锁骨下静脉双腔导管在血透中的应用

目的回顾分析使用锁骨下静脉双腔导管作为血液透析通路的临床效果。方法对176例接受血透治疗的患者行锁骨下静脉置管建立血透通路,评价其透析的充分性,并与颈内静脉导管法进行对比研究,观察置管后感染、出血、导管内血栓形成、导管脱落并发症发生情况并探讨其处理方法。结果锁骨下静脉导管法的血透充分性与颈内静脉导管法差异无显著性(P>0.05)。两组患者置管后并发症发生率差异也无显著性(P均>0.05)。结论使用锁骨下静脉双腔导管建立血透通路具有稳定可靠、患者容易接受、并发症少、可较长时间置管等优点,能达到充分透析,是目前血液净化一种理想的血液通路。     

超声动态引导下颈内静脉留置导管11例体会

中心静脉留置导管是近年来血液透析（血透）中建立临时性血管通路的常用技术,留置部位有股静脉,锁骨下静肘文颈内静脉三处,首选颈内静脉。安全放置导管是当今肾内科医生或透析医生必需掌握的重要技能。现将超声动态引导下颈内静脉留置单针双腔导管11例报告如下。     

锁骨下静脉留置双腔导管在肾衰患者血透中的应用

为建立理想的血液透析通路 ,对 3 0例急慢性肾功能衰竭患者行锁骨下静脉留置双腔导管进行血液透析。结果血流量达到 2 0 0± 5 0ml/min ,透析 3天后KT/V值为 0 .86± 0 .2 1,透析 1个月后BUN、SCr明显下降 ,P <0 .0 1,平均 11个透次已无Ⅰ级临床表现 ,导管留置天数平均 114天 ,最长留置 40 0天 ,未有发生损伤性并发症。提示锁骨下静脉留置双腔导管能成为理想的血液通路 ,并可用于长期维持性血透病人。     

静脉留置导管血液透析的临床体会

目的：探讨静脉留置导管在急性肾功能衰竭透析治疗及慢性肾功能衰竭诱导透析治疗中的应用。方法：采用右(左)锁骨下静脉留置导管行血液透析治疗，并观察其治疗效果。结果：全部观察对象在治疗期间达到血透患临床分级3级。结论：静脉留置导管是ARF及CRF诱导透析治疗的血管通道值得推广的一种方法。     

深静脉双腔导管血流不畅的原因及护理

深静脉双腔导管在血液透析(HD)中作为小儿、急危重症血透患者以及动-静脉内瘘未成熟前的暂时性血管通路,具有简便、安全、快捷的优点,它避免了反复穿刺动、静脉给患者带来的痛苦.深静脉置管有颈内静脉、锁骨下静脉、股静脉置管3种.在应用中随着导管使用时间延长,可出现血流不畅,不能满足透析需要,缩短了导管的使用时间,影响透析效果.本文总结了导致血透患者深静脉双腔导管血流不畅的各种因素,并探讨如何通过护理干预保持深静脉留置导管的良好功能,防治血流不足的发生.     

锁骨下静脉长期双腔留置导管在血液透析中的应用

稳定可靠的血管通路是尿毒症患者进行长期血透的基本保证。临时性中心静脉插管主要用于各种原因导致的急性肾功能衰竭、慢性肾功能衰竭尚未建立永久性血管通路,腹膜透析、急性中毒等因病情需要临时实施血液透析的患者。临时性中心静脉插管简便、易于掌握,但保留时间短,并发症较多。对于需要行维持性血液透析又难以建立内瘘的患者就不得不尝试永久性血管通路,因此,带有涤纶套双腔留置导管的运用,给需长期留置导管的病人带来了福音。我科2年多来使用长期留置双腔导管行锁骨下静脉插管14例,做血透859例次,效果满意,报告如下。     

血液透析患者经颈内静脉建立永久透析通路的护理体会

目的：总结血液净化治疗患者留置永久静脉导管的经验，探讨永久静脉留置导管在血液净化治疗中的应用以及中心静脉留置导管并发症的防治。方法：2004年2月～2007年5月，我科对12例维持性血液透析（血透）患者行涤纶环双腔留置导管经颈内静脉建立永久血透通路，延长患者的生命。结果：经颈内静脉建立长期血透通路的12例患者，血流量为200～300ml／min，流速稳定。对慢性透析患者血液条件差，无法建立内瘘者提供了肯定的生命线。结论：严格遵循无菌原则及规范的接管透析操作，精心的观察护理，永久性静脉置管是维持性慢性透析的可靠血管通路。     

血液透析病人21例留置导管的护理体会

留置导管作为血液透析病人的暂时性血管通路，已在临床广泛应用。我科血液透析病人采用的置管部位为锁骨下静脉、股静脉、颈内静脉，其中锁骨下静脉置管最常用，占置管的81％，为了保障透析治疗的安全，满足治疗需要，减轻病人的痛苦，做好置管后的护理有着重要的意义。现将其护理体会总结如下。     

股静脉置管血液透析145例临床分析

采用中心静脉置管建立临时性血管通路是目前急诊透析中常用的手段,主要部位有股静脉、锁骨下静脉及颈内静脉。目前学者们大多选颈内静脉和锁骨下静脉置管建立血路,认为股静脉置管易合并感染,且置管保留时间短。我科自2006年9月至2010年11月间共采用股静脉留置导管技术为血液透析患者建立血管通路145例次,现就其留置导管时间及并发症,临床分析如下。     

中心静脉留置导管在血液净化中的应用及护理

中心静脉留置导管作为临时性血管通路在血液净化治疗中应用十分广泛，临时性血管通路的特点就在于它的及时性。因而对于需要紧急或短期进行血液净化治疗而又没有永久血管通路的患者；希望血透的部分患者因血管条件差又不能行移植血管者，也可考虑植入性长久性导管。有三条中心静脉可选用，具体应用根据病情而定，锁骨下静脉置管对患者活动影响小，易护理，但穿刺的难度大，并发症多（特别是锁骨下静脉血栓和狭窄）；股静脉置管方便易得，风险小，但对患者活动不便，并发感染机会大，比较而言，颈内静脉留置管有较大的优势，是我科常用的穿刺位置。下面重点介绍这种方法：     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.