Continuous arteriovenous haemodiafiltration in the critically ill: Influence on major nutrient balances

The impact of continous arteriovenous haemodiafiltration (CAVHD) on nitrogen, lipid and carbohydrate balance was studied in 9 parenterally fed critically ill patients with acute renal failure. The effects on carbohydrate delivery of varying dialysate glucose concentrations or flow rates were also investigated. The total daily nitrogen loss was a mean of 24.1 g (95% CI 20.9–27.3 g/24 h) with non-urea nitrogen losses of 7.6 g (95% CI 5.6–9.6 g/24h). Glucose delivery was a mean 5.8 g/h with a dialysate glucose concentration of 1.5% and a flow rate of 1l/h (95% CI 4.5–7.0 g/h). Carbohydrate delivery increased with increased dialysate glucose concentration (mean 11.4 g/h with 2.5% glucose: 95% CI 9.6–13.1 g/h; mean 14.9 g/h with a 4.25% concentration: 95% CI 10.9–19; and with increased dialysate flow rates (mean 9.6 g/h, 95% CI 6.8–12.4 g/h, using 2 l/h of 1.5% glucose). Only trace amounts of cholesterol and/or triglycerides were detected in occasional ultradiafiltrate samples. CAVHD has an important impact on nitrogen and carbohydrate balance, but not on lipid status. Knowledge of these interactions is crucial for the rational planning of nutritional strategies in the critically ill.     

Techniques of continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration and hemodialysis. Renal replacement in the ICU for hypervolemic, uremic patients

Continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (CAVH) and continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis (CAVHD) are extracorporeal ultrafiltration techniques that permit ongoing removal of plasma water and uremic toxins. Both techniques are performed in the ICU with a minimum amount of equipment and achieve overall fluid balance more readily than intermittent hemodialysis. CAVH is used to manage hypervolemia, electrolyte imbalance, and/or mild uremia. CAVHD is used in hypercatabolic patients with acute renal failure who are hypervolemic and uremic; a dialysate fluid is used for more efficient solute removal. The most serious complications of CAVH and CAVHD relate to bleeding associated with cannulation or anticoagulation. Excess fluid and electrolyte losses may also occur.     

Recent advances in continuous renal replacement therapy: citrate anticoagulated continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis

Trisodium citrate was used as a regional anticoagulant on 24 patients on continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis (CAVHD), obviating the need for systemic heparinization. Principles of CAVHD, potential complications, and nursing responsibilities are addressed. Clearances, blood flow rate, ultrafiltration and filter patency compare favorably with heparin CAVHD. Citrate anticoagulated CAVHD avoids heparin-associated complications in the critically ill uremic patient.     

危重患者高浓度静脉补钾的安全性和疗效研究

目的 探讨高浓度钾微量泵入治疗危重患者低钾血症的安全性及有效性.方法 128例合并低钾血症的危重患者[内生肌酐清除率(CCr)＞0.5 ml/s且每小时尿量＞50 ml]被随机分为治疗组和对照组,各64例.治疗组和对照组补钾浓度分别为1 208 mmol/L(相当于质量分数为9%的KCl溶液)、201 mmol/L(相当于1.5%的KCI溶液),补钾速度相同.均进行严密监测与血钾浓度监测,血钾正常时停止补钾.结果 治疗组和对照组补钾时间比较差异无统计学意义[(15.55±3.22)h比(14.18±4.93)h,P＞0.05];治疗组补钾的液体量明显低于对照组[(124.36±25.79)ml比(680.83±36.70)ml,P＜0.01].两组治疗过程中均未发生明显血流动力学变化、高钾血症或急性心功能不全.两组患者肾功能是否正常对补钾时间无明显影响.补钾前血钾浓度与补钾量有一定相关性(相关系数r=-0.259,P＜0.01).结论 高浓度钾微量泵入治疗危重患者低钾血症可以在短时间内纠正低钾血症,是安全有效的.肾功能轻度异常但无少尿及无尿的患者也可以在严密监测下高浓度补钾.     

