Atomoxetine pharmacokinetics in healthy Chinese subjects and effect of the CYP2D6*10 allele

AIMS: To characterize atomoxetine pharmacokinetics, explore the effect of the homozygous CYP2D6*10 genotype on atomoxetine pharmacokinetics and evaluate the tolerability of atomoxetine, in healthy Chinese subjects. METHODS: Twenty-four subjects, all CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers (EM), were randomized to receive atomoxetine (40 mg qd for 3 days, then 80 mg qd for 7 days) or matching placebo (2 : 1 ratio) in a double-blind fashion. Atomoxetine serum concentrations were measured following single (40 mg) and multiple (80 mg) doses. Adverse events, clinical safety laboratory data and vital signs were assessed during the study. RESULTS: Atomoxetine was rapidly absorbed with median time to maximum serum concentrations of approximately 1.5 h after single and multiple doses. Atomoxetine concentrations appeared to decrease monoexponentially with a mean apparent terminal half-life (t(1/2)) of approximately 4 h. The apparent clearance, apparent volume of distribution and t(1/2) following single and multiple doses were similar, suggesting linear pharmacokinetics with respect to time. Homozygous CYP2D6*10 subjects had 50% lower clearances compared with other EM subjects, resulting in twofold higher mean exposures. No clinically significant changes or abnormalities were noted in laboratory data and vital signs. CONCLUSIONS: The pharmacokinetics of atomoxetine in healthy Chinese subjects appears comparable to other ethnic populations. Multiple dosing of 80 mg qd atomoxetine was well tolerated in this study.     

Impact of CYP2D6*10 on mexiletine pharmacokinetics in healthy adult volunteers

Objective In vitro studies with human liver microsomes have suggested that the oxidative conversion of mexiletine (MX) to its metabolites is catalyzed by CYP2D6 and is significantly impaired in microsomes with the CYP2D6*10/*10 genotype. Therefore, we examined the influence of the CYP2D6*10 allele on MX pharmacokinetics in Japanese subjects.Methods Subjects with CYP2D6*1/*1 (group*1/*1; n=5), CYP2D6*10/*10 (group*10/*10; n=6) and CYP2D6*5/*10 (group*5/*10; n=4) genotypes received a single 200-mg dose of MX. Plasma and urinary levels of MX and its metabolites (p-hydroxymexiletine (PHM), hydroxymethylmexiletine (HMM) and N-hydroxymexiletine (NHM)) were determined by means of high-performance liquid chromatography.Results Mean area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) and t_1/2 of MX were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the CYP2D6*10/*5 group (AUC 11.23±3.05 µg·h/ml; t_1/2 15.5±3.2 h) than in the CYP2D6*1/*1 (AUC 5.53±1.01 µg·h/ml; t_1/2 8.1±1.6 h) and CYP2D6*10/*10 (AUC 7.32±2.36 µg·h/ml; t_1/2 10.8±2.8 h) groups, but there was no significant difference between the CYP2D6*1/*1 and CYP2D6*10/*10 groups. The maximum plasma concentration of MX was not significantly different among the three groups. The values of urinary excretion of PHM and HMM in the CYP2D6*1/*1 group were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those in the CYP2D6*10/*10 and CYP2D6*5/*10 groups, but there was no significant difference in that of NHM among the three groups. Clearance of MX in the CYP2D6*5/*10 subjects was comparable to that in the poor metabolizers described previously.Conclusion The present findings demonstrated that carriers of the CYP2D6*10 allele showed a decreased clearance of MX. Subjects with CYP2D6*5/*10 showed significantly (P<0.05) increased plasma levels of MX, and homozygotes for CYP2D6*10 also showed an increase, although to a lesser extent. Thus, the CYP2D6*10 allele plays an important role in MX pharmacokinetics.     

Correlation of tramadol pharmacokinetics and CYP2D6*10 genotype in Malaysian subjects

