反相高效液相色谱法测定口腔溃疡涂剂中甲硝唑和盐酸丁卡因的含量

目的：建立以反相高效液相色谱法测定口腔溃疡涂剂中甲硝唑和盐酸丁卡因含量的方法。方法：色谱柱为Thermo ODS hypersilC18（50mm×4．6mm，5μm）；流动相为甲醇-水-乙腈-三乙胺（35：50：15：0．7）（用冰醋酸调pH=6．8）；流速1．0ml·min^-1；检测波长为310nm；柱温20℃。结果：甲硝唑和盐酸丁卡因分别在20．2～161．6μg·ml^-1（r=0．9994）和6．68～53．44μg·ml^-1（r=0．9993）范围内线性关系良好，平均回收率分别为99．89％（RSD0．62％）和99．84％（RSD0．67％）。结论：本法简便、快速、重复性好，可用于口腔溃疡涂剂的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定小儿消咳片中小檗碱的含量

目的：建立HPLC法测定小儿消咳片中盐酸小檗碱的含量方法。方法：以迪马钻石C18（250mm×4．6mm，5μm）为色谱柱；流动相：乙腈-0．1％磷酸溶液（每100ml中加入0．1g十二烷基磺酸钠）（50：50）；流速：1．0ml·min^-1；柱温：30℃；检测波长349nm。结果：盐酸小檗碱线性范围为2～21μg·ml^-1（r=0．9996），平均回收率为98．4％，RSD为0．9％（n=6）。结论：方法适用于小儿消咳片中盐酸小檗碱的含量测定。     

RP-HPLC法测定一枝黄花中槲皮素的含量

目的：建立一枝黄花中槲皮素的含量测定方法。方法：采用HiQ sil C18色谱柱（250mm×4．6mm，5μm）；柱温：40℃；流动相：甲醇-0．1％磷酸溶液（50：50）；流速：1．0ml·min^-1；检测波长：371nm。结果：槲皮素进样量在0．40—4．04μg范围内线性关系良好（r=0．9997），平均回收率为100．2％；RSD为1．7％（n=9）。结论：该含量测定方法简便准确。     

HPLC法同时测定三七中7种皂苷含量

目的：建立HPLC法同时测定三七中7种皂苷含量的方法。方法：Hypersil BDS C18色谱柱（250mm×4．6mm，5μm）；流动相：乙腈（A）-水（B）二元梯度洗脱；流速：1．0ml·min^-1；检测波长203nm；柱温：室温。结果：三七皂苷R1，人参皂苷Rb1，Rb2，Rc，Rd，Rg1，Re的线性范围分别为5．6～140μg·ml^-1（r=0．9992）5．8～144μg·ml^-1（r=0．9991）、5．9-148μg·ml^-1（r=0．9997）、6．1～152μg·ml^-1（r=0．9992）、5．8～144μg·ml^-1（r=0．9992）、5．8～146μg·ml^-1（r=0．9990）、5．8～144μg·ml^-1（，=0．9994）；回收率98．5％～100．1％。结论：HPLC法可同时并且简单快速分离三七中7种皂苷。     

HPLC法测定天麻胶囊中非法掺入的吲哚美辛

目的：建立HPLC法测定中成药天麻胶囊中非法掺入的西药吲哚美辛。方法：采用kromasil C8（250mm×4.6mm．10μm）．流动相：0．1mol·L^-1冰醋酸溶液-乙腈（52．5：47．5），检测波长：228nm，流速：1．0ml·min^-1，柱温：25℃。结果：测得吲哚美辛线性范围为10．3-92．7μg·ml^-1（r=0．9999），平均回收率为102．0％，RSD为0．7％。结论：本法操作简便，结果可靠。可用于检测天麻胶囊中非法添加的西药吲哚关辛。     