Amino acid losses and nitrogen balance during slow diurnal hemodialysis in critically ill patients with renal failure

Objective: The effects of slow diurnal hemodialysis (slow HD) on amino acid losses and nitrogen balance were studied. Design: Slow HD was conducted for 10 h during the day at the dialysate flow rate of 30 ml/min. The patients received total parenteral nutrition including 40 g of amino acids (6.08 g of nitrogen). The amino acid concentrations in plasma and dialysate were determined and the daily nitrogen balance was calculated from the urea nitrogen appearance. Patients: Six critically ill patients with renal failure were entered into the study. Results: Slow HD eliminated 48.5±4.4 mmol (6.2±0.6 g) of amino acids, representing 16% of the daily amino acid load. The estimated nitrogen balance was –2.3±1.3 g/day. Amino acid nitrogen lost in the dialysate was 1.0±0.1 g, contributing 43% of the daily negative nitrogen balance. Conclusion: The amount of amino acid losses during slow HD should be taken into consideration when designing nutritional schedules for maintaining positive nitrogen balance in critically ill patients. Received: 27 December 1995 Accepted: 3 September 1996     

不同透析液钙浓度对维持性血液透析患者心率变异性的影响

目的观察不同钙离子浓度的透析液对血液透析患者心率变异性(heart rate variability,HRV)的影响,为透析患者选择最适透析液钙离子浓度提供依据。方法选择血钙正常的稳定的维持性血液透析患者30例,分别使用钙离子浓度1.25mmol/L(DCa1.25)、1.50mmol/L(DCa1.5)和1.75mmol/L(DCa1.75)的透析液进行血液透析12次(透析液其他成分不变),每次透析4h,分别于最后一次血液透析开始前1h记录24h动态心电图,采用全部正常窦性心搏间期的标准差(SDNN)作为HRV的指标,应用HRV分析软件进行处理,同时监测透析前、中、后血压,检测透析前后血清总钙、磷、血浆尿素氮、肌酐、血红蛋白、血浆白蛋白以及全段甲状旁腺激素等。结果采用DCa1.25血液透析时,透析后血总钙明显下降(P0.05),透析中、透析后收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压明显下降(P0.05),透析开始后SDNN逐渐下降,至3h时与透析前相比差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。采用DCa1.5血液透析时,透析后血总钙较前升高(P0.05),透析中、透析后收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压略降低,与透析前相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但SDNN表现出与上述类似的规律,即透析3h时SDNN显著下降(P0.05)。采用DCa1.75血液透析时,透析后血总钙、透析中、透析后收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压以及透析2～3h时SDNN均明显上升,与透析前相比差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。但三组患者的SDNN在透析结束后2h基本恢复到透析前水平。结论不同钙浓度透析液对维持性血液透析患者的HRV产生不同影响,DCa1.25、DCa1.5透析中HRV下降,DCa1.75透析中HRV增加。     

Amino acid clearances and daily losses in patients with acute renal failure treated by continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis

OBJECTIVE: To determine daily amino acid and total protein losses in patients with acute renal failure receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) during treatment by continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration with hemodialysis (CAVHD). DESIGN: Prospective, nonrandomized study. SETTING: Patients in the ICU of a regional nephrology referral center. PATIENTS: Eight clearance studies of individual amino acids were performed in six patients with acute renal failure receiving TPN. Daily nitrogen intake was 9 g (one patient), 14 g (two patients), and 18 g (three patients). The clearances of individual amino acids were measured at two dialysis flow rates to calculate daily amino acid and total proten losses. RESULTS: Amino acid clearance rates ranged from 7.8 +/- 2.2 (glutamic acid) to 25.2 +/- 4.8 mL/min (3-methylhistidine) at a dialysate flow rate of 1 L/hr and from 13.6 +/- 1.7 (tryptophan) to 33.7 +/- 4.3 mL/min (3-methylhistidine) at a dialysate flow rate of 2 L/hr. These results represent daily amino acid losses of 1.5 +/- 0.4% (glutamic acid) to 111.6 +/- 16.6% (tyrosine) of the nutritional input at a dialysate flow rate of 1 L/hr and 2.1 +/- 0.6% (glutamic acid) to 145.8 +/- 17.8% (tyrosine) at a dialysate flow rate of 2 L/hr. Total losses would represent 8.9 +/- 1.2% and 12.1 +/- 2.2%, respectively, of the daily protein input. CONCLUSIONS: These studies confirm that amino acid clearances are relatively high during CAVHD and daily losses should therefore be considered.     

