慢性阻塞性肺疾病肺动脉压和一氧化氮合酶的变化

目的 观察慢性阻塞性肺病大鼠模型肺动脉压力及肺组织一氧化氮含量和一氧化氮合酶表达的变化.方法 Wistar雄性大鼠40只,随机分为COPD组和对照组,应用气道内注入脂多醣和香烟熏吸法制备COPD模型,测定两组大鼠肺动脉平均压力(mPAP)及肺组织匀浆的一氧化氮(NO)含量和诱生型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)及内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)的表达情况.结果 COPD组大鼠肺动脉压升高,肺组织的i-NOS表达增强,而NO含量降低、eNOS表达减弱.结论 COPD大鼠肺组织的NO含量降低,eNOS表达减弱,而iNOS表达增强,参与COPD的发生过程,可能是引起肺动脉高压、肺心痛的因素之一.     

缺血再灌注兔肺组织一氧化氮合酶的表达

目的 探讨兔肺缺血再灌注后一氧化氮合酶（NOS）同功酶表达变化的规律。方法 30只健康新西兰兔随机分成3组：正常组（Ⅰ组），假手术组（Ⅱ组），缺血再灌注组（Ⅲ组），每组10只。建立肺缺血再灌注模型，采用免疫组织化学方法检测再灌注肺组织内皮型（eNOS)和诱导型（iNOS)一氧化氮合酶表达的变化。结果 （1）Ⅰ，Ⅱ组肺组织未见iNOS的表达，eNOS在内皮细胞表达正常。（2）Ⅲ组肺泡上皮细胞，平滑肌细胞，内皮细胞等均可见大量iNOS表达，eNOS表达下调。结论 再灌注肺组织eNOS表达减弱，iNOS表达增强，与肺组织缺血再灌注损伤密切相关。     

一氧化氮合酶蛋白和基因在肝肺综合征大鼠肺组织中的表达

目的　探讨一氧化氮 (NO) 在肝肺综合征 (HPS) 发生机制中的作用。方法　采用 Wistar大鼠行胆总管结扎术 (CBDL) 制备HPS动物模型, 应用免疫组化方法观察内皮型一氧化氮合酶 (eNOS) 和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS) 蛋白在肺血管的表达和分布特点, 采用RT PCR方法检测肺组织中eNOS、iNOS mRNA的表达。结果　CB- DL组肺血管eNOS染色强度较假手术组显著升高 (P<0 .01), 而 iNOS表达在两组间差异无显著性意义 (P>0 .05);CBDL组大鼠肺组织eNOS mRNA的表达较对照组增高 (P<0. 01), 两组iNOS mRNA的相对表达量差异无统计学意义; 相关分析表明, 肺组织中eNOS mRNA水平与肺泡动脉氧分压差 (A- aDO2) 显著相关 (r=0. 920 1, P<0. 01)。结论　HPS时内皮细胞eNOS表达增强可能是肺血管NO增多的主要原因。     

牛珀至宝微丸对内毒素休克鼠肺组织中一氧化氮合酶活性的影响

目的：观察牛珀至宝微丸（由水牛角、麝香、地黄、牛砂、牛黄、郁金等组成）对内毒素休克时肺损伤的保护作用和肺一氧化氮合酶（NOS）表达的影响。方法：静脉注射脂多糖（LPS）1．5mg/kg、腹腔注射D－氨基半乳糖（D－Gal）100mg/kg造成内毒素休克模型，用牛珀至宝微丸和氨基胍（AG）作对照干预处理，用硝酸还原酶法检测血浆一氧化氮（NO）浓度，同位素标记法测肺组织匀浆NOS活性，免疫组化方法检测诱生型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS）、内皮型一氧化氮合酶（eNOS）在肺组织内的表达。结果：牛珀至宝微丸可以降低内毒素休克时血浆NO浓度，降低肺组织iNOS活性，使肺内iNOS表达减弱、eNOS表达增强，肺损伤减轻。结论：牛珀至宝微丸可以减轻内毒素休克造成的肺损伤，这种保护作用可能是通过调节肺组织NOS表达而产生的。     

辛伐他汀对COPD大鼠肺组织凋亡相关因子的影响

目的探讨辛伐他汀对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)模型大鼠肺组织凋亡相关因子的影响及作用机制。方法随机将30只大鼠分为正常组、对照组、治疗组。对照组采用熏香烟加气管内滴入LPS法建立大鼠COPD模型,香烟暴露2周后治疗组同时给予辛伐他汀(2.5 mg/kg)治疗6周,8周后处死所有大鼠,HE染色观察大鼠肺组织病理改变,显微图像分析系统计算肺平均内衬间隔和平均肺泡数,免疫组织化学技术检测大鼠肺组织半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3(Caspase-3)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)的水平。结果对照组可见肺气肿和气道周围炎性改变,治疗组症状较对照组减轻;与正常组相比,对照组和治疗组肺平均内衬间隔(MLI)、iNOS、Caspase-3增多(P<0.05),平均肺泡数(MAN)、eNOS减少(P<0.05);与对照组比较,治疗组MLI、iNOS、Caspase-3减少(P<0.05),MAN、eNOS增多(P<0.05)。各组大鼠肺组织中Caspase-3与iNOS呈正相关(P<0.05),与eNOS呈负相关(P<0.05)。结论辛伐他汀通过增加肺组织eNOS表达,降低iNOS及Caspase-3表达,减少COPD肺组织细胞凋亡,在COPD中起到保护性作用。     

内毒素诱导急性肺损伤幼鼠血NO、ET-1含量和肺NOS活性及mRNA表达的研究

本研究通过内毒素(LPS)诱导的ALI模型,动态观察血浆NO和ET-1浓度变化、肺组织NOS活性改变、以及肺组织内源型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)mRNA的表达,探讨NO、NOS和ET参与ALI的作用机制.     

