Prevalence of risk factors in patients with peripheral arterial disease. A clinical and epidemiological evaluation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of arterial hypertension and other risk factors in patients suffering from peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in two clinical samples (1.: 102 patients with PAD 69 M, 33 F, studied in our angiology laboratory, matched for sex and age with 102 healthy volunteers; 2.: 184 hospitalized patients, 80 M, 104 F, mean age 57.2 +/- 10.8, with PAD) and in two epidemiological cohorts (1.: Trabia Study, 835 subjects; 2.: Casteldaccia Study, 723 subjects). All patients were subjected to a full clinical and laboratory examination, including the determination of the ankle/arm pressure ratio (Winsor index, positive for PAD when lower than 0.95). In the first clinical study we observed a significantly (p < 0.01) greater prevalence of arterial hypertension (51.9 vs 9.8%), hypercholesterolemia (48.2 vs 21.6%), hypertriglyceridemia (53.7 vs 26.1%), smoking habit (64.3 vs 44.2%), and hyperglycemia (26 vs 7,9%) in PAD patients than in controls. In the second clinical study considering separately the patients under and over 65 years, all risk factors resulted to be more prevalent in younger people than in the aged, except for diabetes and hypertension. In our epidemiological experience, the prevalence of PAD increases with aging, above all in males. In the Trabia Study the risk factors, more associated with PAD, were hypercholesterolemia, smoking and obesity (41.18%) in males and hypertension and hypercholesterolemia (33.3%) and obesity (25%) in females. In the Casteldaccia Study the most important risk factors were smoking (64.28%), hypercholesterolemia (42.86%) and hypertriglyceridemia (35.71%) in males, and obesity (60%), hypercholesterolemia (30%) and diabetes (20%) in females. Cholesterol levels and smoking were significantly higher in PAD patients than in the general population, whereas hypertriglyceridemia and glycemia were not. Arterial hypertension was significantly associated with PAD in the Trabia but not in the Casteldaccia Study. Obesity was significantly associated to PAD in females in both studies. In the Casteldaccia Study, lower HDL-cholesterol levels were observed in PAD patients, above all in males, whereas significantly greater Apo-B values and lower Apo-A1 levels (in males) were shown. The different levels of associated risk factors and their prevalence in PAD patients confirm the multifactorial pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The exact role of each risk factor in the genesis of PAD is difficult to be evaluated due to the complex biological and statistical interrelationships among different risk factors. However, the management of associated risk factors may favourably influence the risk profile in each patient suffering from PAD.     

巴马地区长寿老人心脑血管病相关危险因子的调查研究

目的探讨广西巴马长寿地区长寿老人心脑血管病相关危险因子的分布。方法对巴马长寿地区≥90岁的长寿老人212名(长寿老人组)系统调查,并以非长寿地区(69.9±7.4)岁老人222名(对照组)为对照,测量血压、血糖、血脂、体质量指数水平。结果巴马长寿老人和对照组老人对比,除舒张压、TG和LDL-C外,收缩压和TC、HDL-C水平高于普通老年人,身高、体质量、腰围、BMI和血糖水平低于对照组。长寿老人心血管病危险因子高低排序依次为高血压(56.6%)、高TC血症(23.6%)、高TG血症(19.3%)、血糖升高(18.40%)、高LDL-C血症(17.5%)、低HDL-C血症(16.5%)、腹型肥胖(1.43%)、超重(4.04%)和肥胖(0.47%)。和对照组比较:高TC血症和高TG血症明显高于对照组(P<0.01);超重、肥胖、腹型肥胖和低HDL-C血症明显低于对照组(P<0.01或0.05)。结论巴马长寿地区长寿老人心脑血管病的相关危险因子有其特异性,长寿老人较低比例的低HDL-C血症、低体质量、较高的高HDL-C水平等代谢异常,可能构成了长寿的生化代谢基础。     

Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the Spanish working population