糖尿病肾病尿毒症应用无糖及含糖透析液血液透析特点及其对血糖的影响

目的 探讨糖尿病肾病尿毒症规律血液透析患者应用无糖及含糖透析液时血液透析的特点及其对血糖的影响。方法 观察首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院血液透析中心28例糖尿病肾病尿毒症规律血液透析患者应用无糖和含糖透析液（葡萄糖浓度5．5mmol／L）血液透析前后的临床和生化指标，并分别进行透析开始，透析2h及透析结束时血糖测定。结果 应用含糖透析液组在血压，透析间期体重增长，血红蛋白，血钾，透析充分性及营养状况，血脂等方面与应用无糖透析液组差异无显著性（P〉0．05），随着透析进行，血糖下降幅度明显低于无糖透析液组，在4h末基本回复到透析开始时水平。结论 糖尿病肾病尿毒症规律血液透析患者应用含糖透析液较为安全，且不影响透析效果。     

Transport kinetics of pseudouridine during hemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

It has been found that the concentrations of pseudouridine in serum of patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) are higher than those in patients undergoing hemodialysis. We analyzed whether this could be caused by a lower rate of transport in CAPD when compared with hemodialysis. Mass transfer area coefficients (MTCs) for urea, creatinine, uric acid, and pseudouridine were determined in nine patients undergoing hemodialysis as dialyzer clearances and in 14 patients undergoing CAPD during a 4-hour dwell with 2 L dialysate with glucose, 70 mmol/L. The theoretical MTC of pseudouridine (TPSI), calculated by extrapolation to its molecular weight by use of the MTC of urea, creatinine, and uric acid, was higher than the observed MTC of pseudouridine, both in hemodialysis (136 vs 112 ml/min, p less than 0.025) and in CAPD (6.9 vs 3.4 ml/min, p less than 0.001). The pseudouridine/TPSI MTC ratio was lower during CAPD than during hemodialysis (0.47 vs 0.83, p less than 0.0005), indicating a lower level of transport during CAPD. In vitro experiments with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy supported the hypothesis of glucose-induced molecular association of pseudouridine. Therefore, dialysate containing 10 mmol/L glucose was compared with that containing 70 mmol/L glucose in eight patients undergoing CAPD. The MTC of pseudouridine was higher during the experiments with dialysate containing 10 mmol/L glucose (3.5 +/- 2.0 ml/min vs 2.7 +/- 1.9 ml/min, p less than 0.05). This was also found for the pseudouridine/TPSI MTC ratio (0.61 vs 0.41, p less than 0.02) and the pseudouridine/creatinine MTC ratio (0.33 vs 0.25, p less than 0.02), favoring glucose-induced decrease of MTC-pseudouridine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Pharmacokinetics of single-dose intravenous amikacin in critically ill patients undergoing slow hemodialysis

Objective The pharmacokinetics of amikacin were studied in patients undergoing slow hemodialysis (HD).Design Slow HD was performed at the dialysate flow rate of 30 ml/min. After a single intravenous dose of amikacin 5 mg/kg, pharmacokinetic variables were calculated by fitting indivdual concentration-time curves to a two-compartment open model.Patients 6 critically ill patients with renal failure were entered into the study.Results The volume of distribution was 0.35±0.03 l/kg. Total body clearance was 35.1±2.3 ml/min with an elimination half-life of 10.5 h. During a 10.5 h session of slow HD, the serum amikacin concentration decreased from the peak level of 21.3±1.2 mg/l to 7.2±0.9 mg/l.Conclusion Slow HD eliminate amikacin more efficiently than other types of slowly performed renal replacement therapy and had profound effects on the pharmacokinetics. Amikacin elimination by this approach should be taken into consideration for designing a dosage schedule during the treatment.     

