预防血栓栓塞等并发症。β-受体阻滞剂、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂与血管紧张素受体拮抗剂及醛固酮受体拮抗剂可降低DCM心力衰竭的死亡率。胺碘酮对室性心律失常的治疗是安全有效的,埋藏式心脏复律除颤器(ICD)则可减少猝死,但ICD是否可在DCM的一级预防中应用尚存争议。心脏再同步治疗为部分心力衰竭患者提供了新的治疗方法。外科治疗主要适用于难以治疗的、晚期的DCM心力衰竭患者。他汀类药物及已酮可可碱、免疫球蛋白的使用可短期改善DCM患者的心功能。     

扩张型心肌病与缺血性心肌病超声形态学对比分析(附53例冠脉造影结果)

目的　探索扩张型心肌病（ＤＣＭ） 与缺血性心肌病（ＩＣＭ）超声形态学鉴别方法。方法　根据冠脉造影结果,对比分析３３ 例ＤＣＭ 及２０ 例ＩＣＭ 的超声形态学资料。结果　ＤＣＭ 左室大多呈“球形”,心尖心肌不变薄且收缩期见内缩运动、弥漫性室壁运动障碍及ＥＰＳＳ增大较明显为其特点。ＩＣＭ 左室大多数呈“圆拱门形”心尖圆钝变薄、收缩期运动明显低平,节段性室壁运动障碍及主动脉增宽为其特点。结论　超声心动图是对ＤＣＭ 与ＩＣＭ病人进行鉴别的一种有价值的无创性检查手段。     

辛伐他汀治疗扩张型心肌病

目的:探讨他汀类药物对非缺血性心力衰竭的治疗作用.方法:将36例特发性扩张型心肌病患者随机分为辛伐他汀组(n=17)和安慰剂组(n=19).在常规治疗的基础上,辛伐他汀组加用辛伐他汀,起始剂量为5 mg/d,4周后增至10 mg/d.结果:治疗12后周,辛伐他汀组较安慰剂组血浆总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白水平降低,心功能改善,左室射血分数提高,为(38.59±3.47)%对(34.11±3.16)%,P<0.01.血浆肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白介素(IL)-6水平在辛伐他汀组显著降低(P<0.01).结论:辛伐他汀可以显著改善扩张型心肌病心衰患者的心功能和血管内皮功能,提示他汀类药物可用于治疗非缺血性心力衰竭.     

肥厚型梗阻性心肌病合并二尖瓣自身病变致二尖瓣关闭不全的外科治疗

目的 评价外科治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病合并二尖瓣自身病变致二尖瓣关闭不全（MR）的临床效果.方法 2000年1月至2009年12月我科收治13例肥厚型梗阻性心肌病合并二尖瓣自身病变致二尖瓣关闭不全患者.所有患者均行室间隔心肌切除术（改良marrow术）,7例行二尖瓣置换术（MVR）,6例行二尖瓣成形术（MVP）.3例患者再次转机,1例因左室流出道狭窄解除不满意,1例有残余MR行MVP,1例残余MR行MVR.结果 全组体外循环时间（131.9±61.8）min,主动脉阻断时间（92.7±39.8）min.超声心动图（UCG）显示术后左房大小、左室流出道压差均较术前有显著下降.MVP组有2例因再次MR行MVR.结论 此类患者理想的手术方法是充分切除肥厚的室间隔肌肉,自身有病变的二尖瓣可考虑行MVR或MVP,如果条件许可,应首选MVP.     

Mitral valve repair for severe mitral regurgitation: the way forward?

Severe primary mitral regurgitation (MR) has a poor outcome if left uncorrected. Successful mitral valve repair has the unique potential to restore normal life expectancy and is superior to valve replacement. Despite this, mitral repair is performed relatively infrequently and many patients with potentially reparable valves have a replacement instead, subjecting them to unnecessary risk. Surgery in asymptomatic patients is a particularly difficult issue with some units advocating surgery irrespective of symptoms, based purely on the severity of regurgitation. This strategy cannot be widely adopted with the current patchy provision of high-quality valve repair surgery. Misplaced enthusiasm for early operation runs the risk of a failed repair and the hazards of a mechanical prosthesis. To ensure optimal treatment for patients with MR, cardiologists must be aware of the indications for valve repair and ensure that patients with potentially reparable valves are referred to surgeons with proven expertise, even if this means a shift from established practice. Surgical units need to promote subspecialization and rigorously audit their outcomes. There are currently no agreed standards for best practice in mitral valve repair and this is an area where professional societies may wish to take a role.     

