A combination vaccine against measles, mumps, rubella and varicella

A new combination vaccine against measles, mumps, rubella and varicella (MMRV) from GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals has recently been approved in Europe. It combines the components from two well-established, live, attenuated vaccines against measles, mumps and rubella. This review presents a summary of the development of this MMRV vaccine from published clinical studies. Seroconversion rates and antibody titers after the first and second dose are similar to those observed after concomitant administration of the MMR and varicella vaccines. Furthermore, the clinical profile of this combination vaccine, in terms of injection- site and general tolerability, is similar to that of the component vaccines. A higher incidence of low-grade fever has been noted following the first dose of MMRV vaccine, although it is no different from component vaccines following the second dose. MMRV vaccines were recommended in Germany in 2006 for administration in two doses to children aged 11-14 months and 15-23 months. They offer a convenient way to implement varicella vaccination and to achieve high vaccine coverage rates mirroring those of MMR vaccines. For other countries considering introducing these vaccines, the advantages for children, parents and healthcare providers of protecting against four diseases in a single vaccine should be noted.     

Live attenuated measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella zoster virus vaccine (Priorix-Tetra)

The live attenuated tetravalent vaccine against measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella zoster viruses (MMRV) is a combination of the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and the varicella zoster virus vaccine. The immunogenicity after each dose of a two-dose vaccination course of MMRV vaccine was generally similar to that of two doses of separately administered MMR plus varicella zoster vaccines, or a single dose of separately administered MMR plus varicella zoster vaccines followed by a dose of MMR vaccine, in infants aged 9-24 months. In infants aged 9-24 months administered a two-dose course of MMRV vaccine, geometric mean titers for antibodies against all vaccine antigens increased after the second dose relative to the first dose, with the increase being most pronounced for varicella zoster virus antibodies (10- to 21-fold). MMRV as the second vaccination was immunogenic in children aged 5-6 years who had previously received either MMRV or MMR as the first vaccination at 12-24 months of age. The immunogenicity for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella zoster viruses, in terms of seropositivity and antibody titers, was not altered when MMRV was coadministered with a booster dose of diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, hepatitis B, inactivated poliovirus, and Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in infants aged 12-23 months. Nor was the immunogenicity of the latter vaccine altered by coadministration. The tolerability profile of MMRV vaccine was comparable to that of separately administered MMR plus varicella zoster vaccines or of MMR vaccine alone. Injection-site redness and fever (rectal temperature > or =38degreesC or axillary temperature > or =37.5degreesC) were the most frequent adverse events in both groups.     

Measles,mumps, rubella vaccine (Priorix; GSK-MMR): a review of its use in the prevention of measles,mumps and rubella

GSK-MMR (Priorix) is a trivalent live attenuated measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine which contains the Schwarz measles, the RIT 4385 mumps (derived from the Jeryl Lynn mumps strain) and the Wistar RA 27/3 rubella strains. GSK-MMR as a primary vaccination demonstrated high immunogenicity in clinical trials in >7500 infants aged 9-27 months, and was as immunogenic as Merck-MMR (MMR II). However, antimumps seroconversion rates and geometric mean titres (GMTs) were significantly higher in infants receiving GSK-MMR compared with Berna-MMR (Triviraten trade mark ) recipients. Coadministration of GSK-MMR with a varicella vaccine (Varilrix; GSK-MMR/V) did not significantly affect the immunogenicity of GSK-MMR. A persistent immune response to GSK-MMR has been demonstrated in follow-up data from several randomised trials. GMTs for measles, mumps and rubella antibodies remained high in GSK-MMR recipients 1-2 years post-vaccination and were similar to those in Merck-MMR recipients. The immunogenicity of GSK-MMR was high, and similar to that of Merck-MMR, when used as a second dose in children aged 4-6 or 11-12 years who had received a primary vaccination with Merck-MMR in their second year of life. Although there are no protective efficacy data concerning the GSK-MMR vaccine to date, the rubella Wistar RA 27/3 rubella and Schwarz measles strains have well established protective efficacy; the new RIT 4385 mumps strain is expected to afford similar protection from mumps to that achieved with mumps vaccines that contain the Jeryl Lynn mumps strain (e.g. Merck-MMR). GSK-MMR was well tolerated as a primary or secondary vaccination, and in most clinical studies comparing GSK-MMR with Merck-MMR as a primary vaccination in infants, GSK-MMR was associated with significantly fewer local adverse events (e.g. pain, swelling and redness). The incidence of local adverse events with GSK-MMR, GSK-MMR/V or Berna-MMR was similar. GSK-MMR and Merck-MMR were associated with similar rates of fever, rash and parotid gland swelling, but Berna-MMR was associated with a lower incidence of fever. In conclusion, GSK-MMR is a highly immunogenic MMR vaccine with good tolerability. In clinical trials, the immunogenicity of GSK-MMR was similar to that of Merck-MMR, and the mumps component was more effective at eliciting seroprotection than that of Berna-MMR. Furthermore, GSK-MMR causes fewer injection-site adverse events than Merck-MMR. As such, GSK-MMR is an attractive alternative for immunisation against measles, mumps and rubella.     