维持性血液透析患者应用不同钙浓度透析液的钙平衡

目的对比不同钙浓度透析液透析过程中钙转运的量及48h钙平衡。方法随机抽取20例维持性血液透析患者,分别给予钙浓度为1．50mmol／L和1．75mmol／L的透析液进行常规血液透析各1周,计算透析过程中钙转运量（calcium mass transfer,CMT）,记录患者48h饮食及服用碳酸钙和骨化三醇的情况,估算食物钙含量、钙剂含钙量、维生素D,摄入量,计算消化道钙吸收量（CaABS）。结合CMT与CaABS。计算钙平衡（calcium mass balance,CMB）。分别对CMT、CMB与其他参数进行相关性分析。结果测算得两种透析液治疗CMT差异无显著性,tCMT分别为137．51±343．2（mg）和297．15±438．78（mg）,（t=-1．18,P=-0．256）;CaABS差异无显著性,145．6±92．1（mg）对146．3±92．7（mg）,（t=-0．89,P=-0．388）;CMB。差异无显著性,268．24-364．9（mg）对443．4±438．1（mg）,（t=一1．29,P=-0．215）。其中tCMT的相关因素为透析废液量（B=-1．50,t=-12．13）和新一废透析液总钙浓度差AtCaABS。（B=120．24,t：63．37）,CMB。的相关因素则只有tCMT（B：39．51,t：24．70）,P均〈0．001。结论使用1．50mmol／L和1．75mmol／L钙透析液透析均使钙向MHD患者体内转运,二者转运量相当;透析过程中钙转运是MHD患者钙平衡的关键因素,透析钙转运量受超滤除水量和透析液钙浓度影响。     

Pharmacokinetics and total elimination of meropenem and vancomycin in intensive care unit patients undergoing extended daily dialysis

OBJECTIVE: Extended daily dialysis (EDD) combines the advantage of both intermittent hemodialysis and continuous renal replacement therapy: excellent detoxification accompanied by cardiovascular tolerability. The aim of this study was to evaluate pharmacokinetics of meropenem and vancomycin in critically ill patients with renal failure undergoing EDD. DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. SETTING: Surgical intensive care unit in a tertiary care center. PATIENTS: We studied intensive care patients with anuric acute renal failure being treated with EDD and receiving meropenem (n = 10) or vancomycin (n = 10) therapy. INTERVENTIONS: The antibiotics were administered 6 hrs (1.0 g meropenem) or 12 hrs (1.0 g vancomycin) before EDD was started in order to study the pharmacokinetics before and during EDD. In addition to the application of different methods to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters, the total dialysate concentration of both drugs was measured. RESULTS: Based on the amount of the drug recovered from the collected spent dialysate, the fraction of drug removed by one dialysis treatment was 18% for meropenem and 26% for vancomycin. Dosing regimes for intermittent hemodialysis and continuous renal replacement therapy cannot be used for critically ill patients treated with EDD. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that patients treated with EDD by means of a high-flux dialyzer (polysulphone; surface area, 1.3 m; blood and dialysate flow, 160 mL/min; EDD time, 480 mins) and current dosing regimens run the risk of being significantly underdosed, which may have detrimental effects on critically ill patients with life-threatening infections. The exact dose has to be tailored according to weight and severity of illness as well as the current minimal inhibitory concentration against the incriminated bacteria. Whenever possible, therapeutic drug monitoring should be performed.     