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The routine medical check-up provides a good opportunity for screening workers early for cardiovascular risk factors. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the Spanish working population. METHODS: The study included 216 914 working people (mean age 36.4 years, range 16-74 years, 73.1% male) undergoing routine medical check-up, which involved a structured questionnaire, physical examination, and standard serum biochemical analysis. RESULTS: Cardiovascular disease had been diagnosed previously in 0.7% of workers, hypertension in 6.2%, diabetes in 1.2%, and dyslipidemia in 8.9%. Routine check-up showed that 49.3% (51.3% of males and 43.8% of females) were smokers, 22.1% (27.0% of males and 8.8% of females) had high blood pressure (< or =140/90 mm Hg), 15.5% (18.3% of males and 13.3% of females) were obese (body mass index > or =30), 6.2% (7.8% of males and 1.9% of females) were hyperglycemic (blood glucose >110 mg/dL), and 64.2% had dyslipidemia (total cholesterol > or =200 mg/dL, LDL cholesterol > or =160 mg/dL, triglycerides > or =200 mg/dL, or HDL cholesterol < 40 mg/dL in males or < 50 mg/dL in females). When compared with workers in the service sector and after adjustment for potential confounders, workers in manufacturing, and particularly those in construction, had higher prevalences of both high blood pressure and smoking. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the Spanish working population is high, particularly in males and in certain types of employment.     

Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and of associated risk factors for atherosclerosis in a randomized population sample of western Sicily. Casteldaccia study

Within the Targeted Programme of the Italian National Research Council "Preventive and Rehabilitative Medicine" subproject: Risk Factors, organized in nine centers on a national scale, the Operative Unit of Palermo carried out a transverse epidemiological study on a randomized population sample of western Sicily: Casteldaccia, 1984. 1.200 subjects subdivided by age in four decades (20-29; 30-39; 40-49; 50-59 years) and by sex (600 males and 600 females) were enlisted; the participation was 60.25% (No. 723; M = 364; F = 359). Following standardized procedures main cardiovascular risk factors were measured: glycaemia (GOD-PAP), triglycerides (enzymatic), total cholesterol (CHOD-PAP), HDL-cholesterol (MgCl2 dextran sulphate), apolipoproteins A1 and B (R.I.D.), B.M.I. (kg/m2), smoking habits and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (according to WHO manual on Cardiovascular Survey Methods). A questionnaire was used to record the familiar anamnesis, medical history of subjects, term of possible hyperglycaemia, current therapy (use of insulin, oral hypoglycaemic agent, dietetic treatment). The prevalence of diabetes mellitus was 8.16% (59/723): 4.67% (17/364) in males and 11.69% (42/359) in females. The most frequent risk factors associated with diabetes mellitus were; overweight (81%), hypercholesterolemia (49%), hypertriglyceridemia (45%), hypertension (37%) and cigarette smoking (15%).     

Increased risk of cardiovascular disease in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients in a primary health care center in Trinidad

The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has increased sharply in the developing countries and because Type 2 diabetic patients are at increased risk for CVD, we assessed CVD risk factors in newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetic patients presenting in a primary health care center in Trinidad. Fasting and 2 h postprandial blood samples were collected from 387 (269 females, 118 males) newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetic patients (mean age: 53.1+/-6.6 years) for the determination of plasma glucose, creatinine, cholesterol (chol), triglyceride (TG) and % glycated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)) concentrations. Blood pressure and anthropometric indices were also measured. There were high prevalence rates of obesity (37%), overweight (35%), hypertension (21%), hypercholesterolemia (25%) and hypertriglyceridemia (22.3%) among the patients and these were significantly higher in women than men (P<0.001). Patients of Indian descent had a significantly higher prevalence of diastolic hypertension and hypertriglyceridemia compared with patients of African origin or mixed race (P<0.001). In comparison with males, female diabetic patients were at greater risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Early detection of CVD risk factors and treatment, particularly in women, may be beneficial management strategy in all local diabetic clinics in Trinidad.     

Prevalence and magnitude of classical risk factors for coronary heart disease in a cohort of 4400 Chinese steelworkers over 13.5 years follow-up.