The aim of the present study is to investigate the influence of the CYP2D6*10 allele on the disposition of tramadol hydrochloride in Malaysian subjects. A single dose of 100 mg tramadol was given intravenously to 30 healthy orthopaedic patients undergoing various elective surgeries. After having obtained written informed consents, patients were genotyped for CYP2D6*10: the most common CYP2D6 allele among Asians by means of allele-specific polymerase chain reaction. The presence of other mutations (CYP2D6*1, *3, *4, *5, *9 and *17) was also investigated. Tramadol was extracted from 1 ml serum with an n-hexane: ethylacetate combination (4:1) after alkalinisation with ammonia (pH 10.6). Serum concentrations were measured by means of high-performance liquid chromatography. The pharmacokinetics of tramadol was studied during the 24 h after the dose. As among other Asians, the allele frequency for CYP2D6*10 among Malaysians was high (0.43). Subjects who were homozygous for CYP2D6*10 had significantly (P=0.046) longer mean serum half-life of tramadol than subjects of the normal or the heterozygous group (Kruskal-Wallis test). When patients were screened for the presence of other alleles, the pharmacokinetic parameter values were better explained. CYP2D6 activity may play a main role in determining tramadol pharmacokinetics. The CYP2D6*10 allele particularly was associated with higher serum levels of tramadol compared with the CYP2D6*1 allele. However, genotyping for CYP2D6*10 alone is not sufficient to explain tramadol disposition.     

CYP2D6基因多态性对帕罗西汀在中国健康人药动学影响

目的研究中国健康人CYP2D6基因多态性对帕罗西汀药动学的影响。方法使用PCR-RFLP方法将23位志愿者分为3组:CYP2D6*1/*1组(n=5),CYP2D6*1/*10组(n=7),CYP2D6*10/*10组(n=11)。给予帕罗西汀20 mg单剂量口服,收集给药后96 h内的一系列血样,用LC-MS/MS法测定帕罗西汀的血药浓度并做药动学分析。结果与CYP2D6*1/*1组药动学参数相比,CYP2D6*1/*10组t_(max)、t1/2和CYP2D6*10/*10组t_(max)无显著差异(P>0.05);CYP2D6*1/*10、CYP2D6*10/*10组的ρ_(max)、AUC_(0-96 h)、AUC_(0-∞)、CL(F)、Vd和CYP2D6*10/*10组t_(1/2)均有显著差异(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论 CYP2D6*10等位基因突变能引起代谢表型的改变,影响帕罗西汀在健康人的体内代谢。     

Effect of the CYP2D6*10 genotype on venlafaxine pharmacokinetics in healthy adult volunteers

AIMS: Interindividual differences in the pharmacokinetics of venlafaxine, a new antidepressant, were shown during early clinical trials in Japan. Venlafaxine is metabolized mainly by CYP2D6 to an active metabolite, O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV). Therefore, the influence of the CYP2D6 genotypes on venlafaxine pharmacokinetics was examined in a Japanese population. METHODS: Twelve adult Japanese men in good health participated in this study. Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral lymphocytes, and the CYP2D6 genotypes were determined by codon 188C/T, 1934G/A, 2938G/A and 4268G/C mutations using endonuclease tests based on PCR and by Xba I-RFLP analysis. Subjects were categorized into the following 3 groups (n=4 in each group); Group1: CYP2D6*10/*10, *5/*10, Group2: CYP2D6*1/*10, *2/*10 and Group3: CYP2D6*1/*1, CYP2D6*1/*2. Venlafaxine (25 mg, n=6; 37.5 mg, n=6) was administered orally at 09.00 h following an overnight fast. Plasma concentrations of venlafaxine and ODV were monitored by h.p.l.c. for 48 h. RESULTS: The Cmax and AUC of venlafaxine were 184% and 484% higher in the group 1 subjects than in the group 3 subjects, and 101% and 203% higher in the group 1 than in the group 2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that CYP2D6*10 influences the pharmacokinetics of venlafaxine in a Japanese population.     

Effect of CYP2D6*10 on the pharmacokinetics of R- and S-carvedilol in healthy Japanese volunteers

This study was performed to investigate the effect of CYP2D6*10 on the pharmacokinetics of R- and S-carvedilol in healthy Japanese volunteers. Five or 10 mg of carvedilol was orally administered to 23 subjects (22-44 years old), and blood samples were taken at 2 and 6 h after dosing. We determined the polymorphic alleles of CYP2D6 in each subject. The whole blood concentration of R- and S-carvedilol was measured by an HPLC method. The pharmacokinetic parameters in individual subjects were estimated by the Bayesian method using the nonlinear mixed effects model (NONMEM) program. The mean values of oral clearance for R- and S-carvedilol were estimated to be 1.01 and 2.15 l/h/kg, respectively. The oral clearance was highly correlated with the apparent volume of distribution among the subjects, suggesting that the interindividual difference in bioavailability was largely responsible for the pharmacokinetic variability of carvedilol. The oral clearance and also volume of distribution of both enantiomers were significantly lower in the subjects with the CYP2D6*10 allele than with the CYP2D6*1/*1 or *1/*2 genotype. These results suggested that the systemic and/or pre-systemic metabolism of R- and S-carvedilol in the liver is significantly decreased in Japanese with the CYP2D6*10 allele.     