二种不同葡萄糖浓度透析液对终末期糖尿病肾病血液透析患者血糖水平的影响

目的 探讨终末期糖尿病肾病（end-stage diabetic nephropathy ESDN）血液透析患者透析液葡萄糖浓度的适合数值及临床意义.方法 选择中山大学附属第五医院肾内科血液净化中心ESDN患者42名分为对照组、Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组,血液透析（hemodialysis HD）时分别使用无糖透析液和葡萄糖浓度为4.5mmol/L、6.0mmol/L的含糖透析液,并检测患者每次透析1、2、3h的血糖浓度;之后所有患者改用葡萄糖浓度为6.0mmol/L的透析液透析,测定单次透析前后血清果糖胺（serum fructosamine FA）水平及透析2h血糖水平.透析前血清FA高于2.2mmol/L的患者为A组,血析前血清低于2.2mmol/L的为B组.结果 ①416次透析中对照组及Ⅰ组患者各时段低血糖的发生率均高于Ⅱ组并且差异有显著性（P＜0.05）;而对照组与Ⅰ组患者各时段低血糖的发生率比较差异没有显著性;②透析2h及3h各组低血糖的发生率均高于1h,差异亦有显著性（P＜0.01）;而各组透析2h与3h时低血糖的发生率比较差异没有显著性;③A、B两组透析2h时B组低血糖的发生率高于A组,差异具有显著性（P＜0.01）.④透析前后血清FA的变化差异没有显著性.结论 ①使用无糖透析液及透析液葡萄糖浓度为4.5mmol/L的患者低血糖的发生率高于使用透析液葡萄糖浓度为6.0mmol/L的患者差异有显著性;②透析前血清FA低于正常的患者血液透析中容易发生低血糖;③血液透析不能清除血清FA.     

透析液钙浓度改变对血液透析过程中血压变化的影响

目的 探讨透析液钙浓度变化对血液透析相关性难治性高血压的影响.方法 选取空军总医院肾病科合并难治性高血压的血液透析患者20例,采取自身对照的方法,先后应用钙浓度为1.75mmol/L（dCa2＋1.75）及1.50mmol/L（dCa2＋1.5）的透析液各连续进行15次透析,观察每次透析0、1、2、3h及透析结束时的血压,并分别于第15次透析前后观察一般临床指标及血清总钙（Ca2＋）、磷（P3＋）、钙磷乘积及全段甲状旁腺激素（iPTH）的变化.结果 与dCa2＋1.75比较,采用dCa2＋1.50进行透析,患者的血压降低,尤其在第3h及透析结束后,差异有显著性（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）;血钙、钙磷乘积降低（P＜0.05）,其他指标变化无显著性（P＞0.05）.结论 降低透析液Ca2＋浓度,有助于血液透析相关性难治性高血压的控制.     

降低透析液钾离子浓度对血清钾离子清除及透析效率的影响

目的评估不同钾浓度透析液透析过程中血清钾离子清除程度和对尿素氮清除的影响。方法前瞻性、随机对照分析,32例稳定的维持性血液透析患者参与试验,在5周稳定的血液透析间期(使用1.5m2三醋酸纤维膜透析器,透析时间240min,血流量250ml/min,透析液流量500ml/min,无糖透析液,碳酸氢钠浓度为35mmol/L),使用透析液包括0(0K),1(1mmol/LK),和2(2mmol/LK),在每周中间1次透析治疗后收集部分透析液并计算钾离子的清除量MK和尿素氮的清除量MU,计算尿素氮降解率URR和尿素氮清除指数Kt/V。结果 3组患者在透析过程中,血清钾离子浓度持续稳定下降,在180min左右达到一稳定的浓度。0K、1K和2K透析液组分别达到108.5mmol,84.5mmol和60.3mmol(P<0.05),尿素氮的清除量MU不受钾离子的清除量MK的影响(r=0.49),3组患者尿素氮的清除、尿素氮降解率URR和尿素氮清除指数Kt/V均无明显的变化。结论低钾透析液能显著性增加钾离子的清除量,透析钾离子的清除量并不影响尿素氮的清除水平及透析效率。     

Acute renal failure in the critically I11: Management by continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration

The consequences of newer techniques of continuous renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients are not yet fully known. The clinical and biochemical impact of continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration (CVVHD) was, therefore, prospectively studied in 60 critically ill patients with acute renal failure. Prospective clinical, biochemical, and hematological data were collected from patients receiving CVVHD. Over the initial 24 hours of therapy, CVVHD resulted in a decrease in mean plasma urea from 34.5 mmol/L (95% confidence interval [CI], 29.4 to 39.6) to 25 mmol/L (95% CI, 21.8 to 28.2). With continued CVVHD, the mean plasma urea reached a plateau level of 17.6 mmol/L (95% CI, 15.8 to 19.4) at 72 hours. This degree of azotemia control was achieved with ease and essentially without complications during 8,360 hours of therapy despite the presence of multi-organ failure and the aggressive administration of protein nitrogen (0.25 to 0.35 g/kg/day). No abnormalities of serum electrolytes developed during treatment. Survival to intensive care discharge was 46.6% and to hospital discharge 41.6%, despite a mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) Il score at presentation of 27.7. Continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration offers superior azotemia control and a safe approach to renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients. Its use is associated with a comparatively favorable outcome. CVVHD may be regarded as the treatment of choice in such patients.     

Near-infrared spectroscopy for measuring urea in hemodialysis fluids.

BACKGROUND: Near-infrared spectroscopy is proposed as a method for providing real-time urea concentrations during hemodialysis treatments. The feasibility of such noninvasive urea measurements is evaluated in undiluted dialysate fluid. METHODS: Near-infrared spectra were collected from calibration solutions of urea prepared in dialysate fluid. Spectra were collected over three distinct spectral regions, and partial least-squares calibration models were optimized and compared for each. Selectivity for urea was demonstrated with two-component samples composed of urea and glucose in the dialysate matrix. The clinical significance of this approach was assessed by measuring urea in real hemodialysate samples. RESULTS: Urea absorptions within the combination and short-wavelength, near-infrared spectral regions provided sufficient spectral information for sound calibration models in the dialysate matrix. The combination spectral region had SEs of calibration (SEC) and prediction (SEP) of 0.38 mmol/L and 0.26 mmol/L, respectively, over the 4720-4600 cm(-1) spectral range with 5 partial least-square factors. A second calibration model was established over the combination region from a series of solutions prepared with independently variable concentrations of urea and glucose. The best calibration model for urea in the presence of variable glucose concentrations had a SEC of 0.6 mmol/L and a SEP of 0.4 mmol/L for a 5-factor model over the 4600-4350 cm(-1) spectral range. There was no significant decrease in SEP when the 4720-4600 cm(-1) calibration model was used to measure urea in real samples collected during actual hemodialysis. CONCLUSIONS: Urea can be determined with sufficient sensitivity and selectivity for clinical measurements within the matrix of the hemodialysis fluid.     

Effects of coagulation factor XIII on intestinal functional capillary density, leukocyte adherence and mesenteric plasma extravasation in experimental endotoxemia

Introduction

In seriously infected patients with acute renal failure and who require continuous renal replacement therapy, data on continuous infusion of ceftazidime are lacking. Here we analyzed the pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime administered by continuous infusion in critically ill patients during continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) in order to identify the optimal dosage in this setting.

Method

Seven critically ill patients were prospectively enrolled in the study. CVVHDF was performed using a 0.6 m² AN69 high-flux membrane and with blood, dialysate and ultrafiltration flow rates of 150 ml/min, 1 l/hour and 1.5 l/hour, respectively. Based on a predicted haemodiafiltration clearance of 32.5 ml/min, all patients received a 2 g loading dose of ceftazidime, followed by a 3 g/day continuous infusion for 72 hours. Serum samples were collected at 0, 3, 15 and 30 minutes and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hours; dialysate/ultrafiltrate samples were taken at 2, 8, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours. Ceftazidime concentrations in serum and dialysate/ultrafiltrate were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography.

Results

The mean (± standard deviation) elimination half-life, volume of distribution, area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to 72 hours, and total clearance of ceftazidime were 4 ± 1 hours, 19 ± 6 l, 2514 ± 212 mg/h per l, and 62 ± 5 ml/min, respectively. The mean serum ceftazidime steady-state concentration was 33.5 mg/l (range 28.8–36.3 mg/l). CVVHDF effectively removed continuously infused ceftazidime, with a sieving coefficient and haemodiafiltration clearance of 0.81 ± 0.11 and 33.6 ± 4 mg/l, respectively.

Conclusion

We conclude that a dosing regimen of 3 g/day ceftazidime, by continuous infusion, following a 2 g loading dose, results in serum concentrations more than four times the minimum inhibitory concentration for all susceptible pathogens, and we recommend this regimen in critically ill patients undergoing CVVHDF.     

