国家经济贸易委员会、教育部、卫生部关于推广学生营养餐的指导意见

改革开放以来 ,我国居民生活水平显著提高 ,学生营养状况不断改善。但目前膳食结构不合理、营养不平衡、饮食不科学的问题十分突出 ,影响了儿童和青少年的营养健康与全面发展。这种状况已引起党中央、国务院的高度重视和社会各界的普遍关注。江泽民总书记 1 999年 2月 1 1日在北京市视察工作时强调指出 :“今后的国际竞争是综合国力的竞争 ,综合国力的竞争最终要体现在人的素质上 ,首先在于我们少年儿童的素质 ,要在儿童、少年中推广营养餐 ,北京市要带个头 ,还要在全国推广 ,也要多做些宣传工作 ,要使得全国各个地方都注意做这个事”。李岚…     

加强国民营养监测,采取有效干预策略,减少营养性疾病的发生

国民营养事关国民健康素质的提高和社会经济的发展,营养与健康状况监测信息,是公共卫生及疾病预防控制工作不可缺少的基础信息,为全民营养健康状况改善、食物生产及慢性病防控策略的制定提供技术支持。近年来,我国营养供给能力显著增强,国民营养健康状况明显改善。本期“营养健康监测”栏目发表的论文来自中国居民营养与健康监测及省（市）级自主开展的营养监测报告,这些数据为制定全国或地方性营养与健康策略提供了科学的参考。当前,我国营养工作面临多重挑战,党中央、国务院始终把人民群众的营养与健康摆在十分重要的位置,为促进全民健康,我国政府已实施多项营养促进政策或策略,营养监测又将进一步评估这些措施实施的效果。     

解读《国民营养计划》之提高公民营养素养

近年来,我国人民生活水平不断提高,营养供给能力显著增强,国民营养健康状况明显改善.但是居民仍面临着营养不足与过剩并存、营养相关疾病多发、营养健康生活方式尚未普及等问题,成为影响国民健康的重要因素.从《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》到《国民营养计划(2017-2030)》,营养健康上升为国家战略,再度体现了实现全民健康的刻不容缓.     

《中国居民膳食指南》序

<正>国民营养与健康状况是反映一个国家或地区经济与社会发展、卫生保健水平和人口素质的重要指标。因此,努力提高全民族的营养水平和健康素质既是全面建设小康社会的重     

改善国民营养和健康状况促进社会经济的协调发展

国民营养与健康状况是反映一个国家或地区经济与社会发展、卫生保健水平和人口素质的重要指标。良好的营养和健康状况既是社会经济发展的基础,也是社会经济发展的重要目标。世界上许多国家,尤其是发达国家均定期开展国民营养与健康状况调查,及时颁布调查结果,并据此制定和评价相应的社会发展政策,以改善国民营养和健康状况,促进社会经济的协调发展。     

国民营养计划(2017-2030年)

<正>国办发[2017]60号营养是人类维持生命、生长发育和健康的重要物质基础,国民营养事关国民素质提高和经济社会发展。近年来,我国人民生活水平不断提高,营养供给能力显著增强,国民营养健康状况明显改善。但仍面临居民营养不足与过剩并存、营养相关疾病多发、营养健康生活方式尚未普及等问题,成为影响国民健康的重要因素。为贯彻落实《"健康中国2030"规划纲要》,提高国民营养健康水平,制定本计划。1总体要求1.1指导思想全面贯彻党的十八大和十八届三中、四中、五中、六中全会精神,深入贯彻习近平总书记系列重     

对国内健康产业规划布局的哲学思考

“健康产业”的出现是人类文明的进步；“健康产业”的出现是社会经济结构出现了跨越式发展的结果：“健康产业”正在逐步成为反映国家文明水平的重要指标之一,成为综合国力的象征。在反映一个国家的文化传承、文明程度、科技水平、社会福利、社会公平性等等之后,“健康产业”进而折射出一个国家是否是政治清明、社会稳定、生活幸福、国民康泰。     

中国居民营养与健康状况调查的总体方案

国民营养与健康状况是反映一个国家或地区经济与社会发展、卫生保健水平和人口素质的重要指标。良好的营养和健康状况既是社会经济发展的基础，也是社会经济发展的重要目标。世界上许多国家，尤其是发达国家均定期开展国民营养与健康状况调查，及时颁布调查结果，并据此制定和评价相应的社会发展政策，以改善国民营养和健康，促进社会经济的协调发展。     

营养立法对我国国民营养改善与营养健康教育的影响

目前我国正在起草营养相关法规,本文就营养立法对国民营养改善与营养健康教育的意义和作用进行了探讨。营养立法意义重大,通过营养立法将有效促进营养健康教育在全社会的实施,提高人们的营养意识,预防和控制营养不良与膳食相关慢性疾病,并依法明确各级政府部门的职责,强化营养工作,全面提高国民的营养与健康水平。     

营养与儿童青少年发展国际研讨会在北京顺利召开

正儿童青少年的营养健康状况是衡量整个人群健康水平的敏感指标,改善他们的营养健康状况也是提升人口素质的重要基础。为推进我国儿童青少年营养改善与健康促进的科学发展,学习借鉴国内外先进经验,落实《国民营养计划(2017-2030年)》的学生营养改善行动,促进"农村义务教育学生营养改善计划"(以下简称"计划")科     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.