前S1蛋白在乙型肝炎诊断及判断预后中的作用

目的了解前S1蛋白(PreS1)与乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)复制的关系,及诊断乙型肝炎的价值.方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)方法对3243例携带乙型肝炎不同病毒标志物的慢性乙型肝炎患者血清进行PreS1测定并与HBV DNA做对比分析.检测58例急性发病的经肝活检病理诊断为慢性乙型肝炎患者的血清,分析其不同病程的PreS1,HBeAg和HBV DNA三者间的关系.根据肝活检病理的肝组织炎症情况分为G1～G4级,对49例PreS1和HBV DNA阳性病例进行分析比较.检测39例不同病程急性乙型肝炎患者血清,分析PreS1和HBV DNA与丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)间的关系.结果乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)、乙型肝炎病毒e抗原(HBeAg) 、乙型肝炎病毒核心抗体(HBcAb)阳性组与PreS1和HBV DNA符合率分别为86%和88%,P>0.05,不同病程慢性乙型肝炎患者血清PreS1、HBeAg和HBV DNA检出率高度符合. HBsAg 抗HBe 抗HBc阳性组与PreS1和HBV DNA符合率分别为36%和35%,说明部分HBeAg阴性患者仍有病毒复制.不同病程急性乙型肝炎患者血清PreS1和HBV DNA与ALT之间的关系,PreS1与ALT相比符合率高,P>0.05.HBV DNA与ALT相比符合率较低,P<0.01.病理肝组织G1～G4炎症分级与PreS1和HBV DNA高度吻合.结论 PreS1能够敏感地反映乙型肝炎病毒的复制情况,尤其可以反映HBeAg阴性的乙型肝炎患者是否有病毒复制.在急性乙型肝炎患者中,PreS1先于HBV DNA阴转,提示疾病的预后良好.     

Increased severity of local and systemic anaphylactic reactions in gp49B1-deficient mice.

gp49B1 is an immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily member that inhibits FcstraightepsilonRI-induced mast cell activation when the two receptors are coligated with antibodies in vitro. The critical question of in vivo function of gp49B1 is now addressed in gene-disrupted mice. gp49B1-deficient mice exhibited a significantly increased sensitivity to IgE-dependent passive cutaneous anaphylaxis as assessed by greater tissue swelling and mast cell degranulation in situ. Importantly, by the same criteria, the absence of gp49B1 also resulted in a lower threshold for antigen challenge in active cutaneous anaphylaxis, in which the antigen-specific antibody levels were comparable in gp49B1-deficient and sufficient mice. Moreover, the absence of gp49B1 resulted in a significantly greater and faster death rate in active systemic anaphylaxis. These results indicate that gp49B1 innately dampens adaptive immediate hypersensitivity responses by suppressing mast cell activation in vivo. In addition, this study provides a new concept and target for regulation of allergic disease susceptibility and severity.     

In-vitro enhancement of leukotriene B4 receptor expression on human neutrophils by cefadroxil

The influence of cefadroxil on LTB4-receptor expression of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) was studied. Furthermore, the effect of cefadroxil on the leukotriene generation from PMNs and the lymphocyte, monocyte and basophil (LMB) containing cell fraction as well as on the synthesis of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) from human platelets was analysed. Antibiotic concentrations ranged from 50 to 5 micrograms/10(7) cells. Analysis of the generated leukotrienes was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Significant augmentation of the LTB4-receptor expression in human PMNs (range 190%-220%) was observed at concentrations of 50 and 25 micrograms/10(7) cells. The calcium-ionophore A23187 induced LTB4 generation from PMNs as well as 12-HETE synthesis from platelets was not significantly modulated in the presence of cefadroxil. Preincubation of the human LMB fraction led to slight suppression of the ionophore induced LTB4 generation up to 20%.     

Health education: an important role for school nurses.