BACKGROUND: The incidence and mortality of cardiovascular disease among Orientals are very different than among Caucasians. This study addresses the prevalence and magnitude of classic cardiovascular disease risk factors associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) in an Oriental cohort of at-risk men (blood pressure, total cholesterol, Body Mass Index [BMI] and smoking), compared to Caucasian populations. We also address which blood pressure index (SBP, DBP, mean arterial pressure [MAP] and pulse pressure [PP]) is the best predictor of CHD. METHODS AND RESULTS: A cohort of 5092 male steelworkers (18-74 years old) recruited between 1974-1980 was followed up for an average of 13.5 years. The prevalence of risk factors was lower in Orientals than in Caucasians, except for smoking. The relative risks (RRs) of CHD associated with classic risk factors in this Oriental population were similar to Caucasians, except for blood pressure. The RRs of CHD associated with both SBP and DBP in this Oriental group were higher than in Caucasians; RR of CHD was approximately 3 for each 40 mmHg rise of SBP versus approximately 2 in Caucasians. SBP was the single best predictor for CHD, followed by MAP, and DBP. The population attributable risk (PAR%) for hypertension (140/90 mmHg) was 42.4. CONCLUSION: Our results would indicate that the lower incidence of CHD in Orientals is at least partly due to the lower prevalence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity. The magnitude of the risk associated with these factors is similar to that in Caucasians, except perhaps for a greater risk associated with hypertension. The most predictive BP index for CHD is SBP. These results are based on indirect comparisons only and should be studied further in prospective multi-ethnic cohorts.     

南京某医院中青年体检人群高血压前期和高血压病流行现状及其危险因素分析

目的:通过分析中青年群体高血压前期和高血压病的患病现状及可能危险因素,为相应疾病防控提供研究依据。方法:选取南京鼓楼医院体检中心2009—2016年的中青年（18~44岁为青年,45~59岁为中年）体检人群作为研究对象,通过分析该人群的体检资料,探讨高血压前期［收缩压120~139 mmHg（1 mmHg=0.133 ...     

Hypercholesterolemia and associated cardiovascular risk factors in young children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia (HPC) and associated risk factors for cardiovascular disease, in young children and adolescents. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study, with stratification for age and gender. SETTING: Primary Care study. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS: 572 young children and adolescents, five through seventeen years of age in the year 2000, with no known previous personal history of cardiovascular disease, representing the Portuguese population for age and gender. INTERVENTION: Measurement of cholesterol on an occasional whole blood sample, along with anthropometric measures, blood pressure measurement, and study of family history for cardiovascular disease factors. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: 291 males and 281 females. HPC prevalence of 17.6% (male = 15.1% and female = 20.3%, ns), girls presenting with higher mean values of total cholesterol (184.75 +/- 13.27 vs. 180.27 +/- 10.44, p = 0.06). Obesity prevalence of 35.4%, and arterial hypertension of 6.6%. HPC is more common among those with positive family history for cardiovascular disease risk factors (p = 0.01). Pulse pressure is lower in the hpc group (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: A hypercholesterolemia prevalence of 17.6% was found among children and adolescents, with strong association of family history for cardiovascular disease risk factors. In the light of these results, much further work will be needed to achieve reduction--or at least control--of this very important risk situation.     

Assessment of health status among incarcerated men

BACKGROUND: Few studies have focused on the health status of the incarcerated population in Taiwan. The purpose of this study was to assess disease risk factors in incarcerated men. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. All 1129 newly sentenced men older than 20 years received routine blood checkups and completed a face-to-face interview from November 2004 to February 2005. RESULTS: The mean age was 35.6 +/- 9.9 years old (range, 20-69). Of 1129 enrollees, there were 558 subjects who had never used illicit drugs (49.4%), 149 subjects who inhaled amphetamine (13.2%), and 422 subjects who injected heroin (37.4%). The overall prevalence rates were 15.0% for obesity, 9.3% for diabetes mellitus, 19.3% for hypercholesterolemia, 48.0% for hypertriglyceridemia, 62.7% for abnormal alanine aminotransferase, and 16.6% for hyperuricemia. With a control group as a comparison, the incarcerated group was less likely to have hypercholesterolemia and hyperuricemia, but more likely to have hypertriglyceridemia and abnormal alanine aminotransferase. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with nonincarcerated group, the incarcerated men are different in certain disease risk factors and smoking habit.     