一氧化氮合酶在不同年龄大鼠睾丸中的表达

目的研究一氧化氮合酶(NOS)在不同年龄大鼠睾丸中的表达情况，探讨NO在睾丸生殖功能中的作用。方法将健康雄性Wistar大鼠按月龄分为成年组和未成年组，4％多聚甲醛灌流固定，取大鼠睾丸，常规石蜡切片，免疫组化SABC法检测NOS在不同年龄大鼠睾丸中的表达。结果成年组大鼠睾丸间质细胞和间质血管中均有nNOS、iNOS和eNOS阳性物质表达，生精小管周围肌样细胞和腔面精子可见nNOS阳性物质；未成年组大鼠睾丸间质血管中偶见iNOS和eNOS阳性物质表达。结论3种NOS在睾丸中均有表达，但定位不同，且与年龄相关。     

香烟烟雾致睾丸氧化应激损伤与iNOS表达的关系

目的:探讨诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)在香烟烟雾致睾丸生殖细胞氧化应激损伤中的关系以及抗氧化治疗的作用。方法:21只8周龄健康雄性SD大鼠制作吸烟染毒模型,随机平均分为3组:对照组(A)、吸烟组(B)、抗氧化治疗组(C)。测定睾丸组织匀浆中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、一氧化氮(NO)、丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)及iNOS的含量。结果:吸烟组睾丸组织匀浆SOD、CAT活性增高,GSH-Px活性降低,MDA、NO含量增高,对照组与抗氧化组两者无差别。光镜下见吸烟组睾丸生精小管上皮细胞排列紊乱,生精细胞数量减少,小管腔内精子数量罕见,对照组与抗氧化组两者区别不大。免疫组织化学方法可见吸烟组大鼠睾丸的初、次级精母细胞中iNOS蛋白强阳性表达,在对照组与抗氧化组大鼠睾丸的初、次级精母细胞中iNOS蛋白呈弱阳性表达。结论:吸烟可导致大鼠睾丸氧化应激损伤;iNOS蛋白表达增加可能在吸烟引起睾丸生精上皮细胞氧化应激损伤中发挥重要作用;抗氧化治疗可减少iNOS蛋白在睾丸生精上皮细胞的表达,可减轻吸烟引起睾丸生精上皮细胞的氧化应激损伤。     

一氧化氮合酶在卵巢异位内膜组织中的表达

目的:研究一氧化氮合酶(NOS)在正常卵巢组织和子宫内膜异位症卵巢异位内膜组织中的表达,以探讨NOS与子宫内膜异位症病因与病理生理之间的关系。方法:采用免疫组化SABC法检测了19例子宫内膜异位症卵巢异位内膜组织中诱生型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)的表达,并选择17例健康妇女正常卵巢组织作对照,以计算机图像分析系统的光密度值(OD)及面密度值(AD)为判断指标,比较两者NOS的表达水平。结果:正常卵巢组织中iNOS、eNOS弱表达(iNOS平均OD值、面密度分别为0.178 6±0.013 80、.053 9±0.008 4,eNOS平均OD值、面密度分别为0.118 7±0.006 20、.021 5±0.006 9),而子宫内膜异位症卵巢异位内膜组织中两型一氧化氮合酶呈高水平表达(iNOS平均OD值、面密度分别为0.290 7±0.014 50、.256 4±0.017 3,eNOS平均OD值、面密度分别为0.288 9±0.012 1、0.248 3±0.015 7)。两者之间比较P<0.01,差异有显著性。结论:子宫内膜异位症患者卵巢异位内膜组织中NOS表达水平明显高于正常健康妇女正常卵巢组织,NOS可能在子宫内膜异位症的发生发展中起一定作用。     

糖皮质激素对双氯氛酸钠肝损伤大鼠一氧化氮合酶及一氧化氮的影响

目的探讨糖皮质激素地塞米松(Dex)对双氯氛酸钠(Dcf)肝损伤大鼠一氧化氮合酶(NOS)表达及一氧化氮(NO)的影响。方法大鼠随机分为正常组、Dcf组及Dex组。Dcf组给予Dcf 100 mg/kg腹腔注射,Dex组在Dcf注射前1 h予10 mg/kg腹腔注射,24 h后测血清ALT、AST、TBil水平观察肝组织病理学变化,化学法检测血清及肝组织NO含量,免疫组化法检测肝组织内皮型NOS(eNOS)和诱导型NOS(iNOS)的表达。结果 Dcf组血清ALT、AST、TBil水平明显升高(P0.05),病理积分大幅度增高,血清和肝组织NO含量明显高于正常组(P0.01),肝组织iNOS表达显著增强(P0.01),eNOS表达减弱。Dex可明显改善升高的转氨酶及病理积分(P0.05),并降低肝组织iNOS表达及NO含量(P0.05)。结论 iNOS和NO在Dcf肝损伤中起促进作用,糖皮质激素可能通过抑制体内iNOS表达,减少NO合成起到肝保护作用。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.