颞叶内侧癫痫患者海马区胶质细胞中GFAP、GLAST和GLT-1的表达

目的研究胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)及谷氨酸-胱氨酸转运体(GLAST)、神经胶质谷氨酸转运体(GLT-1)在颞叶癫痫患者海马区的表达情况。方法取40例难治性颞叶内侧癫痫患者在手术中切除的海马组织,根据在光镜下观察到的神经元丢失情况,分为海马硬化组(A组)23例和海马非硬化组(B组)17例,通过免疫组化法检测两组GFAP、GLAST、GLT-1的表达情况。结果A组GFAP的表达与B组比较,总海马区域、CA1区、CA2区、齿状回表达增加(P<0.01)。A组GLAST的表达与B组比较,海马总区域、齿状回差异无显著性(P>0.05)、CA1区减少(P<0.05)、CA2区则增加(P<0.05)。A组GLT-1的表达与B组比较,总海马区域、CA1区减少(P<0.01)、CA2区增加(P<0.01),齿状回差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论颞叶内侧癫痫患者海马各区GFAP表达增加,GLAST、GLT-1在海马CA1区减少、CA2区表达增加,提示癫痫发作后海马区谷氨酸转运体重新分布可能是难治性癫痫发病机制之一。     

氯硝西泮预处理对癫痫大鼠海马区γ-氨基丁酸A受体γ2亚单位表达的影响

目的 探讨氯硝西泮预处理对癫痫大鼠海马区γ-氨基丁酸A受体γ2亚单位(GABAARγ2)表达的影响.方法 60只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、癫痫组和氯硝西泮预处理组;癫痫组再分为6h、12 h、1 d、3d、7d、15 d和30 d7个亚组;药物预处理组再分为假预处理组、预处理6h、12h和ld亚组.药物预处理组给予氯硝西泮6 mg/(kg·d)分2次灌胃,连续5d;然后癫痫组和预处理组通过向大鼠海马C3区注射海人酸建立颞叶癫痫模型;采用免疫组化法在相应时点检测各组大鼠海马区GABAARγ2的表达.结果 与假手术组比较,癫痫组CA1区癫痫发作ld后、CA3区癫痫发作后各时间点GABAARγ2表达明显下降(P＜0.05 ～0.01).与癫痫组相应亚组比较,预处理6h、12 h亚组海马CA3区及预处理ld亚组海马CA1区及CA3区GABAARγ2的表达明显增高(P＜0.05～0.01).结论 氯硝西泮预处理可上调癫痫大鼠海马区GABAARγ2的表达.     

海马内注射内皮素-1导致大鼠痫性发作和海马硬化的初步研究

目的 观察大鼠海马内注射内皮素(endothelin,ET)-1是否导致大鼠痫性发作和海马硬化.方法 立体定位在成年大鼠海马CA3区内分别注射1 μL ET-1(200 pmol,15只)、海人酸(kainate,KA 5 pmol,15只)或磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS,0.01 mol,8只),观察大鼠行为学、脑电及对侧海马病理学改变.结果 海马注射PBS后大鼠未见痫性发作,脑电图呈10～15 Hz、150-200μV基本节律.注射ET-1或KA 2 h内大鼠出现不同程度的痫性发作和脑电图异常改变(尖波或尖慢波),KA组3-5级发作率高于ET-1组(86.67% vs 16.67%,P<0.05).部分ET-1和KA组大鼠在给药后2～3周可见癫痫样发作行为学改变.与PBS组比较,El-1和KA组给药后48 h对侧海马各区Nissl染色细胞数明显减少,GFAP表达增强(P<0.05);给药后30 d,对侧CA3区和门齿区苔藓纤维出芽评分高于PBS组(P<0.05).结论 海马注射ET-1可以导致大鼠癫痫样行为改变和海马硬化.     

局部亚低温对大鼠脑缺血后凋亡细胞及谷氨酸转运体、亲代谢型谷氨酸受体表达的影响

目的 探讨亚低温对大鼠局灶性脑梗死后凋亡细胞及谷氨酸转运体(GLT-1)和亲代谢型谷氨酸受体(mGluR2/3)表达的影响.方法 88只大鼠随机分为亚低温组、常温组、对照组.制备一侧永久性大脑中动脉阻塞(pMCAO)模型.亚低温组应用贴敷式局部亚低温治疗仪将病灶侧脑部温度降至(33±0.5)℃并持续3 h,常温组保持全身温度在(37±0.5)℃.在脑缺血后3 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、3 d、7 d用Western印迹法检测各组病灶周围大脑皮质GLT-1和mGluR2/3表达;在脑缺血后6 h、24 h、3 d、7 d用末端标记(TUNEL)法检测凋亡细胞.结果 亚低温组在脑缺血后24 h、3 d,常温组在脑缺血后24 h、3 d、7 d脑梗死灶周围凋亡细胞与脑缺血后6 h比较差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.01).在脑缺血后24 h、3 d、7 d,亚低温组凋亡细胞明显少于常温组(均P＜0.01).与对照组相比,亚低温组大鼠脑缺血后3 h、6 h、12 h GLT-1表达增加,24 h、3 d、7 d减少;常温组大鼠脑缺血后3 h GLT-1表达增加,24 h、3 d、7 d减少(均P＜0.05).在脑缺血后6 h、12 h、7 d,亚低温组GLT-1表达显著高于常温组(均P＜0.05).与对照组相比,亚低温组和常温组在脑缺血后3 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、3 d mGluR2/3表达均明显增加(均P＜0.05).在脑缺血后3 h、6 h、24 h、3 d,亚低温组mGluR2/3表达显著高于常温组(均P＜0.05).结论 亚低温能促进脑缺血后星形胶质细胞mGluR2/3和GLT-1的表达,减少脑梗死后神经元凋亡.     