Health education is an important, yet challenging and time-consuming, nursing intervention. It is one of the most important tools school nurses have in teaching students, families, and staff about health. To be effective health educators, nurses need skills in planning and implementing attractive and effective programs to students. They also need to develop skills in evaluating the effectiveness of their efforts to emphasize the impact school nursing can have on the health of children. This editorial highlights the school nurse's role in health education in schools and gives a brief overview of the health education process. Health education provides many opportunities for school nurses to reach out in new and creative ways to students in their quest to promote health and success in the school environment.     

IL-1 plays an important role in lipid metabolism by regulating insulin levels under physiological conditions

IL-1 is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays important roles in inflammation. However, the role of this cytokine under physiological conditions is not known completely. In this paper, we analyzed the role of IL-1 in maintaining body weight because IL-1 receptor antagonist-deficient (IL-1Ra-/-) mice, in which excess IL-1 signaling may be induced, show a lean phenotype. Body fat accumulation was impaired in IL-1Ra-/- mice, but feeding behavior, expression of hypothalamic factors involved in feeding control, energy expenditure, and heat production were normal. When IL-1Ra-/- mice were treated with monosodium glutamate (MSG), which causes obesity in wild-type mice by ablating cells in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, they were resistant to obesity, indicating that excess IL-1 signaling antagonizes the effect of MSG-sensitive neuron deficiency. IL-1Ra-/- mice showed decreased weight gain when they were fed the same amount of food as wild-type mice, and lipid accumulation remained impaired even when they were fed a high-fat diet. Interestingly, serum insulin levels and lipase activity were low in IL-1Ra-/- mice, and the insulin levels were low in contrast to wild-type mice after MSG treatment. These observations suggest that IL-1 plays an important role in lipid metabolism by regulating insulin levels and lipase activity under physiological conditions.     

Influence of Fv-1 alleles on cellular expression of gp70

Type-variants of gp70 (glycoprotein-70), which is the major envelope protein of C-type mouse virus and is also found in plasma membranes, are identified immunogenetically by the antigens Gix and Ec. Cellular expression of Gix+ gp70 does not depend on production of virus, but expression of Ec+ gp70 (formerly X-gp70) has been observed only in AKR and other strains of mice that produce large amounts of virus throughout life. To test the inference that cellular expression of Ec+ gp70 is secondary to production of virus we examined the effect of Fv-1 alleles, which govern the replicability of N-tropic and B-tropic C-type virus, on the expression of Ec+ gp70 on thymocytes. By typing thymocytes of Fv-1-congenic mice for Ec+ gp70 was found that manifestation of the Ec+ gp70 phenotype requires the Fv-1n allele, which is permissive for replication of N-tropic virus produced by AKR and other virus-producing mouse strains. Substitution of the Fv-1b allele for the Fv-1n allele abolishes demonstrable expression of Ec+ gp70 by AKR thymocytes at ages up to 9 mo, the oldest AKR mice tested.     

A role for the low-affinity A2B adenosine receptor in regulating superoxide generation by murine neutrophils

The formation of adenosine dampens inflammation by inhibiting most cells of the immune system. Among its actions on neutrophils, adenosine suppresses superoxide generation and regulates chemotactic activity. To date, most evidence implicates the G(s) protein-coupled A(2A) adenosine receptor (AR) as the primary AR subtype responsible for mediating the actions of adenosine on neutrophils by stimulating cAMP production. Given that the A(2B)AR is now known to be expressed in neutrophils and that it is a G(s) protein-coupled receptor, we examined in this study whether it signals to suppress neutrophil activities by using 2-[6-amino-3,5-dicyano-4-[4-(cyclopropylmethoxy)phenyl]pyridin-2-ylsulfanyl]acetamide (BAY 60-6583), a new agonist for the human A(2B)AR that was confirmed in preliminary studies to be a potent and highly selective agonist for the murine A(2B)AR. We found that treating mouse neutrophils with low concentrations (10(-9) and 10(-8) M) of BAY 60-6583 inhibited formylated-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine (fMLP)-stimulated superoxide production by either naive neutrophils, tumor necrosis factor-α-primed neutrophils, or neutrophils isolated from mice treated systemically with lipopolysaccharide. This inhibitory action of BAY 60-6583 was confirmed to involve the A(2B)AR in experiments using neutrophils obtained from A(2B)AR gene knockout mice. It is noteworthy that BAY 60-6583 increased fMLP-stimulated superoxide production at higher concentrations (>1 μM), which was attributed to an AR-independent effect. In a standard Boyden chamber migration assay, BAY 60-6583 alone did not stimulate neutrophil chemotaxis or influence chemotaxis in response to fMLP. These results indicate that the A(2B)AR signals to suppress oxidase activity by murine neutrophils, supporting the idea that this low-affinity receptor for adenosine participates along with the A(2A)AR in regulating the proinflammatory actions of neutrophils.     