老年2型糖尿病患者合并心脑血管疾病的危险因素分析

目的　探讨老年 2型糖尿病 (diabetesmellitus ,DM)患者心脑血管病变的特点及相关危险因素。方法　通过回顾性分析方法 ,将 2 12例老年 2型DM患者分为心脑血管病变组 (病变组 )和无血管病变组 (无病变组 )各 10 6例。病变组含缺血性心脏病 (ischemicheartdisease ,IHD)患者组 72例和 (或 )脑血管病变 (cerebrovasculardisease,CVD)患者 5 0例。其中 ,两者并存者 16例。对两组间患者的临床数据进行比较及回归分析。结果　病变组的年龄、高血压患病比率、DM病程、尿微量白蛋白排泄率异常比无病变组明显增高 ;各亚组与无病变组的比较也有相似的趋势。回归分析显示 ,年龄、高血压是老年 2型DM患者总的心脑血管病变的独立危险因素 ,同时也分别是IHD和CVD的独立危险因素 ;另外 ,高甘油三酯血症与病变组和IHD分别独立相关 ;吸烟史是IHD的独立危险因素。结论　对于老年2型DM患者 ,除了年龄、高血压外 ,高甘油三酯血症是心脑血管病变的独立危险因子     

Incidence, mortality and risk factors for stroke in the Manresa Study: 28 years of follow-up

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The information concerning stroke mortality is limited in Spain, and the information on morbidity is even scarcer similarly to other countries. This is true also for the decrease of frequency observed in the last decades. The objective of this paper is to provide data in the incidence, mortality and cardiovascular risk factors associated to stroke in our surrounding through by the prolonged observation of a working population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the Manresa Study, which began in 1968, a cohort of 1,059 men, from 30 to 59 years old, was followed for 28 years. We recorded new cases of fatal and nonfatal stroke and the relationship between stroke incidence and risk factors of cardiovascular disease found in the initial examination. RESULTS: Incidence rate for stroke was 183 x 100,000 per year, 64% of the cases were registered after they turned 60 years of age. Mortality rate due to stroke was 88 x 100,000 per year, 91.6% of fatal cases were over 60 years old. Factors associated to the stroke morbimortality incidence were age, high blood pressure and overweight. In a bivariate regression model, stroke mortality was found significantly associated to the presence of atrial fibrillation, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and tobacco smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Stroke frequency rates in the Manresa cohort are ranged at a medium level compared to data from other general population studies. The role of atrial fibrillation in the stroke morbimortality has been confirmed. The associated factors, age, high blood pressure and overweight, are similar role to that which was found in other research studies. The priorities in the cerebrovascular disease prevention in our surroundings are discussed.     

高尿酸血症与心血管疾病

目的了解心血管疾病患者中高尿酸血症的发病情况,以及血尿酸水平与心血管疾病各相关因素之间的关系。方法连续入选2006年1～10月因心血管疾病住院的患者,测定血尿酸水平,分析患者高尿酸血症发病率,并从性别、年龄等方面进行对比。结果入选的722例40～89岁心血管疾病患者中,男性高尿酸血症患病率为32.27%(111/344)、女性为30.16%(114/378),高尿酸血症的相关危险因素有冠心病、高血压、糖尿病、高甘油三酯血症、血肌酐增高,在男性患者还有高胆固醇血症,女性患者还有年龄。高尿酸血症患者合并有3种及以上危险因素的比例明显高于无高尿酸血症者,男性为38.74%比22.75%,女性为45.61%比28.03%。结论心血管疾病患者中高尿酸血症发病率高,高尿酸血症患者的心血管疾病的危险因素具有聚集性,女性患者绝经前高尿酸血症发病率低于男性、绝经后与男性无明显差别,女性高尿酸血症发病率随年龄增长而上升。     