β1肾上腺素受体与CYP2D6基因多态性对美托洛尔抗高血压治疗的药代动力学和药效学影响

背景：美托洛尔是临床常用的抗高血压药物,它经由CYP2D6代谢。CYP2D6＊10降低CYP2D6活性,是中国人群中最为常见的多态性。β1肾上腺素受体为美托洛尔的作用靶标,Ser49Gly与Gly389Arg多态性显著改变受体功能。CYP2D6与β1肾上腺素受体遗传多态性对美托洛尔降压疗效的联合影响仍属未知。目的：发现与美托洛尔药代动力学与药效动力学相关的基因多态性位点。为提高高血压病的疗效和减少不良反应提供实验依据。方法：符合WHO/ISH高血压诊断标准的轻、中度高血压患者125例,服用美托洛尔单药治疗12周,每四周检测血压。在临床观察疗效的同时,应用PCR-RFLP方法对患者进行CYP2D6＊10与β1肾上腺素受体Ser49Gly和Gly389Arg基因型分析。同时抽取静脉血5mL,高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定患者美托洛尔谷浓度。结果：美托洛尔谷浓度与CYP2D610基因型显著相关,并呈基因剂量效应。但高血压患者血压降低程度在CYP2D6＊1＊1、1＊10与CYP2D6＊10＊10组间无差异。Gly49携带者服用美托洛尔后收缩压与舒张压的降低显著大于Ser49Ser纯合子;与Gly389携带者相比,Arg389Arg服用美托洛尔后收缩压与舒张压的降低更为显著,表明Gly49与Arg389型受体对美托洛尔治疗有较好的敏感性。结论：CYP2D6＊10突变显著改变美托洛尔的药代动力学,但对美托洛尔的降压效果无显著性影响。β1肾上腺素受体遗传多态性与β受体阻滞药的降压敏感性有一定相关性。     

CYP2D6^＊10B基因型对中国人普罗帕酮对映体药动学的影响

AIM: To study the relationship between genotype of CYP2D6*10B and pharmacokinetics of propafenone enantiomers. METHODS: Genotype of 17 healthy Chinese HAN subjects was determined by an allele specific amplification method. The blood samples (0-15 h) of the subjects were taken after oral administration of a single dose (400 mg) of propafenone hydrochloride. Concentrations of propafenone enantiomers in plasma were measured by a reverse-phase HPLC with precolumn derivatization. RESULTS: Seventeen subjects characterized for CYP2D6*10B genotype included (*1/*1) (n=4), (*1/*10) (n=5) and (*10/*10) (n=8). The metabolic ratios (lg MR) of the three genotypes were -2.68+/-0.23, -2.2+/-0.7, and -1.1+/-0.5, respectively. The AUC of the three groups were (1534+/-334), (1891+/-793), (3171+/-1075) microg.h.L(-1) for S-enantiomer and (1136+/-345), (1467+/-817), (2277+/-745) microg.h.L(-1) for R-enantiomer, respectively. The AUC of propafenone enantiomers in *10/*10 is about 1.5-2 times of that of *1/*10 group or *1/*1 group, and the CL of both enantiomers in *10/*10 is only half of that of *1/*10 group or *1/*1 group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: CYP2D6*10B alleles induce the declined activity of CYP2D6 and impair the metabolism of propafenone.     

Effect of the single CYP2C9*3 allele on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of losartan in healthy Japanese subjects

Objective Losartan is metabolized to the active carboxylic acid metabolite EXP3174 by CYP2C9. In this study, we determined the effects of the single CYP2C9*3 variant on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of losartan.Methods Seven healthy Japanese subjects (CYP2C9*1/*1, n=4 and CYP2C9*1/*3, n=3) were phenotyped with a single dose of losartan (25 mg). Blood and urine samples were collected and assayed for losartan and EXP3174. Blood pressure and pulse rate were also measured using a sphygmomanometer.Results The maximum plasma concentration of EXP3174 was significantly (P<0.05) lower in the CYP2C9*1/*3 (n=3) group than in the CYP2C9*1/*1 (n=4) group. Diastolic blood pressure in the CYP2C9*1/*1 group, but not that in the CYP2C9*1/*3 group except for at 6 h and 8 h, was reduced from 1.5 h to 12 h compared with the baseline level. Systolic blood pressure in the CYP2C9*1/*1 group, but not that in the CYP2C9*1/*3 group, was reduced from 1 h to 12 h compared with the baseline level. The metabolic ratio (MR) of EXP3174 concentration to the losartan concentration in plasma at 6 h post-dosing and the 4-h to 8-h urinary EXP3174/losartan MR were significantly lower in the CYP2C9*1/*3 group than in the CYP2C9*1/*1 group. The plasma 6-h MR and the 4-h to 8-h urinary MR were significantly (P<0.05) correlated with the plasma AUC ratio (AUC_EXP3174/AUC_losartan), with Spearman rank correlation coefficients of 0.75 and 0.89, respectively.Conclusion The single CYP2C9*3 variant reduces the metabolism of losartan and its hypotensive effect. Plasma MR, as well as urine MR, may be useful for phenotyping assays of CYP2C9 activity.     

