精液常规检验在男性不育诊疗中的应用评价

目的通过对男性精液常规检验结果的分析,初步了解和评估男性患者的生育能力,辅助临床进行进一步的诊疗。方法回顾性分析7 586例精液常规检验结果,按照精液体积、pH值、液化时间、精子密度、精子活力和精子畸形率等指标分类统计。结果在7 586例精液常规检验中,精液体积小于2mL有1 450例,占19.1%;pH7.2有1 372例,占18.1%;液化时间大于60min有2 740例,占36.1%;精子密度小于20×106/mL有989例,占13.0%;精子活力a+b级小于50%有3 719例,占49.0%;精子正常形态率小于15%有3 431例,占45.2%;无精有141例,占1.9%;各项指标均无异常有1 119例,占14.8%。结论精液液化、精子活力及精子畸形率是精液常规检验中异常率最高的指标;精液常规检验为临床男性不育的诊疗提供了重要实验数据,客观正确的结果分析,对判断男性的生育力具有重要意义。     

1638例不育男性精液常规检查及病因构成比分析

目的：探讨菏泽及周边地区不育男性精液质量及病因构成比。方法：采用调查表方式，对菏泽市立医院不孕不育中心门诊的1638例不育症男性患者进行流行病学调查和精液常规检查（SFA），并对数据进行统计学处理。结果：被调查对象的平均精子数量，a级，b级精子和正常精子的百分率分别为22.24×106/ml，33.21%，10.13%，57.72%。对精液常规异常的可能因素进行多因素logistic回归分析表明，吸烟：OR=1.158，95%CI=（1.039-1.299）；饮酒：OR=1.171，95%CI=（1.048-1.311）；不育时间：OR=0.818，95%CI=（0.701-0.903）；以素食为主要副食：OR=0.231，95%CI=（0.079-0.769）；以荤素搭配为主要摄入：OR=0.351，95%CI=（0.168-0.698）。结论：研究对象的子数量，活力，和形态基本达到WHO建议的参考范围，但精子的运动能力偏低。吸烟和饮酒可能是精子质量差的高危因素；副食品食用类别与精子质量有关，与其它相比，以素食和荤素搭配为主要摄入物的习惯可能对精子质量有保护性作用。     

An overview of nursing in Europe: a SWOT analysis

This article sets out a global analysis of the weaknesses, threats, strengths and opportunities that define the current situation of nursing in Europe. The nursing profession in Europe is suffering from a crisis of self‐efficacy with the syndrome of burnout being one of its consequences. Other weaknesses include shortage of staff, job insecurity, devalued nursing image in society and the lack of recognition of emotional and psychological dimensions of care. The threats to this profession are linked to the lack of prestige and social recognition and to the current economic crisis in Europe. The European economic crisis favours staff shortages and increased European migration flow. The strength of the group lies in the art of caring, which is its defining feature. Primary Care Nursing and Hospital Liaison Nursing demonstrate the great professional adaptability in meeting the needs of the ever‐changing society. The European Higher Education Area and the strengthening of the specialties provide opportunities for the nursing profession. Both represent an important progress towards solid professionalism that will give nursing greater visibility. Moreover, nursing must implement strategies to disseminate its activity and emerge from anonymity. Nursing must show society the image it wants to project.     

Hydroxocobalamin interference in routine laboratory tests: Development of a protocol for identifying samples and reporting results from patients treated with CyanokitTM

ObjectivesHydroxocobalamin (OHCob) is an antidote for cyanide poisoning in patients rescued from house fires and is known to cause interference with certain laboratory tests. Consensus is lacking on the extent of this interference and on how to handle these samples. The objectives of this study were to characterize OHCob interference across a wide range of laboratory tests and to develop protocols for identifying and reporting these samples.Designs & methodsPatient plasma samples (n = 5) were spiked with OHCob (1.5 mg/mL) and compared to controls without this drug. A series of analytes were measured using chemistry, urinalysis, coagulation, hematology, and blood gas instruments. Dose-response testing was performed on a subset of assays that showed interferences ≥10%.ResultsOf the 77 analytes evaluated, 27 (35%) showed interference from OHCob, with chemistry and coagulation analytes showing the greatest effects. Of those affected, 22 analytes had a positive interference, whereas 5 analytes had negative interference. Dose-response studies showed dose-dependent increases and/or decreases consistent with initial spiking studies. Although red in colour, plasma samples with OHCob did not trigger hemolysis index flags, necessitating a special sample identification and reporting protocol.ConclusionOHCob had significant effects on several analytes across different instruments. These findings led to the development of special sample handling and reporting protocols to identify OHCob samples and ensure only accurate results are released. It is vital for emergency departments to document and notify their laboratories whenever blood samples from these patients are drawn.     

