初生至三岁婴幼儿父母严厉管教的基本特点

目的:考察我国初生至三岁婴幼儿父母严厉管教的基本特点。方法:采用Straus编制的亲子冲突解决策略量表对720名初生至三岁婴幼儿的父母进行测查。结果:(1)过去一年内有一半以上的父母对婴幼儿实施过心理攻击和体罚,实施的平均次数分别为6.91次、5.29次。(2)严厉管教更可能发生在男孩和3岁儿童身上,且更可能由母亲以及较低家庭社会经济地位的父母实施。(3)父母实施心理攻击和体罚的普遍性及实施心理攻击的频繁性均随婴幼儿年龄的增长而上升;实施体罚的频繁性在婴幼儿24个月之前呈上升趋势,随后缓慢下降。(4)在父母体罚发生的频繁性上,婴幼儿年龄和家庭社会经济地位的交互作用显著。(5)父母心理攻击和体罚的发生具有共存性。结论:在中国,大多数初生至三岁婴幼儿频繁的遭受过父母严厉管教,其发生情况与个体和家庭因素有关。     

学前儿童父母严厉管教的代际传递：基于主客体互倚性模型的分析

目的:基于成对数据分析的主客体互倚性模型,探讨学前儿童父亲和母亲严厉管教的代际传递。方法:采用亲子冲突解决策略量表测量610名学前儿童父母的严厉管教行为。结果:①学前儿童父亲童年期受体罚经历的普遍性显著高于母亲,但父亲和母亲童年期受心理攻击经历的普遍性不存在显著差异。母亲对孩子实施体罚和心理攻击的普遍性和频繁性均显著高于父亲。②基于主客体互倚性模型,学前儿童父亲和母亲童年期受体罚经历显著正向预测自身当前对学前儿童实施的体罚(主体效应),同时也显著正向预测配偶当前对学前儿童实施的体罚(客体效应)。③基于主客体互倚性模型,学前儿童父亲和母亲童年期受心理攻击经历显著正向预测当前自身对学前儿童实施的心理攻击,学前儿童母亲童年期受心理攻击经历能显著正向预测父亲当前对学前儿童实施的心理攻击,而学前儿童父亲童年期受心理攻击经历不能显著预测母亲当前对学前儿童实施的心理攻击。结论:学前儿童父母的体罚和心理攻击具有代际传递性,这种代际传递性不仅表现为明显的主体效应,而且还表现出一定的客体效应。     

小学生父母对子女躯体暴力行为的现况调查

目的:了解小学生父母对子女躯体暴力行为发生情况,探讨父母对子女躯体暴力行为的相关因素。方法:在辽宁某城市2所普通小学,对1164名1~6年级小学生父母进行了不记名自填式问卷调查,调查其在过去3个月里对子女施加躯体暴力状况,分析相关因素。躯体暴力定义为有1项或以上的下列行为者:用力推搡/摇晃孩子;掐/拧/捏/抓孩子;徒手拍打孩子的屁股;徒手拍打孩子的手/脚/胳膊/腿/背;拿物品打孩子屁股;用力徒手拍打孩子的脸或头;拿物品打孩子屁股以外的其他部位;用拳头揍/用脚踹/踢孩子。结果:在被调查的1164名小学生父母中,有53.1%报告在最近3个月里曾对子女施加过轻度躯体暴力(51.0%)和/或重度躯体暴力(19.8%)。儿童为男孩(OR=1.49)、年龄较小(OR=1.38)、学习成绩差(OR=1.85),容易受到父母的躯体暴力;母亲(OR=2.09)、童年期有被自己父母躯体暴力伤害经历(OR=1.53)、对体罚儿童持容忍或赞成态度(OR=3.15)、对儿童躯体暴力伤害认识不足(OR=2.31)、家庭经济状况差(OR=1.47)是小学生父母对子女施加躯体暴力的危险因素。结论:小学生父母对子女施加躯体暴力现象较为普遍。不正确的体罚观念和较低的躯体暴力危害认识水平是父母对子女施加躯体暴力的主要危险因素。     