Cytochrome P450 1B1: role in health and disease and effect of nutrition on its expression

This review summarizes the available literature stating CYP1B1 to provide the readers with a comprehensive understanding of its role in different diseases, as well as the importance of nutrition in their control in terms of the influence of different nutrients on its expression. CYP1B1, a member of the cytochrome P450 enzyme family is expressed in different human tissues and is known to contribute to different life alarming pathologies. Particularly, till now much attention has been paid to its involvement in the development of primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) and cancer. However, recently there are some reports highlighting CYP1B1 as a potential regulator in energy homeostasis and adipogenesis thus promoting obesity and hypertension as well. Therefore, seeking out effective strategies to modulate the expression of CYP1B1 is a challenging task. In this context, nutrients based strategies will be the best choice as they are mostly harmless and are easily available in one''s diet. In conclusion, this article will be helpful in providing a base for further research that is needed to identify the role of CYP1B1 in progression of different diseases, hypertension and obesity in particular, and then to present the effectiveness, mechanisms, and biologic plausibility of nutrients against its expression.

This review summarizes the available literature stating CYP1B1 to provide the readers with a comprehensive understanding of its role in different diseases, as well as the importance of nutrition in their control in terms of the influence of different nutrients on its expression.     

Reducing poverty in the U.K.: an important role for nurses

This article discusses poverty in the U.K. and its relevance to nurses. It explores the contribution that nurses in primary and secondary care can make to alleviate some of the aspects of poverty as encountered in professional practice in the U.K.     

高迁移率族蛋白B1在白细胞介素-2转录表达信号调控中的作用

目的 探讨高迁移率族蚩白B1(HMGB1)在白细胞介素-2(IL-2)转录表达信号调控机制中的可能作用.方法首先将HMGB1和NFAT2质粒共同转染Hela细胞,同时转染IL-2报告基因,逐步增加HMGB1的转染剂量,检测IL-2报告基因的表达活性.观察HMGB1质粒用量埘IL-2报告基凶活性的影响;然后应用sRNAi质粒对内源性及外源性HMGB1表达进行特异性抑制,观察对IL-2报告基因活性的影响,以期从反而论证HMGB1可促进IL-2转录表达.结果 在Hela细胞中,随着HMGB1质粒转染剂量增加,IL-2报告基因活性增加了2.12倍(P<0.01).应用sRNAi抑制293T细胞中外源性以及Hela细胞中内源性HMGB1表达水平后,IL-2报告基因活性分别下降1.7倍和4.76倍(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 HMGB1在NFAT2介导IL-2报告基冈转录表达的信号调控过程中发挥重要作用.     