Factors associated with healthy aging: the cardiovascular health study

OBJECTIVES: To identify factors associated with remaining healthy in older adults. DESIGN: Longitudinal cohort study. SETTING: Data were collected at the four Cardiovascular Health Study field centers. PARTICIPANTS: 5,888 participants age 65 years and older in the Cardiovascular Health Study. MEASUREMENTS: Presence of chronic disease was assessed at baseline and over a maximum 7-year follow-up period. Participants who were free of chronic disease (no cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or self-reported cancer, except nonmelanoma skin cancer) at the baseline examination were then monitored for the onset of incident cancer, cardiovascular disease, and fatal outcomes. RESULTS: A high proportion of these older adults was healthy at the initial examination and remained healthy over the follow-up period. Numerous behavioral factors were associated with continued health, including physical activity, refraining from cigarette smoking, wine consumption (women), higher educational status, and lower waist circumference. A number of CVD risk factors and subclinical disease measures were associated with continued health, including higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, lack of diabetes, thinner common carotid intimal nmedial thickness, lower blood pressure, lower C-reactive protein, and higher ankle-arm blood pressure ratio. Among the behavioral factors, exercise, not smoking, and not taking aspirin remained significant predictors of health even after controlling for CVD risk factors and subclinical disease in older adults. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that a number of modifiable behavioral factors (physical activity, smoking, and obesity) and cardiovascular risk factors (diabetes, HDL cholesterol, and blood pressure) are associated with maintenance of good health in older adults.     

Cardiovascular risk factor progression in adolescents and young adults with youth-onset type 2 diabetes

AimsYouth-onset type 2 diabetes (T2D) confers a high risk of early adverse cardiovascular morbidity. We describe the cumulative incidence and prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors over time and examine relationships with diabetes progression in young adults with youth-onset T2D from the Treatment Options for type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) study.MethodsLongitudinal data was used to evaluate the relationships between hypertension, LDL-C dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and smoking with risk factors in 677 participants.ResultsBaseline mean age was 14 ± 2 years and mean follow-up 10.2 ± 4.5 years. The 14-year cumulative incidence of hypertension, LDL-C dyslipidemia, and hypertriglyceridemia was 59%, 33%, and 37% respectively. Average prevalence of reported smoking was 23%. Male sex, non-Hispanic white race/ethnicity, obesity, poor glycemic control, lower insulin sensitivity, and reduced beta-cell function were significantly associated with an unfavorable risk profile. At end of follow-up, 54% had ≥2 cardiovascular risk factors in addition to T2D.ConclusionsCardiovascular risk factor incidence and prevalence was high over a decade of follow-up in young adults with youth-onset T2D. Glucose control and management of cardiovascular risk factors is critical in youth with T2D for prevention of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.     

Blood pressure rhythm and prevalence of vascular events in hypertensive subjects

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the influence of age on the day-night blood pressure rhythm and on the prevalence of vascular events in those whose systolic blood pressure (SBP) fell by <10% overnight (non-dippers). DESIGN: Cross-sectional observational cohort study. SETTING: Outpatient hypertension clinic. PARTICIPANTS: 419 Hypertensive patients (214 male, 205 female). METHODS: All subjects were submitted to ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (Spacelabs 90207). The nocturnal fall of SBP was calculated from (day SBP--night SBP)/day SBP, where 'day' values were recorded between 0600 h and 2200 h and 'night' values between 2200 h and 0600 h. Dippers and non-dippers were divided in two subgroups according to age (under or over 65 years). Information on gender, smoking, diabetes mellitus and body mass index was collected and cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events, evaluated by history and medical records, were registered. RESULTS: The day-night difference in blood pressure significantly decreased with age and the prevalence of non-dippers was greater in elderly than in younger subjects (65.1% vs. 29.8%). No difference was found between groups for cerebrovascular events, irrespective of age. A relationship between non-dipping pattern and cardiovascular events was found only in younger hypertensive non-dippers (odds ratio, 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.20-3.21); in elderly people the prevalence of cardiovascular events was similar in dippers and non-dippers. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular risk is not increased in elderly non-dipper hypertensive subjects. This contrasts with results in younger populations.     