预制人工腱索环和二尖瓣成形环置入术治疗二尖瓣脱垂

目的:回顾预制人工腱索环和二尖瓣成形环置入术治疗二尖瓣脱垂,探讨此手术对二尖瓣脱垂的治疗效果。方法:2008年1月至2012年12月间,回顾性分析北京安贞医院收治的15例二尖瓣脱垂患者,其中男性10例,女性5例,年龄(48.5±3.2)岁,SBE后腱索断裂导致关闭不全2例,单纯腱索断裂导致关闭不全8例,腱索延长导致关闭不全5例。术前超声心动图(TEE)显示:根据Carpentier标准,前叶脱垂10例,后叶脱垂3例,前叶合并后叶脱垂2例。所有患者二尖瓣均为重度关闭不全,反流面积(11.0±0.9)cm2,1例合并三尖瓣重度反流。术前射血分数(EF)平均(64.9±1.9)%,左心室舒张末直径(LVDD)平均(54.9±1.4)mm,左心房直径(LA)平均(42.9±1.7)mm。所有患者均经胸正中切口,体外循环下行预制人工腱索环移植,移植腱索数量为(3.6±0.3)根,腱索长度(15.4±1.5)mm,平均体外循环时间(113±11.7)min,平均主动脉阻断时间(86±9.8)min。3例患者置入SJ成形环,12例患者置入爱德华成形环,1例患者同时行三尖瓣成形术。结果:术后无死亡,无恶性心律失常及其他严重并发症。术后复查TEE显示少量反流3例,微量反流8例,未见反流4例。术后EF平均(60.2±2.9)%,未见明显改变。LVDD平均(46.5±1.1)mm,LA平均(32.9±1.2)mm,均较术前明显改善。随访12~57个月,平均(35.7±4.3)个月,少量反流3例,无或微量反流12例。结论:预制人工腱索环和二尖瓣成形环置入术治疗二尖瓣脱垂近中期效果确切,但是远期预后尚需进一步观察。     

扩张型心肌病发病机理及治疗进展

扩张型心肌病(DCM)以左心室或双心室扩张及收缩功能受损为特征,其发病机理主要与病毒感染后的自身免疫反应有关。80年代以后,遗传因素与DCM的关系逐渐受到重视。DCM的基本治疗是纠正心力衰竭,心律失常及预防血栓栓塞等并发症。针对免疫介导的心肌损伤的早期干预已成为DCM的主要治疗方法。在DCM早期应用地尔硫和β-受体阻滞剂治疗,可以阻止免疫介导的心肌损害,改善患者预后。     

同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术与瓣膜手术23例

目的分析同时行冠状动脉旁路移植术和心脏瓣膜手术的治疗效果。方法23例患者同时行瓣膜手术与冠状动脉旁路移植术,平均年龄63.3(41～81)岁。瓣膜病变8例为风湿性,10例为瓣膜退行性病变,5例为缺血性二尖瓣反流。术前心功能(NYHA)Ⅱ级6例、Ⅲ级13例、Ⅳ级4例。手术在中度低温体外循环下进行,心脏停跳后,先做静脉桥的远端吻合,然后置换瓣膜。静脉桥与升主动脉的近端吻合在升主动脉一次阻断下或心脏复苏后完成。乳内动脉的吻合在换瓣后心脏复苏前完成。5例行二尖瓣成形,18例行瓣膜置换(使用生物瓣与机械瓣者分别为7例及11例,其中主动脉瓣置换12例、二尖瓣置换4例、双瓣置换2例)。结果术后呼吸机使用时间平均28.2(11￣247)h,平均ICU停留3.1(1￣34)d。4例患者因发生低心排综合征而行主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP),其中死亡1例。1例发生脑梗塞,1例置入永久起搏器。术后心功能Ⅰ级15例、Ⅱ级7例,均较术前明显改善。随访3￣55个月,术后均无心绞痛发作,未发生与抗凝相关的出血或血栓、栓塞事件。1例术后第4年死于恶性肿瘤。结论冠状动脉旁路移植术同时行瓣膜手术是安全、有效的。彻底纠治瓣膜病变、充分心肌再血管化和心肌保护是手术成功的关键。     

Beta-adrenergic blockade in dilated cardiomyopathy, ischemic cardiomyopathy, and other secondary cardiomyopathies

Beta-blockers were initially given to patients with chronic heart failure due to ischemic heart disease and resting tachycardia. The prompt effect on severe backward heart failure was directly associated with an immediate fall in heart rate. This observation led to long-term administration to patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and, later, to patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and secondary cardiomyopathies as well.Due to marked down-regulation of beta receptors, patients with heart failure are extremely sensitive to beta blockade. A test dose of metoprolol 5 mg b.i.d. for 2 days is recommended to select patients for longterm beta-blockade, followed by careful titration with increment in dose over 6 weeks.     