红藻氨酸致痫大鼠海马神经元凋亡及其与caspase-3关系的研究

目的　研究大鼠癫痫发作后海马神经元凋亡及其与天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶 -3 (cysteinylasparate-specific proteinase,caspase-3 )表达的关系。方法　采用红藻氨酸 (kainic acid,KA)诱导大鼠癫痫模型 ,以原位末端标记 (TUNEL)及透射电镜检测癫痫发作后 6h及 1、3、7d海马神经元凋亡 ;半定量 RT-PCR及免疫组化法检测 caspase-3 m RNA及 caspase-3阳性表达。结果　KA致痫后 1 d,海马 CA1、CA3及 CA4区开始出现凋亡细胞 ,3 d时明显增多 ,7d时最多。 3个时间组相应区域间凋亡神经元数比较差异均有显著性 (P<0 .0 0 1 )。透射电镜观察可见典型的凋亡细胞形态学改变。 RT-PCR结果显示 ,KA致痫后 6h,海马组织 caspase-3 m RNA表达较对照组显著增高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,1、3、7d caspase-3 m RNA仍持续高水平表达 (P <0 .0 5 )。免疫组化结果显示 ,KA致痫后 1 d,海马 CA1、CA3、CA4区开始出现 caspase-3阳性表达 ,3 d时阳性表达进一步增强 ,7d时表达最强。结论　凋亡参与 KA致痫大鼠癫痫发作后海马神经元迟发性死亡过程 ,caspase-3可能在癫痫后神经元凋亡过程中具重要的作用。     

小檗碱对癫痫大鼠脑组织P-糖蛋白表达的影响

目的 探讨小檗碱(BBR)对癫痫大鼠脑组织P-糖蛋白(P-gp)表达的影响.方法 将44只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(9只)、癫痫组(9只)和BBR 10 mg/kg(9只)、20 mg/kg(9只)、40 mg/kg组(9只).采用大鼠海马注射海人酸方法制作癫痫模型,各BBR干预组分别于术前48 h、术前24h和术后6h腹腔注射相应剂量BBR.观察各组大鼠癫痫发作潜伏期及发作严重程度.造模24 h后,采用免疫组化方法检测并比较各组大鼠海马CA3区P-gp和核因子-κB(NF-κB) p65的表达水平.结果 BBR 20 mg/kg组[(66.11±5.90) min,(26.67±6.67) min]和40 mg/kg组[(76.33±9.11) min,(42.00±7.73) min]大鼠癫痫发作潜伏期及初次至第6次≥Ⅳ级痫样发作间隔时间均明显长于癫痫组[(41.78±10.45) min,(9.44±4.25)min](均P＜0.05).各组大鼠海马CA3区NF-κB p65和P-gp表达的差异均有统计学意义(H=16.024,H=21.830;均P＜0.01).癫痫组海马CA3区NF-κB p65和P-gp表达显著高于假手术组(均P＜0.05);BBR 20mg/kg和40 mg/kg组表达显著低于癫痫组(均P＜0.05).结论 BBR能够延长癫痫发作潜伏期、降低其严重程度,并抑制癫痫大鼠脑组织NF-κB和P-gp的表达.     