Varivax (Merck & Co)

Varivax is a live-attenuated varicella vaccine developed and launched in the US by Merck & Co for the treatment of chickenpox [413319]. The vaccine uses the Oka strain of the varicella virus licensed from the Biken Institute at Osaka University in Japan [178223]. By June 2001, Merck was also developing the vaccine for use in adults for herpes zoster infection [413319]. The FDA required post-marketing studies as a condition for its approval of Varivax, which was granted in March 1995 [174416]. The Centers for Disease Control & Prevention Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended that Varivax should be administered at the same time as the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine. Unvaccinated children between the ages of 19 months and 13 years should be vaccinated by the time they are 13 years old [180148]. Varivax, from its launch in the spring of 1995 to the end of the third quarter 1995, produced sales of US $60 million [196542]. In June 2000, a second generation of Varivax, Varivax II, was launched for vaccination against chickenpox in individuals 12 months of age and older. Varivax II prevents the transmission of chickenpox with exactly the same safety and efficacy profile as Varivax; however, the new Varivax II has the advantage of being refrigerator-stable [371871].     

病毒性疫苗渗透压摩尔浓度的质量控制

目的  通过检测6种病毒性疫苗成品的渗透压摩尔浓度,比较不同疫苗检测均值的差异,并观察同种疫苗检测值的批间稳定性,为增加病毒性疫苗质量控制手段提供依据。方法  采用冰点下降法检测麻疹减毒活疫苗、风疹减毒活疫苗、麻疹腮腺炎联合减毒活疫苗、麻疹腮腺炎风疹联合减毒活疫苗、水痘减毒活疫苗、流感病毒裂解疫苗的渗透压摩尔浓度,对检测值进行统计学处理,计算变异系数。以麻疹腮腺炎风疹联合减毒活疫苗的渗透压摩尔浓度检测均值作为对照,进行方差齐性检验及假设检验,比较各疫苗检测均值的差异。结果  麻疹腮腺炎联合减毒活疫苗与对照相比,均值差异无统计学意义（t=1.66,P>0.05）;麻疹减毒活疫苗、风疹减毒活疫苗、水痘减毒活疫苗及流感病毒裂解疫苗与对照相比,均值差异均有统计学意义（Z>1.96,P<0.001）。同种疫苗批间渗透压摩尔浓度较为稳定,变异系数均<3%,变化幅度能控制在90%~110%均值范围内。结论  6种病毒性疫苗渗透压摩尔浓度存在一定差异,但同种疫苗检测值批间稳定性较好,因此,应根据不同疫苗的渗透压摩尔浓度,分别制定质量控制标准。     

早产儿疫苗免疫接种研究进展

目的：疫苗的免疫程序和疫苗使用指导原则是保证疫苗免疫效果的重要环节,也是《疫苗管理法》的重要内容之一。早产儿免疫系统发育不成熟,对于各种疫苗免疫反应低于足月儿。本综述为制定早产儿免疫程序提供参考。方法：本文对在早产儿中使用灭活脊髓灰质炎疫苗、百日咳-白喉-破伤风疫苗、乙型肝炎疫苗、肺炎链球菌疫苗、脑膜炎球菌结合疫苗和流感嗜血杆菌疫苗、轮状病毒疫苗、麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹和水痘疫苗等疫苗的免疫效果、安全性及耐受性研究进展进行了归纳整理。结果：本文对早产儿在接种不同疫苗、采取不同免疫策略时体液免疫和细胞免疫效果的研究进行了归纳总结,结果表明虽然早产儿的免疫功能相对较弱,但参照足月新生儿免疫方案接种疫苗后,大部分早产儿可以具有足够的免疫保护力。结论：本文为疫苗免疫程序的制定提供更全面的理解,为制定疫苗使用指导原则提供参考。     

麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹、水痘联合减毒活疫苗的生产工艺研究

目的  建立麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹、水痘联合减毒活疫苗（combined live attenuated measles，mumps，rubella and varicella vaccine，MMRV）的生产工艺。方法  根据现有疫苗病毒原液生产工艺，将麻疹病毒沪-191纯化株、腮腺炎病毒S79株、风疹病毒BRD-Ⅱ株和水痘-带状疱疹病毒Oka株在原代鸡胚成纤维细胞或人二倍体细胞MRC-5株中制备高滴度病毒原液，并超低温保存。筛选无明胶冻干稳定剂配方。按国外已上市同类产品的病毒配比，研究MMRV中4种病毒的原液配制滴度及成品配制比例，建立最佳冻干工艺。结果  用筛选出的适合于MMRV的无明胶冻干稳定剂配方进行试验，确定病毒原液的配制滴度为，麻疹4.6 lg半数细胞培养感染量（50% cell culture infective dose，CCID₅₀）/ml、腮腺炎5.8 lgCCID₅₀/ml、风疹4.3 lgCCID₅₀/ml、水痘4.8 lg噬斑形成单位（plaque forming unit，PFU）/ml。使成品中腮腺炎病毒滴度至少达到麻疹和风疹和水痘病毒的10倍，水痘病毒滴度高于现有单价水痘疫苗。连续制备3批MMRV，平均病毒滴度为，麻疹4.5 lgCCID₅₀/ml、腮腺炎5.1 lgCCID₅₀/ml、风疹4.3 lgCCID₅₀/ml、水痘4.6 lgPFU/ml；平均水分为1.2%。其他项目检定均合格。结论  建立了MMRV的生产工艺，可以稳定生产出达到国外同类产品质量标准并符合我国4种单价减毒活疫苗国家标准的产品。     

器官移植受者接种麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹系列疫苗的有效性和安全性研究

器官移植受者术后易于感染许多疫苗可预防疾病,存在预后不良的风险,甚至可因严重感染而威胁生命。接种麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹（麻腮风）系列疫苗能有效降低器官移植受者术后的麻疹、腮腺炎和风疹发病率。此文综述了器官移植受者接种麻腮风系列疫苗的有效性和安全性,以期为器官移植受者制定个性化麻腮风系列疫苗免疫接种程序提供参考。     

麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹和水痘联合减毒活疫苗中水痘病毒滴度测定方法研究

目的 建立并验证麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹和水痘(measles,mumps,rubella and varicella,MMRV)联合减毒活疫苗中水痘病毒滴度的测定方法.方法 首先通过比较温度,确定中和条件;再根据抗麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹病毒血清对相应病毒的完全中和能力,确定每种抗血清的使用浓度.观察抗血清对2BS细胞生长的影响和对水痘病毒的干扰作用.采用t检验对结果进行比较.结果 与37℃1h相比,4℃1h的中和条件能准确反映MMRV疫苗中水痘病毒的滴度水平(t=6.7082,P＜0.01).3种抗血清(麻疹1∶80、腮腺炎1∶40、风疹1∶40)混合后对2BS细胞生长无影响,对不同滴度水痘病毒无干扰(高滴度t=0.4472,P＞0.05;中滴度t=0.9045,P＞0.05;低滴度t=0.3536,P＞0.05).使用建立的方法测定MMRV疫苗中水痘病毒滴度,实测值与理论值之间的差异无统计学意义(t=1.7533,P ＞0.05).结论 建立了MMRV联合减毒活疫苗中水痘病毒滴度的测定方法.     

Swedish experience of two dose vaccination programme aiming at eliminating measles, mumps, and rubella.