父母严厉管教与初中生外化问题行为的关系

目的:考察父亲和母亲的严厉管教与初中生外化问题行为的关系.方法:采用Straus编制的亲子冲突解决策略量表和Achenbach儿童行为量表的儿童自我报告版测查1070名初中生.结果:①初中男生遭受的父亲严厉管教的频繁性高于女生.初中男生遭受母亲体罚的频繁性高于女生.初二学生遭受母亲心理攻击的频繁性显著高于初一学生.②父亲和母亲的心理攻击、体罚和身体虐待均与初中生外化问题行为存在显著正相关.③父亲和母亲的心理攻击、母亲的体罚和身体虐待可以显著预测初中生的外化问题行为,但父亲的体罚和身体虐待不能显著预测初中生的外化问题行为.结论:父母实施严厉管教行为的频繁性受到初中生性别和年龄的影响,并且父母亲的严厉管教对初中生外化问题行为具有一定的预测作用.     

大学生儿时受父母体罚经历与心理健康的关系

目的:探讨大学生儿时受父母体罚经历与心理健康之间的关系。方法:从山东省某高校抽取623名大学生,以大学生儿时受父母体罚经历问卷及症状自评量表(SCL-90)为研究工具进行测查。结果:①97.9%的大学生在儿时曾遭受过父母体罚,男大学生比女大学生更可能遭受父母严厉体罚;②儿时遭受父母轻度体罚与严厉体罚的男大学生的心理健康水平无显著差异,而儿时遭受过父母严厉体罚的女大学生在人际关系敏感因子、抑郁因子、精神病性因子上的得分显著高于儿时仅遭受过轻度体罚的女大学生。结论:儿时遭受父母严厉体罚的经历对女大学生的心理健康具有长期的消极影响。     

父母体罚态度与体罚行为的关系:基于主客体互倚性模型的分析

目的:基于成对数据分析的主客体互倚性模型,探讨小学儿童父母的体罚态度与体罚行为之间的关系。方法:采用体罚态度量表和亲子冲突解决测量量表测量760名小学儿童父母的体罚态度和体罚行为。结果:(1)父亲和母亲均对体罚持轻微反对态度,且男孩父母比女孩父母更赞同体罚。(2)基于主客体互倚性模型,父亲和母亲的体罚态度均能显著预测自身的体罚行为,但不能预测对方的体罚行为。(3)基于群组主客体互倚性模型,男孩父亲体罚态度对其体罚行为的预测作用显著大于女孩父亲。结论:小学儿童父母的体罚态度与其体罚行为之间均存在显著的主体效应,但不存在显著的客体效应,且只有父亲体罚态度对其体罚行为的预测关系存在显著的儿童性别差异。     

父母严厉管教与青少年学业成绩的关系:青少年自我表露的中介作用

目的:探讨父母严厉管教、青少年自我表露与青少年学业成绩之间的关系。方法:采用中文版亲子冲突解决策略量表和青少年自我表露问卷对469名初中生进行测查,并收集其半年后的学业成绩。结果:(1)男生遭受的父亲严厉管教及母亲体罚的频繁性均显著高于女生;(2)女生对父母自我表露的程度及其学业成绩均显著高于男生;(3)父亲和母亲的心理攻击及体罚与青少年自我表露和青少年学业成绩均呈显著负相关,青少年自我表露与青少年学业成绩呈显著正相关;(4)青少年自我表露在父亲和母亲的心理攻击及体罚与青少年半年后的学业成绩之间均起中介作用,并且中介作用模型不存在性别差异。结论:父母严厉管教可通过青少年自我表露间接影响青少年学业成绩。     

父母对体罚的态度与其体罚行为的关系

目的:探讨父母对体罚的态度与其体罚行为之间的关系.方法:从山东省潍坊、枣庄等四个城市选取396名父母.以体罚态度问卷(ATPP)的中文修订版测量父母对待体罚的态度,以假设故事情境测量父母的体罚行为.结果:①父亲比母亲更赞同和认可体罚这一管教方式;父亲对三类违规(谨慎、道德和社会习俗违规)儿童所实施的体罚行为显著多于母亲.②父母对谨慎违规儿童的体罚最多,对道德违规儿童的体罚次之,对社会习俗违规儿童的体罚最少.③父母对体罚的态度与他们对故事中三类违规儿童所实施的体罚行为之间均存在显著正相关.结论:父母对体罚的态度与其对不同违规儿童所实施的体罚行为之间存在密切联系.     