Glutamine plays a role in superoxide production and the expression of p47phox,p22phox and gp91phox in rat neutrophils

The effect of glutamine on the activity of the NADPH oxidase complex from rat neutrophils was investigated. Superoxide anion (O(2)(-)) production was assessed: (1) by scintillation counting by using lucigenin, and (2) by reduction of cytochrome c over 10 min. The effects of glutamine and PMA on the expression of the NADPH oxidase components p22( phox ), gp91( phox ) and p47( phox ) were also determined. Glutamine at 1 and 2 mM increased O(2)(-) generation in the presence of PMA by 100% and 74% respectively, in neutrophils maintained previously for 3 h in medium deprived of this amino acid. DON (6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine), an inhibitor of phosphate-dependent glutaminase and thus of glutamine metabolism, caused a significant decrease in O(2)(-) production by neutrophils stimulated with PMA both in the absence (44%) and in the presence (66%) of glutamine. PMA markedly increased the expression of gp91( phox ), p22( phox ) and p47( phox ) mRNAs. Glutamine (2 mM) increased the expression of these three proteins both in the absence and in the presence of PMA. We postulate that glutamine leads to O(2)(-) production in neutrophils, probably via the generation of ATP and regulation of the expression of components of NADPH oxidase.     

Facilitation of ganglionic transmission by sulpiride: evidence for an inhibitory role of dopamine in the canine sympathetic ganglion

Effects of the (R) and (S) enantiomers of sulpiride, a potent dopamine (DA) antagonist, on ganglionic transmission were studied in anesthetized dogs. The pre- and postganglionic nerves of cardiac sympathetic ganglia were stimulated electrically, and heart rate was monitored as a measure of ganglionic transmission and sympathetic nerve activity. The heart rate was free from influence of the central nervous system. (R)- And (S)-sulpiride injected i.a. close to the blood supply of the ganglia did not alter basal heart rate, but facilitated ganglionic transmission as demonstrated by an increase in the tachycardia induced by preganglionic nerve stimulation. The (R) enantiomer was 4 times more active than the (S) enantiomer in this respect. Neither enantiomer affected the tachycardia induced by postganglionic nerve stimulation. Norepinephrine and DA injected i.a. caused inhibition of the tachycardia induced by preganglionic nerve stimulation. The inhibitory effect of both catecholamines was antagonized by the sulpiride enantiomers (R)-sulpiride was about 4-fold more potent than (S)-sulpiride in antagonizing DA, whereas (S)-sulpiride was more active against norepinephrine. The sulpiride enantiomers affected neither the tachycardia induced by i.a. administration of acetylcholine nor the bradycardia induced by vagal nerve stimulation. Thus, cholinesterase inhibition and ganglionic stimulation were excluded. These data are, therefore, consistent with the hypothesis that the facilitatory action of the sulpiride enantiomers is related to the antagonism of catecholamines. Positive correlation between the activity of the (R) enantiomer to facilitate ganglionic transmission and to antagonize DA suggests that DA is a physiologically released catecholamine modulating transmission in the cardiac sympathetic ganglia of the dog.     

八肽缩胆囊素调节脂多糖诱导ECV-304细胞核转录因子-κB表达的受体机制研究

目的探讨八肽缩胆囊紊（CCK-8）调节脂多糖（LPS）诱导血管内皮细胞核转录因子-κB（NF—κB）表达的受体机制。方法培养人脐静脉内皮细胞株ECV-304；用溶剂（生理盐水）、LPS、CCK-8、CCK受体（CCK—R）非特异性拮抗剂丙谷胺、CCK—A受体（CCK—AR）特异性拮抗剂CR-1409、CCKB受体（CCK—BR）特异性拮抗剂CR-2945分别或联合刺激ECV-304细胞1h。用蛋白质免疫印迹法（Western blot）榆测NF-κB p65蛋白表达；用免疫细胞化学技术榆测NF—κB p65蛋白核移位。结果与溶剂对照组比较，LPS可诱导ECV-304细胞NF-κB p65蛋白核移位，且其表达明显上调；CCK-8可呈剂量依赖性地抑制LPS诱导的核移位及表达上调；CCK受体拮抗剂可翻转CCK-8的上述抑制效应，其中CR-1409、CR-2945、丙谷胺作用依次增强。结论CCK-AR和CCKBR参与介导了CCK-8对LPS诱导ECV-304细胞NF—κB表达的抑制作用，其中CCK—BR的作用比CCK—AR稍强。