In 1982 a two dose regimen was introduced in Sweden for the combined vaccination against measles, mumps, and rubella of children aged 18 months and 12 years. Since 1977 about half of the preschool children were vaccinated against measles annually, and since 1974 about 80% of 12 year old girls were vaccinated against rubella. During the period 1982 to 1985 90-93% of the eligible age cohorts of 18 month old children and 88-91% of the 12 year old children were immunised with the new combined vaccine. A study in 1982 of about 140 18 month old children who were nearly all seronegative before vaccination showed that 96%, 92%, and 99% seroconverted against measles, mumps, and rubella, respectively. A second study was carried out in 1983 of 247 12 year old children, of whom 11% lacked antibodies to measles, 27% to mumps, and 45% to rubella. This showed seroconversion in 82% and 80% against measles and mumps, respectively, and all children seroconverted against rubella. In the latest study in 1985 of 496 12 year olds 9% and 13% were seronegative against measles and mumps before vaccination, and 41% against rubella. Of these, 88% seroconverted to measles and 80% to mumps, and all converted to rubella when sera were tested by the haemolysis in gel method. After a neutralisation test against measles as well all children showed immunity to the disease. A low incidence of measles and declining figures for mumps and rubella were reported in 1984 to 1986. An outbreak of rubella during 1985 affected mainly boys in age cohorts in which only the girls had been vaccinated during the 1970s.     

配制麻疹-腮腺炎-风疹-水痘联合减毒活疫苗的各病毒原液最适滴度研究

目的 研究配制麻疹-腮腺炎-风疹-水痘联合减毒活疫苗(measles-mumps-rubella-varicellacombined attenuated live vaccine,MMRV)的各病毒原液最适滴度.方法 将麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹和水痘病毒原液分别冻干,检测各冻干单价疫苗的滴度和热稳定性,观察病毒滴度的下降幅度.将4种病毒原液按不同配比配制MMRV,检测配制前后的各病毒滴度,摸索配制MMRV的最佳配比.按确认的最佳配比配制MMRV并冻干,检测冻干MMRV的各病毒滴度和热稳定性,确定配制MMRV的各病毒原液最适滴度.结果 各病毒原液冻干后,麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹和水痘病毒滴度分别下降约0.6、0.6、0.4 lgCCID50/ml和0.5 lgPFU/ml;各冻干单价疫苗37℃放置1周后,麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹和水痘病毒的滴度分别下降约0.6、0.5、0.5 lgCCID50/ml和0.5 lgPFU/ml.在配制MMRV过程中,仅腮腺炎病毒可能在一定程度上受到其他病毒的干扰.按确认的最佳配比配制的MMRV冻干后,麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹和水痘病毒滴度分别下降约0.5、0.6、0.5 lgCCID50/ml和0.6 lgPFU/ml;冻干MMRV于37℃放置1周后,麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹和水痘病毒滴度分别下降约0.6、0.6、0.5 lgCCID50/ml和0.5 lgPFU/ml.结论 在按确认的最佳配比配制MMRV时,麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹和水痘病毒原液的滴度需分别≥6.0、≥6.5、≥6.0 lgCCID50/ml和≥5.3 lgPFU/ml.     

疫苗检定用麻疹病毒抗血清的制备

目的:制备麻疹病毒抗血清,用于含麻疹病毒成分的联合减毒活疫苗的检定。方法:制备麻疹病毒Edm-3株病毒收获液,加入弗氏佐剂,对家兔和豚鼠分别经皮下多点或腹腔途径免疫3针,采血制备抗血清,经除菌过滤和补体灭活后,对抗血清进行中和效价、中和能力、细胞毒性及特异性检测。结果:用4种免疫方式制备的抗血清中和效价均高于1∶320...     