父母婚姻质量与学前儿童焦虑的关系:父亲和母亲严厉管教的中介作用

目的:探讨父母婚姻质量、父母严厉管教与学前儿童焦虑的关系。方法:使用婚姻调适量表(Marital Adjust-ment Test, MAT)、亲子冲突解决策略量表(Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale, CTSPC)和Spence学前儿童焦虑量表对646名学前儿童的父亲和659名学前儿童的母亲进行测查。结果:(1)父亲和母亲婚姻质量与学前儿童焦虑均呈显著负相关;(2)父亲和母亲婚姻质量与其实施的心理攻击和体罚均呈显著负相关;(3)父亲和母亲的心理攻击均与学前儿童焦虑存在显著正相关,父亲体罚与学前儿童焦虑存在显著正相关,母亲体罚与学前儿童焦虑不存在显著正相关;(4)结构方程模型分析发现,父母婚姻质量对学前儿童焦虑的直接效应显著,母亲的心理攻击在母亲婚姻质量与学前儿童焦虑之间起部分中介作用,但是父亲体罚、心理攻击和母亲体罚在父母婚姻质量与学前儿童焦虑之间不起中介作用。结论:父亲的婚姻质量对学前儿童焦虑只存在直接影响;母亲婚姻质量不仅对学前儿童焦虑存在直接影响,还通过母亲的心理攻击对学前儿童焦虑起到间接影响。     

父母身体管教与儿童师生关系：儿童自我控制和性别的作用

目的:探讨父母身体管教与儿童师生关系之间的关系以及儿童自我控制的中介作用及儿童性别的调节作用。方法:采用中文版亲子冲突解决策略量表、社会技能评定量表和师生关系问卷对1040名小学生及其父母进行测查。结果:①男生遭受的父亲身体管教和母亲身体管教的频繁性均显著高于女生;②女生师生关系的亲密性、支持性和满意度均显著高于男生,女生师生关系的冲突性显著低于男生;③儿童自我控制在父亲身体管教和母亲体罚与儿童师生关系之间均起中介作用,并且此中介作用不存在显著的性别差异。结论:父母身体管教可以通过儿童自我控制间接影响儿童的师生关系。     

大中专学生童年期被父母体罚及情感虐待经历的回顾性调查

目的:了解大中专学生童年期被父母体罚及情感虐待经历.方法:采用方便取样,对河北省一所大学和一所中专的528名在校学生就有关儿童期虐待经历进行回顾性不记名自填式问卷调查.结果:36.2%的学生报告16岁前曾受到至少1次下列8项中的1项来自父母的体罚及情感虐待:严重徒手打(21.4%)、用物品打(16.1%)、锁在一个很小的地方/捆住/拴住(2.8%)、窒息/烧/用利器刺伤(0.4%)、在其他人面前羞辱(4.2%)、强迫交出属于自己的财物(0.9%)、说希望其不存在(7.2%)和威胁要将其赶出家门(7.2%).与没有童年期被父母体罚及情感虐待经历的学生相比,儿童期有2项或2项以上父母体罚情感虐待经历的学生其SCL-90量表总均分偏高(0.75±0.53)vs.(1.02±0.48),躯体症状、强迫症状、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、偏执、精神病性症状等因子均分偏高[如差别最大的敌对,分别为(0.77±0.68)vs.(1.25±0.80)];在过去1年里出现自杀意念(分别为5.1%和20.8%)、饮酒醉过(分别为22.5%和42.1%)的比例偏高.结论:儿童期被父母体罚及情感虐待的现象较普遍.儿童期反复被父母体罚及情感虐待经历与青少年心理问题相关.     