Re-survey of the Whitehall study of London civil servants: changes in risk factors for cardiovascular disease during 29 years of follow-up

BACKGROUND: Substantial uncertainty persists about the relevance of blood pressure and cholesterol to the risk of cardiovascular disease in the elderly. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the determinants of cardiovascular risk in old age, and the relevance of such risk factors when recorded in middle and old age. METHODS: A re-survey in 1997 of 8537 survivors of a cohort of men who were originally examined in 1967-1970 when aged 40-69 years. RESULTS: Completed questionnaires were received from 7050 (82%) of the survivors, and blood pressure and blood samples from 5427 (64%). The response rate declined with increasing age, was inversely related to markers of socioeconomic status in 1967-70 and in 1997, and was lower in those who had been current smokers or had a higher blood pressure level in 1967-70. After excluding those with reported cardiovascular disease (25% of respondents), the mean levels of total cholesterol and apolipoprotein B were lower in older age groups, whereas apolipoprotein A1 levels did not vary much with age. Among those with risk factors recorded both in 1967-70 and 1997, the prevalence of smoking had declined by two-thirds (32% in 1970 and 12% in 1997), the prevalence of diabetes had increased (0.3% versus 4.5%), and the mean systolic blood pressure had increased by 16 mmHg (130 versus 146 mmHg), but the diastolic blood pressure had not changed materially (80 versus 81 mmHg), and the measured levels of total cholesterol had increased by 0.5 mmol/l (although that change may be artefactual). CONCLUSION: Follow-up of vital status in this cohort should permit an assessment of the relevance of risk factors recorded in middle and old age to cardiovascular disease in old age.     

Study of cardiovascular risk factors among tertiary hospital employees and their families

BackgroundThe aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among administrative employees working at a tertiary hospital (All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi) and their families.Methods and resultsA cross-sectional survey was conducted among a total of 453 individuals aged 30 years and above. The mean age of the study group was 43.3 ± 9.5 years. There was a high prevalence of major cardiovascular risk factors – current smoking 58 (12.8%), tobacco consumption 26 (5.7%), family history of coronary artery disease 79 (17.4%), diabetes mellitus 25 (5.8%), hypertension 94 (20.7%), hypercholesterolemia 110 (25.7%), hypertriglyceridemia 148 (34.5%), physical inactivity 180 (39.7%), body mass index ≥23 kg/m² 350 (77.3%), central obesity 201 (80.1%) of males and 163 (80.7%) of females, inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption 387 (85.4%), heavy drinking 12 (2.6%), and stress 58 (12.7%).ConclusionThis indicates an urgent need to initiate a comprehensive health promotion and cardiovascular disease prevention programme at workplace and community level.     

某部军队飞行人员心血管危险因素的调查

目的：调查某部军队飞行人员的心血管危险因素。方法：收集某部415名军队飞行人员的身高、体重、血压、空腹血糖、血脂及吸烟等参数并进行分析。结果：415例飞行人员中存在心血管危险因素的有211例（50．84％）,存在2项以上心血管危险因素的有153例（36．87％）,存在3项以上危险因素的有73例（17．59％）;年龄31-40岁组及〉41岁组心血管危险因素明显多于20～30岁组（P〈0．05）,近6年心血管危险因素较此前6年的显著增多（P〈0．05）。结论：必需加强军队飞行人员心血管危险因素的综合防治。     

Prevalence of ischemic heart disease and risk factors for its occurrence among 20- to 54-year-old men depending upon the nature of their work activity

Results of a horizontal epidemiologic study of an unorganized population of males, aged 20 to 54 years, in Frunze, Kirghizia, are reported. The incidence of coronary heart disease and risk factors is examined with respect to age. The prevalence of coronary heart disease, arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypo-alpha-cholesterolemia is shown to be similar in mental and manual workers. Excessive body weight is more common in the former, while smoking prevails in the latter.