Rubella (German measles)--still a major infectious disease

Rubella viruses are single-stranded ribonucleic acid viruses, which are surrounded by a lipid-containing membrane. From the taxonomic point of view, these serologically uniform viruses belong to the family of Togaviridae, and to the genus Rubivirus. After birth, infection with rubella virus occurs through inhalation of contaminated droplets. In children infected after birth, rubella viruses usually cause uncomplicated diseases that are associated with an unspecific rash (postnatal rubella). Rubella virus infections in adults might be more severe and can be accompanied by complications such as joint pain and inflammation in the joints. Rubella virus infection during pregnancy can lead to the infection of the fetus. In the first and second trimester of pregnancy, fetal rubella infection often lead to severe abnormalities of the newborn, which are summarized as rubella embryopathy or congenital rubella syndrome. One of these disorders, the Gregg syndrome, is associated with serious damage to heart, ears and eyes of the newborn. Therefore, in suspected cases of rubella virus infection during pregnancy, or after contact of a pregnant woman with an infected person, a serological diagnosis must be performed. The diagnosis of an acute rubella virus infection usually consists of the detection of rubella-specific IgM. Critical to avoiding a rubella virus infection is the immune prophylaxis, for which a live attenuated vaccine, usually given as trivalent vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella (MMR vaccine), is available. Since the introduction of the rubella vaccination in the 1970s, in many areas of the world the number of rubella diseases has declined dramatically. Nevertheless, rubella is still widespread in some countries, and still occurs in Germany. Postnatal rubella virus infections can be treated symptomatically. A specific (antiviral) therapy is not available.     

麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹和水痘联合减毒活疫苗的研制

目的 建立麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹和水痘(measles,mumps,rubella and varicella,MMRV)联合减毒活疫苗的生产工艺和检定方法.方法 采用麻疹病毒沪-191株、腮腺炎病毒S79株、风疹病毒BRDⅡ株、水痘-带状疱疹病毒北京84-7株,在原代鸡胚细胞或人胚肺二倍体细胞2BS株中制备高滴度疫苗病毒原液.观察4种原液按不同比例稀释配制后病毒的滴度变化和相互干扰现象,确定MMRV疫苗中4种原液的配制比例,并筛选适宜保护剂,建立最佳冻干工艺.同时,建立MMRV联合减毒活疫苗的检定方法.采用t检验对结果进行比较.结果 选择最佳配制比例、保护剂和冻干工艺制备出连续多批MMRV疫苗,按国家药典要求检定全部合格.其中连续3批疫苗经国家检定机构检定合格:麻疹病毒基础滴度和37℃放置7d后的滴度分别≥3.9和≥3.5 lg半数细胞培养感染量(50％ cell culture infective dose,CCID50)/ml,腮腺炎病毒≥5.0和≥4.7 lgCCID50/ml,风疹病毒≥5.0和≥4.8 lgCCID50/ml,水痘病毒≥4.5和≥4.4 lg噬斑形成单位/ml.用建立的方法检测MMRV疫苗,结果4种病毒滴度实测值与理论值之间的差异无统计学意义(t值为0.149～1.838,P值均＞0.05).结论 建立了稳定、可行的MMRV疫苗生产工艺和检定方法.     

流行性腮腺炎的流行现状及疫苗免疫策略

流行性腮腺炎(腮腺炎)是由腮腺炎病毒(mumps virus,MuV)导致的急性全身性传染病,接种疫苗是预防MuV感染最有效的手段.腮腺炎疫苗广泛应用后,全球腮腺炎发病率大幅下降,但近些年却多次发生小规模腮腺炎暴发,可能的原因主要包括:疫苗接种覆盖率不够高、疫苗效果不理想、人群免疫力下降和流行株基因型改变.针对这些情况,应调整免疫接种策略,并需研发新疫苗.     

Variation in vaccine response in normal populations

Genetic polymorphisms of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system significantly influence the variation in immune responses to viral vaccines. Considerable data on the genetic determinants of immune responses to the measles vaccine support the importance of HLA genes in determining the variation in vaccine response. HLA class I and class II, TAP, and HLA-DM allele associations with measles-specific antibody levels following measles vaccination have revealed, in part, the immunologic basis for mechanisms of measles immunity variation. Associations between HLA genotype and immune responses have also been reported for other vaccines and infectious diseases, such as hepatitis B and C, human papillomaviruses, and influenza. Vaccine pharmacogenomics may provide important insights for the design and development of new peptide-based vaccines against measles and other pathogens.     