体罚对特殊儿童影响的调查

目的 体罚已经成为特殊儿童康复训练中常见的干预方法,这是一种不良的现象。通过问卷调查探讨体罚对特殊儿童各方面的影响。方法 采用随机抽样法,选择2018年6~10月在我院进行康复训练的150名特殊儿童的家长作为调查对象,以中文修订版体罚态度问卷（ATPP）调查儿童父母对待体罚的态度,以自制调查问卷调查父母对体罚行为的认知及体罚行为实施情况。结果 ①本次共发放问卷150份,回收问卷143份,有效问卷123份,回收率95.33%,有效率82.00%;②有效问卷中父亲作答52份,母亲作答71份,其中父亲体罚态度得分（66.97±16.08）分,母亲体罚态度得分为（54.76±20.95）分;③20.32%的家长了解体罚,64.22%的家长都用过体罚,57.72%的家长认为体罚有用,34.95%的家长认为孩子会模仿体罚行为,26.82%的家长认为体罚会上瘾,29.26%的家长认为体罚会影响亲子关系,84.55%的家长在体罚时夹杂个人情绪。结论 绝大多数父母赞同体罚行为,体罚会使实施体罚者上瘾,同时会影响儿童与家长之间的关系,也会影响儿童身心健康发展。应该呼吁家长慎用或禁用体罚,不断探索新的解决儿童不良行为的方法。     

中专学生童年期非接触性体罚经历及其对心理健康的影响

目的：了解中专学生童年期非身体接触性体罚的发生情况，探讨童年期非身体接触体罚经历的影响因素及其对学生心理健康的影响。方法：采用自填式问卷，对某中专2年级484名学生就儿童期非身体接触体罚经历进行不记名调查。结果：总的看来，59．9％的学生16岁前曾经历过至少1次体罚。儿童期体罚的前三个主要来源依次是教师(53．1％)、母亲(16．7％)和父亲(14．5％)。儿童期经历l0次及以上体罚的学生，SCL-90量表中的躯体症状、强迫症状、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、偏执、精神病性症状等因子分明显高于没有儿童期体罚经历的学生。结论：本研究提示，在我国儿童期体罚问题常见，儿童期的体罚经历与中专学生心理健康问题明显相关。应重视学校家庭儿童体罚的于预研究，制止对儿童不正当的体罚行为。     

Nonabusive physical punishment and child behavior among African-American children: a systematic review

BACKGROUND: The use of nonabusive physical punishment as a form of discipline has been greatly debated in the scientific and popular literature. Impact on child behavioral outcomes has frequently been found; however, the effects of its use are not clear, particularly for African-American children. This systematic review of the literature examined the impact of exposure to nonabusive physical punishment on the behavior of African-American children. METHODS: A search was conducted of PubMed and Psyclnfo from 1970 to 2000 using the key terms: corporal punishment, physical punishment, disciplinary practices, and discipline and parenting. Studies that described ethnicity of the population and included a majority of a well-described African-American population were included. Each study was required to include measurable data on child behavioral outcomes and at least one measure of discipline that assessed use of nonabusive physical punishment in children 0-14 years of age. RESULTS: All seven included studies used lower socioeconomic status (SES) and/or urban African-American populations. Study design and rural versus urban populations differentiated beneficial and detrimental outcomes. In all longitudinal studies, African-American children had beneficial or neutral outcomes. DISCUSSION: This review suggests that it is possible that there are benefits to nonabusive physical punishment for African-American children. However, needed are further longitudinal studies that better assess the multiple confounders that impact the use of discipline, such as SES, parental education level, and exposure to community or domestic violence.     

Maternal depression predicts maternal use of corporal punishment in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

PURPOSE: We sought to determine if maternal depression contributed to the use of corporal punishment in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The data were gathered through chart review of clinic-referred children with ADHD and their mothers who were evaluated at a psychiatric clinic located in a large academic medical center in Seoul, Korea. Daily records kept by parents and 13 items from the Physical Assault of the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales (CTSPC) were used to assess corporal punishment. Ninety-one children with ADHD and their mothers were included in this study. RESULTS: Mothers who used corporal punishment showed significantly higher scores on the Beck Depression Inventory (t = -2.952, df = 89, p < 0.01) than mothers who did not. Moreover, maternal depression contributed to the use of corporal punishment in ADHD children (Nagelkerke R2 = 0.102, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Maternal depression contributes to the use of corporal punishment with children with ADHD. Assessment and management of the maternal depression should be an important focus of evaluation of children with ADHD.     