缺血性二尖瓣返流的外科治疗(附38例临床报告)

目的　介绍外科治疗缺血性二尖瓣返流的手术方法和临床结果。方法　自 1996年 12月至 2 0 0 1年 4月 ,38例缺血性二尖瓣返流患者接受了手术治疗 ,其中男性 33例 ,女性 5例 ,年龄 32～70岁 ,平均 (5 8± 8)岁。术前纽约心脏学会 (NYHA)心功能分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级 4例 ,Ⅲ～Ⅳ级 34例。轻度二尖瓣返流 6例 ,中度 16例 ,重度 16例。合并室壁瘤 6例。除 6例轻度返流患者只行冠状动脉旁路移植术外 ,其余 32例患者均行冠状动脉旁路移植术加二尖瓣手术。结果　无手术及术后早期死亡 ,无术后早期严重并发症。所有患者均症状消失 ,痊愈出院。出院时心功能均为Ⅰ～Ⅱ级。随访 37例 ,平均随访 (2 0 8± 14 3)个月 ,除 1例远期死亡 ,1例NYHA分级心功能Ⅲ级外 ,心功能均为Ⅰ～Ⅱ级。结论　中度以上的缺血性二尖瓣返流应积极采用手术治疗的方法 ,二尖瓣成形术应为首选 ,术后效果良好。     

经胸实时三维超声心动图评价不同程度缺血性二尖瓣反流患者的二尖瓣构型

目的应用经胸实时三维超声心动图定量评价不同反流程度的缺血性二尖瓣构型改变情况,并分析各参数与反流量的相关性,为临床治疗提供参考。方法收集缺血性二尖瓣反流的患者92例为病例组,根据反流程度分为轻度组(34例)、中度组(31例)、重度组(27例)3个亚组,同时选取40例健康者为对照组。各组均行常规超声心动图检查与经胸实时三维超声检查。二维超声参数包括:左室射血分数(LVEF)、左室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)、左室收缩末期容积(LVESV)、前后乳头肌分别到二尖瓣前瓣环之间的距离(APM-AMA、LPM-AMA)、乳头肌间距离(IPMD)。三维超声参数包括:瓣环前后径(DAP)、瓣环前外侧至后内侧直径(AL-PM)、非平面角度(NPA)、幕状区高度(HTent)、瓣环三维面积(A3D)、瓣环周长(AC)、前叶面积(A Ant)、后叶面积(A Post)、幕状区体积(VTent)。比较各组各参数之间的差异及相关性。结果轻度组LVEDV、LVESV、NPA均大于对照组,中、重度组IPMD、PPM-AMA、DAP、ALPM、AC、A3D、A Ant、A Post、HTent、VTent大于对照组,中、重度组LVEF小于对照组,重度组APM-AMA均大于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。VTent与EROA相关性最强(r=0.64,P<0.05),IPMD与VTent有较强的相关性(r=0.58,P<0.05)。结论经胸实时三维超声心动图可以评估不同反流程度的缺血性二尖瓣反流构型,中度及以上反流二尖瓣构型会发生明显改变,VTent与EROA相关性最强,IPMD与VTent有较强的相关性,该结果有益于外科对于IMR治疗策略的制定。     

二尖瓣成形术在婴幼儿先天性心脏病中的应用

目的：总结二尖瓣成形术在婴幼儿先天性心脏病（先心病）中的应用.方法：自2007年10月至2012年10月,108例二尖瓣关闭不全（不包括完全性或部分性房室通道）婴幼儿行二尖瓣成形手术,所有婴幼儿中有3例（2.7％）行再次二尖瓣成形术.术中根据瓣膜病变情况选择合适的成形方法,包括二尖瓣瓣环环缩、Wooler瓣环成形术、瓣裂修补、乳头肌缩短技术及复合技术.对所有患者均行临床和超声心动图检查评估二尖瓣功能.结果：全组婴幼儿无死亡病例,所有婴幼儿复查超声心动图提示：二尖瓣残留少量反流23例（21.3％）,中度反流12例（11.1％）,重度反流3例（2.7％）,3例重度反流患几分别于术后2年、2年9个月及4年行再次手术,再次手术后1例无反流,2例少量反流.结论：二尖瓣成形术是婴幼儿先心病中二尖瓣关闭不全手术的首选术式,均能取得良好的治疗效果