Adequate patient selection for coronary revascularization: an overview of current methods used in daily clinical practice

Widely used non-invasive stress modalities, like exercise ECG, MPS and stress-echocardiography, are the tests of first choice for the diagnosis of CAD. It has been shown in numerous studies that non-invasive assessment of perfusion abnormalities is an adequate strategy for risk stratification. Moreover, non-invasive stress testing should be performed before a diagnostic cardiac catheterization to document the presence of myocardial ischemia, as a prerequisite for coronary revascularization. Coronary angiography is the gold standard for identifying CAD; however this technique is limited in assessing functional severity of coronary narrowings ('illusion of luminology'; see also Figure 5). The recently introduced i.c. hemodynamic parameters (CFVR and FFR) can identify functional severity of specific lesions and have shown a good agreement with the results of non-invasive stress test in validation studies. Furthermore, there is accumulating evidence that it is safe to defer a PTCA procedure, based on normal FFR and CFVR values. As these indices are derived during an invasive cardiac catheterization procedure, its use is recommended during a so called 'ad hoc' PTCA setting. Furthermore, they are particularly useful for clinical decision making in patients with documented multivessel CAD, as both indices allow selective evaluation of coronary narrowings in different arteries. Revascularization procedures are costly and always have a potential risk. It is important to be aware that, using above mentioned methods, unnecessary interventions (lacking potential benefit) may be avoided.     

血必净注射液辅助西医常规方法治疗重症社区获得性肺炎的meta分析

目的 系统评价血必净注射液辅助西医常规方法治疗重症社区获得性肺炎（SCAP）的有效性和安全性。方法 计算机检索PubMed、 EMBASE、 Cochrane Library、 CNKI、 WANFANG DATA、 VIP等数据库,检索时间为建库起至2020年3月,按照设定的纳入和排除标准筛选相关文献,采用风险偏倚评估工具对纳入随机对照试验（RCTs）的方法学质量进行评价,采用Review Manager 5.3分析软件对提取的数据进行meta分析。结果 共纳入9篇文献,涉及共计1 410例患者,其中试验组703例,对照组707例。Meta分析结果显示在西医常规治疗基础上使用血必净注射液辅助治疗SCAP相较于西医常规治疗能够提高总有效率［RR=1.29,95%CI（1.20,1.38）,P＜0.01］,能够更好地降低白细胞计数［WMD=-3.30,95%CI（-3.69,-2.91）,P＜0.01］,能够更好地降低C反应蛋白原水平［WMD=-4.45,95%CI（-8.16,-0.74）,P=0.02］,能够更好地降低综合评分APACHE Ⅱ［WMD=-0.97,95%CI（-1.32,-0.61）,P＜0.01］,能够更好地降低机械通气时间［WMD=-87.36,95%CI（-173.91,-0.80）,P=0.05］,能够更好地降低ICU住院时间［WMD=-66.44,95%CI（-122.38,-10.51）,P=0.02］。仅有3篇文献报道了不良反应的发生,结果显示西医常规治疗基础上使用血必净注射液辅助治疗SCAP可能发生包括皮肤瘙痒、头晕头痛、腹泻、上肢疼痛和过敏反应,发生率为1.6%。结论 在西医综合治疗基础上辅助使用血必净注射液治疗SCAP能够提高临床疗效,降低ICU住院时间,改善生活质量。但鉴于本研究纳入文献的局限性,meta分析结果仅供临床应用参考。     

Reflections on patient involvement in research and clinical practice: A secondary analysis of women's perceptions and experiences of egg aspiration in fertility treatment

The importance of patient involvement is increasing in healthcare, and initiatives are constantly implemented to reach the ideal of involved and educated patients. This secondary analysis was initially embedded in a randomized controlled study where the aim was to gain insight into perceptions and experiences within a group of women undergoing fertility treatment through two focus group interviews. In this secondary analysis, we investigated how patient involvement was strived for in both clinical practice and research. During the analysis, it became apparent that the women exercised and maintained a clear perspective on their hope for a child, Project Child, while the interviewer pursued a treatment perspective, Project Treatment. Despite different perspectives, the conversation during the interviews seemed effortless, and it became apparent how the interviewer and the participants were actually focusing partly on the same, but primarily on different issues but without addressing or acknowledging this. Knowledge and awareness of the difference in perspectives is important when healthcare professionals seek to involve patients both in clinical practice and in research. Patient involvement in both research and clinical practice has shown to be a challenge and entails that pathways are organized and decisions shared by healthcare professionals.     