The effects of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glipizide in Chinese subjects

Objective  

To study the effects of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glipizide.     

中国人群CYP2D6基因多态性对美托洛尔药代动力学的影响

目的：研究中国人群CYP2D6基因多态性对美托洛尔药代动力学的影响。方法：使用基因芯片技术测定中国健康志愿者CYP2D6的基因型,按照分型结果将志愿者分为四组,第1组：CYP2D6＊2W＊10W,第2组：CYP2D6＊2H＊10W或CYP2D6＊2M＊10W,第3组：CYP2D6＊2M＊10H,第4组：CYP2D6＊2M＊10M,每组筛选10人,共40人。各组志愿者单次口服100mg美托洛尔后,使用HPLC方法测定血和尿中美托洛尔及其代谢产物α-羟基美托洛尔（HM）的浓度,研究其在不同基因型志愿者体内的药代过程。结果：第2组美托洛尔及其HM的主要药动学参数与第1组相比均没有统计学差异。第3组美托洛尔的t1/2、AUC、Cmax显著高于第1组（P〈0.05）;而HM的t1/2延长47.3%,AUC降低56.0%（P〈0.05）。第4组美托洛尔的t1/2、AUC、Cmax均显著高于第1组（P〈0.05）和第3组（P〈0.05）;HM的t1/2、AUC、Cmax与第1组和第3组相比均有统计学差异（P〈0.05）,且呈现基因剂量效应。第3组和第4组的口服清除率和肾清除率均低于第1组,而0-24h代谢比率分别为第1组的1.82倍和3.96倍。结论：CYP2D6＊2对于美托洛尔的药代动力学过程没有影响;但CYP2D6＊10可降低酶活性,且CYP2D6＊10纯合子变异比杂合子变异对美托洛尔药代动力学的影响更大,呈现基因剂量效应。     

中国人群细胞色素P4502D6基因多态性对曲马多药代动力学的影响

目的 研究中国人群CYP2D6基因多态性对曲马多(镇痛药)药代动力学的影响.方法 不同基因型中国健康志愿者随机分为4组:第1组CYP2D6*2W*10W,第2组:CYP2D6*2M*10W,第3组:CYP2D6*2M*10H,第4组:CYP2D6*2M*10M.各组单次口服曲马多100 mg后,用高效液相色荧光检测法测定血和尿中曲马多及其M1代谢产物O-去甲基曲马多(M1)的浓度,研究不同基因型对曲马多药代动力学的影响.结果 第2组曲马多及其M1的主要药代动力学参数与第1组相比没有显著性差异;第3组与第1组、第4组与第1组、第4组与第3组比较,主要药代动力学参数均有显著性差异(P<0.05),且呈基因剂量效应.结论 CYP2D6*2对于曲马多的药代动力学过程没有影响;但CYP2D6*10可降低酶活性,且CYP2D6*10纯合子变异较杂合子变异对曲马多药代动力学的影响更大,呈基因剂量效应.     

Effect of the CYP2D6 genotype on the pharmacokinetics of tropisetron in healthy Korean subjects

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of the CYP2D6 genotype on the pharmacokinetics of tropisetron in healthy Korean subjects. METHODS: A single 5-mg capsule of tropisetron was administered orally to 13 healthy subjects. Plasma concentrations were determined by validated HPLC procedures and data were analyzed by using noncompartmental linear PK methods. Four alleles, CYP2D6*1, CYP2D6*2 x2, CYP2D6*5, and CYP2D6*10, were identified by PCR. RESULTS: Thirteen subjects, consisting of two homozygous carriers of the wild type allele ( *1/*1), four heterozygous carriers of poor metabolizer (PM)-associated allele (* 1/*10), six homozygous carriers of PM-associated alleles (four with *10/*10 and two with *5/*10), and one carrier of a duplicated allele *1/*2 x2. All tested pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC(inf), AUC(inf)(NL70), Cmax, Cmax(NL70), T(1/2), and Tec) were significantly different among four different genotypic groups. The mean AUCs of carriers with the heterozygous PM-associated allele and the homozygous PM-associated allele were 1.9- and 6.8-higher than those of carriers with the wild type allele, respectively. In contrast, the mean AUC of carriers with a duplicated allele was 0.5-fold lower than that of those carriers with the wild type allele. CONCLUSION: The presence of CYP2D6*5, CYP2D6*10, and CYP2D6*2 x2 has an important impact on the pharmacokinetics of tropisetron, which may influence clinical response to tropisetron therapy.     