Phoxilium vs Hemosol-B0 for continuous renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury

Purpose

This study aimed to compare the biochemical effects of Phoxilium (containing phosphate at 1.2 mmol/L; Gambro Lundia AB, Lund, Sweden) and Hemosol-B0 (Gambro Lundia AB) as dialysate and/or replacement fluid during continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT).

Methods

We examined serum biochemistry in critically ill patients for 42 hours of Phoxilium administration for the prevention of hypophosphatemia during CRRT and compared them with corresponding results in random historical controls who received Hemosol-B0.

Results

We studied 15 patients in each arm (Phoxilium vs Hemosol-B0). Respective median ages were 57 (49-68) and 64 (57-67) years. Baseline patient illness severity scores, prescribed CRRT effluent rates, and cumulative phosphate intakes were comparable. After 36 to 42 hours of Phoxilium administration, serum phosphate levels increased from 0.95 (0.81-1.13) to 1.44 (1.23-1.78) mmol/L, in contrast to the decline from 1.71 (1.09-2.00) to 0.83 (0.55-1.59) mmol/L with Hemosol-B0 (P = .0001). Serum ionized calcium levels decreased from 1.27 (1.22-1.37) to 1.12 (1.06-1.21) mmol/L with Phoxilium, compared with an increase from 1.09 (0.90-1.19) to 1.20 (1.16-1.25) mmol/L with Hemosol-B0 (P < .0001). Serum bicarbonate, base excess levels, and effective strong ion difference decreased with Phoxilium and were lower than those with Hemosol-B0 at 36 to 42 hours (P < .05).

Conclusion

Phoxilium effectively prevented hypophosphatemia during CRRT but was associated with relative metabolic acidosis and hypocalcemia compared with Hemosol-B0 use.     

低钙透析液联合活性维生素D及盐酸司维拉姆治疗血液透析患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的临床观察

目的 观察低钙透析液联合活性维生素D及盐酸司维拉姆治疗在慢性肾功能衰竭维持性血液透析患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的疗效。方法 收集青海省人民医院肾内科30例慢性肾功能衰竭维持性血液透析患者,采用浓度为1．25mmol／L低钙透析液,联合活性维生素D冲击治疗及口服盐酸司维拉姆应用6个月后观察血清钙、磷、钙磷乘积、血清全段甲状旁腺激素的变化。结果 在治疗3个月及治疗6个月后30例患者血钙治疗前2．34±0．17mmol／l、治疗3个月后2．36±0．2lmmol／l、治疗6个月后2．37±0．20mmol／l,基本维持正常水平;治疗前血磷2．27±0．39mmol／l、治疗3个月后1．75±0．41mmol／l、治疗6个月后1．41±0．35mmol／l;治疗前钙磷乘积63．21±10．13mg^2／dl^2、治疗3个月后53．27±9．57mg^2／dl^2、治疗6个月后48．51±9．74mg^2／dl^2;治疗前甲状旁腺激素650．80±119．40pg／ml、治疗3个月后376．10±117．40pg／ml、治疗6个月后211．90±109．40pg／ml;血磷、钙磷乘积、全血甲状旁腺激素均下降降明显;与治疗前经方差分析比较,血磷治疗3个月后F=1．10,P=4．97×10^-6、治疗6个月F=0．81,P=1．38×10^-12;钙磷乘积治疗3个月后F=0．89,P=0．0002、治疗6个月F=0．92,P=3．79×10^-7;甲状旁腺激素治疗3个月后F=0．97,P=1．40×10^-12、治疗6个月F=0．84,P=2．06×10^-21;差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。治疗过程中出现胃肠道不良反应4例,经处理后缓解。结论 慢性。肾功能衰竭维持性血液透析患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进在应用低钙透析液、盐酸司维拉姆、活性维生素D冲击联合治疗后血磷、钙磷乘积及iPTH水平明显降低,避免了高钙血症和转移性钙化的出现,对高转运型肾性骨病起到安全有效的治疗作用。