The transforming power of research on practice: involving practitioners in analysis

Nurses were invited to participate in the interpretation of transcribed interviews during the data analysis phase of a phenomenological study. They worked with the investigators in learning and using hermeneutic methods to identify and interpret meanings embedded in exemplars. Their expert clinical knowledge of the field of practice added rigor to the analytical process and depth to the understanding achieved. As the analysis progressed, the nurses began to spontaneously describe transformation occurring in their practice. Involving nurses in data analysis has transformative power on practice.     

Selecting healthy volunteers in specific populations: a retrospective analysis of clinical and laboratory screening

Healthy volunteers must undergo a medical examination before enrolment in a clinical trial. An increasing number of trials include specific populations designed to match the target populations of the drugs tested. Our study aimed at evaluating which investigations are the most appropriate in different sub-populations of healthy volunteers. Data from 350 healthy volunteers who attended our Research Center from 1997 to 2004 were retrospectively analysed. Volunteers were distributed into five sub-populations: young men, senior men, overweight men, young women, postmenopausal women. The screening procedure comprised a review of medical history, physical examination, electrocardiogram and laboratory tests. Ineligibility criteria were classified as non-medical causes, protocol specific medical causes and non-specific medical causes. A total of 148 subjects (42%) were not-eligible, mainly because of non-specific medical causes (111 subjects), including abnormal medical history (34.5% of all ineligibilities). Blood pressure abnormalities were frequent in all sub-populations except young women. Electrocardiographic abnormalities led to ineligibility of only five overweight men and one menopausal woman. Abnormal laboratory tests accounted for 19.6% of ineligibilities. In senior subjects and overweight men, serologies, liver function tests and lipid profile contributed importantly to the selection process. Low red cells count was the most frequent laboratory abnormality in young women. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, phosphocalcic metabolism and standard clotting tests led to frequent insignificant and non-contributive abnormalities. Our study confirms that a complete review of medical history is essential and determines the major part of ineligibilities. Complementary laboratory tests are always needed and may be adjusted to the population considered.     

Discourse analysis: theoretical and historical overview and review of papers in the Journal of Advanced Nursing 1996-2004

AIM: The aim of the paper is (1) to offer an overview of different theoretical approaches to discourse analysis and (2) to review papers published in the Journal of Advanced Nursing from 1996-2004 in which discourse analysis is identified as a method of data analysis. BACKGROUND: Discourse analysis offers rigorous approaches to analysing naturally occurring talk and texts. Forms of discourse analysis have developed across broad theoretical bases. Such development has created challenges for researchers wishing to adopt this methodology and readers wishing to evaluate the quality of discourse analytic work. METHODS: First, key documents which describe the theoretical range of discourse analysis are used to provide (i) a comprehensive overview of the approach, (ii) the identification of categories of discourse analysis and (iii) minimum criteria for determining if an individual paper can realistically claim to be adopting discourse analysis. Secondly, an electronic search followed by hand search of the Journal of Advanced Nursing full-contents between 1996 and 2004 was undertaken. The papers were grouped into the types of approach identified in i, and evaluated to see whether they met the 'minimum criteria' also identified in i. FINDINGS: The search of Journal of Advanced Nursing revealed 24 papers where the authors stated that discourse analysis was among the methods or was the sole method of data analysis. The majority of the papers cluster around critical approaches to discourse analysis. Only a few approach discourse analysis primarily as analysis of conversation. Some papers are excellent, while others offer analysis that bears little resemblance to any form of discourse analysis. CONCLUSIONS: A strategy for improvement could include more rigorous attention on the part of those practising discourse analysis to methodology and the key features that differentiate the different approaches to discourse analysis from other qualitative methods. Authors should include sufficient detail of their approach.     