宁夏回族人群CYP2D6*10基因多态性及功能分析

目的 探讨基因突变对人CYP2D6蛋白结构与功能的影响.方法 采用等位基因特异扩增(ASA-PCR)及DNA测序技术分析宁夏网族人群CYP2D6*10(C188T)基因多态性,以生物信息学方法对突变造成的肝药酶活性的下降做出合理的解释.结果 蛋白质基本性质分析工具(ProtParam)分析显示,在溶液中CYP2D6*10突变型蛋白的不稳定指数高于野生型,都高于阈值40;二级结构预测软件(DNAStar/Protean)分析显示,突变型蛋白的二级结构在第33位多了一个转角(Gamier-Robson Turn);功能佗点预测程序(Motif Scan)对蛋白功能位点进行预测,结果显示CYP2D6*10野生型蛋白有2个P450酶激活位点.而突变型没有;信号肽预测程序(Signal P)分析显示.神经网络模型(NN)C-score计算结果为突变型蛋白没有信号肽,而野牛型有.结论 基因突变可引起CYP2D6蛋白结构与功能的改变;应用生物信息学方法对CYP2D6基因突变致使的酶活性的下降做出一些可能的解释是可行的.     

The effects of sitaxentan on sildenafil pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in healthy subjects

AIMS

This study evaluated the effects of sitaxentan on the pharmacodynamic [systemic blood pressure (BP)] and pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of sildenafil in healthy volunteers.

METHODS

Healthy subjects (18–60 years, n= 24) were randomized into two sequence groups. Group 1 received sitaxentan sodium 100 mg daily (7 days), followed by placebo (7 days). Group 2 received placebo (7 days), followed by sitaxentan sodium 100 mg (7 days). On day 7 of each treatment period, participants received sildenafil 100 mg. PK parameters and BP were analysed on day 7 in each treatment period.

RESULTS

Sildenafil exposure was slightly higher [AUC_∞ geometric mean ratio (GMR), 128%] when co-administered with sitaxentan 100 mg vs. placebo, demonstrating a weak, but statistically significant interaction (90% confidence interval 115.5%, 141.2%). The mean maximum positive (E_max+) and maximum negative (E_max–) changes from baseline in both systolic and diastolic BP were comparable for sitaxentan and placebo (range 4.8–7.3 mmHg) with three of four geometric mean ratios falling within the equivalence window, suggesting that the drug interaction was not clinically significant. Adverse events were similar between sitaxentan 100 mg (39%) and placebo (30%). No deaths or serious adverse events occurred during the study.

CONCLUSION

The dose of sildenafil does not need to be adjusted when co-administered with sitaxentan.     

CYP2B6*6基因多态性对依法韦仑在中国人群药动学的影响(英文)

目的研究中国健康人CYP2B6*6基因多态性对依法韦仑药动学的影响。方法应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性分析(PCR-RFLP)将40名健康中国志愿者分为3组:CYP2B6*1/*1组(n=29),CYP2B6*1/*6组(n=8)和CYP2B6*6/*6组(n=3)。受试者单剂量口服依法韦仑600 mg,收集给药后336 h内的一系列血样,用HPLC-MS/MS法测定依法韦仑的血药浓度并进行药动学分析。结果与CYP2B6*1/*1组相比,CYP2B6*6/*6基因型的志愿者的依法韦仑血药浓度较高(P<0.05);CYP2B6*1/*6组与CYP2B6*6/*6组的主要药动学参数(t1/2、AUC0-336 h和AUC0-∞)均存在显著差异(P<0.05或P<0.01);CYP2B6*1/*6组与CYP2B6*6/*6组的tmax和ρmax无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论 CYP2B6*6等位基因突变能引起代谢表型的改变,影响依法韦仑在中国健康人群的代谢。根据基因型制定个体化给药方案有助于依法韦仑的合理使用。