不同稳定剂配方的麻疹-腮腺炎-风疹-水痘联合减毒活疫苗的稳定性研究

目的 对比不同冻干稳定剂配方对麻疹-腮腺炎-风疹-水痘联合减毒活疫苗(measles,mumps,rubella and vericella combined live attenuated vaccine,MMRV)稳定性的影响,初步筛选出最佳配方。方法 对比2种含明胶（配方1、2）和1种无明胶冻干稳定剂配方（配方3）对MMRV在37、25及2～8 ℃保存后关键质量指标的影响。结果 37 ℃加速稳定性试验中,仅配方3产品4种病毒滴度均在合格范围内。25 ℃加速稳定性试验中,配方1产品1个月时腮腺炎和水痘病毒滴度即全部低于质量标准下限,配方2、3产品放置6个月,所有4种病毒滴度均在质量标准范围内,但配方2腮腺炎及水痘病毒滴度均处于标准下限。2~8 ℃长期稳定性试验中,配方1产品放置6个月,腮腺炎及水痘病毒滴度均低于质量标准下限,配方2、3产品的病毒滴度稳定性可分别保持18和24个月。结论 针对MMRV开发的无明胶冻干稳定剂配方3在冻干和保存过程中对4种病毒的活性保护效果最佳,其产品有效期至少为2年,并有进一步延长的潜力。研究结果也为日后研发降低明胶使用含量的麻疹系列疫苗冻干稳定剂配方提供了支持。     

Aseptic meningitis following mumps vaccine. A retrospective survey by the French Regional Pharmacovigilance centres and by Pasteur-Mérieux Sérums & Vaccins

Since 1989 many case series and observational studies of aseptic meningitis (AM) associated with the use of live attenuated mumps vaccines containing the Urabe AM9 strain have been reported worldwide. The aim of this retrospective reported AM in France following mumps vaccination with monovalent or multivalent vaccines containing the Urabe strain. Fifty-four cases of AM were reported to the Regional Pharmacovigilance centres or to the manufacturer from the time each vaccine was launched up until June 1992. Twenty cases were temporally associated with the administration of a monovalent mumps vaccine and 34 with a trivalent measles, mumps and rubella vaccine (MMR). A mumps virus was isolated in four cases in the cerebrospinal fluid and an Urabe-like strain was characterized twice by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A probable mumps origin was assumed in 17 other cases where the patients presented with other clinical or biological signs of mumps infection. The clinical outcome of AM, known in 87% of the population, was always favourable. The global incidence of mumps vaccine-associated AM was 0.82/100,000 doses, which is significantly lower than the incidence in the unvaccinated population. Even considering that the actual incidence of AM is much higher when assessed by active surveillance studies, the risk/benefit ratio of mumps vaccine remains in favour of vaccination.     

DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine (Pentacel)

The combination vaccine diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis adsorbed, inactivated poliovirus and Haemophilus b conjugate (tetanus toxoid conjugate) vaccine (DTaP-IPV/Hib), which has been exclusively used in Canada for more than 10 years, is the first DTaP-based vaccine approved in the US that includes both poliovirus and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) antigens. In clinical trials, the combined DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine induced high immunogenecity against all of the vaccine antigens, including Hib. Administration of the DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine as a four-dose series in infants provided high levels of seroprotection against diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3, and Hib polyribosyl-ribitol-phosphate capsular polysaccharide conjugated to tetanus toxoid (PRP-T). Immune responses produced after doses 3 and 4 of DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine were noninferior to those seen with separately administered DTaP, inactivated poliovirus, and Hib vaccines, apart from those against PRP-T in one study. Seroconversion rates for the five pertussis components in DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine were noninferior to those seen in infants receiving the separately administered vaccines. A serology bridging study showed the noninferiority of four doses of DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine to three doses of a DTaP vaccine in terms of seroconversion rates for filamentous hemagglutinin and fimbriae 2 and 3, but not pertactin. There were no clinically relevant changes in the immunogenicity of DTaP-IPV/Hib when coadministered with pneumococcal-7-valent-CRM197 vaccine or measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine and varicella zoster vaccine at 15 months. The tolerability profile of DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine was generally similar to that of separately administered DTaP, IPV, and Hib vaccines.     

新兵接种麻腮风疫苗的免疫效果、影响因素及认知研究

目的:了解部队新兵接种麻腮风疫苗（MMR）的免疫效果、影响因素及对预防接种的态度。方法:采用整群抽样的方法选择驻广东某部2017年9月入伍的2个新兵营作为研究对象。选择新兵营一396人开展麻腮风联合减毒活疫苗免疫效果及影响因素研究,选择新兵营二473人开展疫苗的认知调查。对新兵接种MMR前后的抗体滴度进行检测,并开展问...