On exploratory factor analysis: A review of recent evidence,an assessment of current practice,and recommendations for future use

Exploratory factor analysis (hereafter, factor analysis) is a complex statistical method that is integral to many fields of research. Using factor analysis requires researchers to make several decisions, each of which affects the solutions generated. In this paper, we focus on five major decisions that are made in conducting factor analysis: (i) establishing how large the sample needs to be, (ii) choosing between factor analysis and principal components analysis, (iii) determining the number of factors to retain, (iv) selecting a method of data extraction, and (v) deciding upon the methods of factor rotation. The purpose of this paper is threefold: (i) to review the literature with respect to these five decisions, (ii) to assess current practices in nursing research, and (iii) to offer recommendations for future use. The literature reviews illustrate that factor analysis remains a dynamic field of study, with recent research having practical implications for those who use this statistical method. The assessment was conducted on 54 factor analysis (and principal components analysis) solutions presented in the results sections of 28 papers published in the 2012 volumes of the 10 highest ranked nursing journals, based on their 5-year impact factors. The main findings from the assessment were that researchers commonly used (a) participants-to-items ratios for determining sample sizes (used for 43% of solutions), (b) principal components analysis (61%) rather than factor analysis (39%), (c) the eigenvalues greater than one rule and scree tests to decide upon the numbers of factors/components to retain (61% and 46%, respectively), (d) principal components analysis and unweighted least squares as methods of data extraction (61% and 19%, respectively), and (e) the Varimax method of rotation (44%). In general, well-established, but out-dated, heuristics and practices informed decision making with respect to the performance of factor analysis in nursing studies. Based on the findings from factor analysis research, it seems likely that the use of such methods may have had a material, adverse effect on the solutions generated. We offer recommendations for future practice with respect to each of the five decisions discussed in this paper.     

A renewed understanding of anti‐human globulin reagents: interference constraints using an optimization method in pretransfusion compatibility tests

Anti‐human globulin (AHG) reagents are widely applied in pretransfusion compatibility tests. The accuracy of detection with AHG reagents is mainly affected by irregular antibodies or cold agglutinins in blood samples, which are related to the human complement system. Although much has been written about various types and applications of AHG reagents, their characteristics, interference factors and optimal selection in pretransfusion compatibility tests still need to be further clarified. Here, we review clinical practice and basic studies that describe each AHG reagent, summarize the advantages and disadvantages of using different AHG reagents in the presence of cold agglutinins or complement‐fixing antibodies, explore the potential mechanisms by which the complement system influences detection with AHG reagents and address the question of how to optimally select AHG reagents for clinically significant antibody detection.     

Transfusion practice in Helsinki University Central Hospital: an analysis of diagnosis-related groups (DRG)

Transfusion data combined with data automatically recorded in hospital databases provides an outstanding tool for blood utilization reporting. When the reporting is performed with an online analytical processing (OLAP) tool, real time reporting can be provided to blood subscribers. When this data is combined with a common patient classification system, Diagnosis-Related Groups (DRG), it is possible to produce statistical results, that are similar in different institutions and may provide a means for international transfusion bench-marking and cost comparison. We use a DRG classification to describe the transfusion practice in Helsinki University Central Hospital. The key indicators include the percentage of transfused patients, the number of transfused units and costs in different DRG groups, as well as transfusion rates per DRG weighted treatment episodes. Ninety-three per cent of all transfusions could be classified into different DRGs. The largest blood-using DRG group was acute adult leukaemia (DRG 473), which accounted for 10.4% of all transfusion costs. The 13 largest blood consuming DRGs accounted for half the total costs in 1998. Currently, there is a lack of an internationally accepted standardized way to report institutional or national transfusion practices. DRG-based transfusion reporting might serve as a means for transfusion benchmarking and thus aid studies of variations in transfusion practice.     

Perspectives of Iranian male nursing students regarding the role of nursing education in developing a professional identity: A content analysis study

Aim: The purpose of the present study was to explore the perspectives of Iranian male nursing students regarding the role of nursing education in developing a professional identity. Methods: A qualitative design, based on the content analysis approach, was used to collect the data and analyze the perspectives of 14 Iranian male nursing students who were chosen by using a purposive sampling strategy. After the selection of the participants, semistructured interviews were held in order to collect the data. Results: During the data analysis, three main themes emerged: “reality–expectation incompatibility”, “being supported by the educational system”, and “nursing image rectification”. The second theme consisted of two categories: “feeling trusted” and “being defended”. Conclusions: This study will be useful to nurse educators and administrators in relation to what constitutes nursing students' professional identity within the Iranian culture and context and how nursing education can play an effective role in developing their professional identity in order to devise strategies to attract male students to the nursing profession and promote their retention after graduation.