自发性癫痫大鼠脑内神经肽Y受体Y2R和Y5R的表达及分布

目的研究自发性癫痫大鼠(tremor rat,TRM)海马和颞叶皮质中神经肽Y(neuropeptide Y,NPY)Y2和Y5受体(Y2R和Y5R)的表达和分布。方法以TRM大鼠作为癫痫组,正常Wistar大鼠作为对照组,每组7只,以RT-PCR法检测Y2R和Y5R mRNA水平表达,Western Blot法检测其蛋白水平表达,免疫荧光法分析癫痫组和对照组大鼠海马CA1、CA3和齿状回(DG)区以及颞叶皮质中Y2R与Y5R的分布和定位。结果RT-PCR和Western Blot结果显示,与对照组大鼠相比较,癫痫组海马和颞叶皮质中Y2R mRNA相对表达水平(相对灰度值为海马:0.75±0.06 vs.0.51±0.07;颞叶皮质:0.70±0.05 vs.0.55±0.03)及蛋白相对表达水平(相对灰度值为海马:0.79±0.08 vs.0.42±0.05;颞叶皮质:0.72±0.05 vs.0.51±0.07)均显著上调(均P0.01),Y5R mRNA(相对灰度值为海马:0.52±0.10 vs.0.54±0.06;颞叶皮质:0.46±0.03 vs.0.42±0.04)及蛋白(相对灰度值为海马:0.28±0.06 vs.0.27±0.03;颞叶皮质:0.31±0.05 vs.0.27±0.07)表达均没有明显变化(均P0.05)。免疫荧光分析发现Y2R与Y5R在癫痫组大鼠海马CA1、CA3区神经元和DG区颗粒细胞以及颞叶皮质神经元中分布广泛且主要定位在细胞膜上。结论在TRM中Y2R表达在海马和颞叶皮质中均表达上调,但是Y5R的表达没有明显改变。     

癫痫持续状态大鼠模型的GABA_A受体亚单位α1的mRNA表达及[~3H]Flunitrazepam受体配体结合的变化

目的 :本实验研究大鼠癫痫持续状态动物模型的海马等部位 GABAA受体α1亚单位基因表达和受体一配体结合的变化。方法 :成年雄性大鼠经腹腔内注射 32 0～ 34 0± 5 .87毫克 /公斤毛果芸香碱 (Pilocarpine)以制成癫痫持续状态动物模型 ,能在癫痫持续状态 (定义为在皮质脑电图上显示痫性放电的至少 40分钟的持续性痫性发作 )下存活的大鼠在 1小时和 2小时后处于死 ,分别研究 GABA受体基因表达和放射结合位点 ,用原位杂交方法来测定脑部 m RNA水平 ,用 [3H]flunirazepam标记 GABAA 受体 benzodiazepam结合位点。结果 :动物痫性发作 2小时后海马的 CA1和CA3区域 GABAA受体 α1亚单位 m RNA显著下降 ,但是齿状回的 α1m RNA没有变化。 [3H]flunirazepam标记受体 -配体放射结合在持续 2小时持续痫性发作后可见海马的 CA1及 CA3和齿状回中均见下降 ,1小时的持续痫性发作尚未引起海马区域的任何α1m RNA或 [3H]flunirazepam受体 -配体放射结合的任何改变 ,并用结晶染色 1及 2小时后的大脑海马部位。结论 :本研究结果提示大鼠的癫痫持续状态可诱发海马区 GABAA 受体 α1基因表达的改变和 [3H]flinirazepam受体 -配体结合的下降 ,上述改变可能使大脑更容易形成慢性癫痫病灶     

AY-9944大鼠失神样痫性发作模型的GABA_B受体R1亚单位基因表达改变

目的 :探讨 GABAB受体亚单位在失神癫痫发病机制中的作用。方法 :用原位杂交的方法测定 AY- 9944大鼠癫痫模型在失神样痫性发作时 GABAB受体亚单位 GBR1a及 GBR1b pan m RNA在鼠脑的表达。结果 :大脑皮层 ,海马 CA1,CA3及丘脑的 GBR1a m RNA表达均见不同程度的升高 ,而以大脑皮层及海马 CA3区尤为显著。GBR1b pan大脑皮层 ,海马及丘脑的 m RNA表达均见不同程度的升高 ,而以大脑皮层及海马 CA1区域的改变最为显著。结论 :GABAB受体亚单位 GBR1可能参与失神性癫痫的发病机制 .这种受体亚单位的改变为筛选有效的抗癫痫药物提供新的途径。     

蛇床子素对癫痫大鼠电压门控钾通道Kv1.2表达的影响

目的通过检测大鼠海马区钾通道Kv1.2蛋白表达的差异,探讨蛇床子素(osthole,OST)对海人酸(KA)致痫大鼠神经元的保护作用及其机制。方法 60只SD雄性大鼠随机分成空白对照组、模型组、OST组各20只。OST组首先给予OST灌胃,对照组、模型组给予等量的生理盐水灌胃,10d后,OST组与模型组通过颈内皮下注射KA致痫,对照组经颈内皮下注射等量的生理盐水。用免疫组化法和Western blot方法检测大鼠海马CA3区瞬时外向钾离子通道Kv1.2蛋白表达。结果模型组大鼠海马CA3区Kv1.2蛋白表达水平低于空白对照组(P<0.05);OST组大鼠海马CA3区Kv1.2蛋白表达水平高于模型组(P<0.05);且与空白对照组比较无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论大鼠海马CA3区神经元Kv1.2表达减少与KA导致大鼠痫样发作有关;OST对KA致痫大鼠神经元有保护作用,其作用的发挥可能与OST可增加海马CA3区神经元Kv1.2的表达有关。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。