父母体罚发生的生态背景概述

父母体罚是指父母通过引起儿童身体的不舒适感或疼痛来阻止儿童重复某种行为、纠正儿童的行为或教育儿童。父母和儿童处在从直接环境(如家庭)到间接环境(如宽泛的文化)的几个环境的中心或嵌套于其中,父母体罚会受到生态环境中多种因素的影响。本文以Gershoff的理论为基础较系统地探讨了父母体罚发生的生态背景(由内而外):即时的亲子互动背景、稳定的个体与关系背景和宏观的社会文化背景。最后,指出了各层系统相互作用共同影响父母体罚的发生以及加强我国父母体罚研究等有待于进一步探讨的问题。     

Sleep problems in children with autism

Autism is a developmental disability characterized by severe deficits in social interaction and communication, and the presence of repetitive-ritualistic behaviors. Sleep problems are frequently reported by parents of children with autism with prevalence estimates of 44-83% for sleep disorders in this population. To better understand sleep in autism, we surveyed sleep problems in 210 children with autism using a Likert-based questionnaire for parent report. The most frequently reported sleep problems included difficulty in falling asleep, restless sleep, not falling asleep in own bed, and frequent wakenings. Least frequently reported sleep problems were sleep walking, morning headaches, crying during sleep, apnea, and nightmares. When surveys were divided into mental retardation (MR)/not MR categories, no significant differences were identified in frequencies of reported sleep problems except for waking at night which occurred much more frequently in the MR group. There was also no difference in sleep problems related to age of the child other than nocturnal enuresis. An association was noted between certain medical problems and sleep problems. Vision problems, upper respiratory problems, and runny nose were associated with decreased nighttime sleep. Vision problems, poor appetite, and poor growth were associated with increased nighttime waking. Poor appetite and poor growth were associated with decreased willingness to fall asleep. This study confirms a high prevalence of sleep problems reported by parents of children with autism and points to the need for more systematic research as an initial step in developing treatment strategies.     

大学生自尊与父母教养方式的关系

目的:探讨大学生自尊与父母教养方式的关系。方法:采用自尊量表(SES)和父母教养方式量表(EMBU)对264名大学生进行测试。结果:自尊在性别、独生与否上的差异均不显著;父母教养方式部分因子在学生性别、独生与否上有显著差异;父母情感温暖和理解高分组大学生的自尊水平均高于低分组,而父母拒绝否认高分组大学生的自尊水平均显著低于低分组;大学生自尊与父母的情感温暖和理解都呈显著正相关,与母亲的拒绝否认、惩罚严厉呈显著负相关。结论:父母教养方式对大学生自尊有一定影响。     

Socioeconomic variation in the growth status of urban school children 6–13 years in Oaxaca,Mexico, in 1972 and 2000

Socioeconomic variation in the growth status of urban school children 6–13 years of age in 1972 and 2000 was compared. The children were resident in the city of Oaxaca and were students in the same primary school in each year. Socioeconomic status (SES) was based on parental occupation. Height, sitting height, estimated leg length, weight, and the body mass index in 218 boys and 191 girls in 1972 and 173 boys and 166 girls in 2000 were compared. Sex‐specific MANCOVA was used to evaluate SES differences within each year, while sex‐ and SES‐specific MANCOVA was used to evaluate differences between years. The prevalence of stunting, overweight and obesity was estimated. There were no SES differences among boys and girls in 1972 and boys in 2000; low‐middle and middle SES girls were significantly taller and heavier with longer legs than low SES girls in 2000. Within each SES group, children in 2000 were significantly larger in body size and segment lengths except for sitting height in low SES children of both sexes. Estimated secular gains increased from low to low‐middle to middle SES in both sexes. Inequitable gains by SES contributed to an increase in the magnitude of differences between SES groups, especially between low SES children on one hand and low‐middle and middle SES children on the other hand. The prevalence of stunting declined while the prevalence of overweight and to a lesser extent in obesity increased from 1972 to 2000, more so in low‐middle and middle SES than in low SES children. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.