HPLC测定维药祖卡木胶囊中大黄素、大黄酚的含量

目的：采用高效液相色谱法测定祖卡木胶囊中大黄素和大黄酚的含量。方法：采用Waters Symmetry C18（150mm×4．6mm，5μm）色谱柱，流动相：甲醇-0．1％磷酸溶液（80：20）；检测波长：254mm；流速1．0ml·min^-1；柱温35℃。结果：大黄素在0．8—6．6μg·ml^-1（r=0．9999，n=5）范围内，有良好的线性关系，平均回收率为98．8％（n=9），RSD为1．7％。大黄酚在2．0—10．2μg·ml^-1（r=0．9999，n=5）范围内，有良好的线性关系，平均回收率为101．3％（n=9），RSD为1．6％。结论：方法具有操作简单、准确的优点，能有效控制祖卡木胶囊的质量。     

HPLC法测定苦参药材中苦参碱的含量

目的：建立测定苦参药材中苦参碱含量的高效液相色谱法。方法：采用Alltech Alltima C18（250mm×4．6mm，5μm）色谱柱，柱温25℃；流动相为0．02mol·L^-1三乙胺（醋酸调节pH9．5）-乙腈（60：40），流速1．0mL·min^-1；检测波长为220nm。结果：线性范围为0．01～2．0mg·mL^-1；稳定性试验RSD为0．57％（n=5）；平均回收率为99．42％（n=6）；重复性试验RSD为1．78％（n=6）。结论：本方法快速简便、准确，重复性好。     

RP-HPLC法测定7-二氟亚甲基-5，4’-二甲氧基异黄酮的含量

目的：建立和评价7-二氟亚甲基-5，4’-二甲氧基异黄酮（简称Gen-10）的反相高效液相色谱含量测定方法。方法：色谱柱为Hypersil GOLD C18硅胶柱（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相为乙腈-0．0025mol·L^-1磷酸氢二钠水溶液（55：45），流速为1．0mL·min^-1，检测波长为254nm，柱温为25℃，进样20μL。结果：Gen-10在0．1-35μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好，回归方程为A=96．7C＋3．77，r=0．9999；日内精密度RSD为0．051％（n=5），日间精密度RSD为0．059％（n=5）；对照品溶液在12h内稳定，检测限为0．02ng；加样回收率为98．9％，RSD=1．3％（n=6）。结论：此方法简便、易行、灵敏、准确，可作为Gen-10含量测定的方法。     

RP-HPLC法测定银黄胶囊中绿原酸和黄芩苷的含量

目的：测定银黄胶囊中绿原酸和黄芩苷的含量。方法：采用RP-HPLC法，色谱柱为Agilent Extend-C18柱（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），样品用45％甲醇溶解，乙腈-水-磷酸（28：72：0．4）（用三乙胺调pH为2．7±0.1）为流动相，检测波长为280nm测定黄芩苷含量；样品用50％甲醇溶解，0．2mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钠-甲醇（75：25，磷酸调节pH为3．2）为流动相；检测波长为327nm测定绿原酸含量。结果：黄芩苷在0．0392-0．784μg范围内，线性关系良好（r=1．0000），平均回收率为99．5％。方法精密度RSD=0．61％（n=5）；绿原酸在0．0429～0．858μg范围内，线性关系良好（r=1．0000），平均回收率为99．8％；方法精密度RSD=0．71％（n=5）。结论：该方法可用于银黄胶囊质量控制。     

柱前衍生化高效液相色谱法测定前列地尔脂质体的包封率

目的：建立测定前列地尔的分析方法并测定前列地尔脂质体的包封率方法：色谱柱：Hypersil-C18柱，（250mm×4．6mm，5μm）；流动相：磷酸二氢钾溶液（0．02mol·L^-1）：乙腈：50：50；流速：1．0mL·min^-1；柱温：室温；检测波长：278nm；进样量：20μL。采用KOH衍生化法测定前列地尔脂质体的包封率结果：在此液相条件下，衍生物得到很好的分离，平均回收率为99．1％，RSD为0．8％（n=5），线性范围0．5—5．0μg·mL^-1，最低检测限达0．1μg·mL^-1，样品的包封率为88．0％-90．5％。结论：柱前衍生化高效液相色谱法适用于测定前列地尔脂质体包封率，具有方便、快捷、灵敏度高等优点。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.