石棉肺的肺功能分析

目的探讨石棉肺的肺功能改变特点。方法以某温石棉厂134名男性工人为接触组,同一地区不接触粉尘,且劳动强度与接触组大体相似的某仪表厂135名男性工人为对照组,对其肺功能测定和胸部X线检查结果进行对比分析。结果协方差分析结果显示,在控制了累积吸烟量等混杂因素的影响后,与对照组相比,无石棉肺组FVC和FEV1显著下降,I期石棉肺组FVC、FEV1和FEV1／FVC％显著下降、Kco显著升高,Ⅱ期石棉肺组FVC、FEV1和FEV1／FVC％显著下降（P〈0．05）;而与无石棉肺组相比,I期石棉肺组FVC显著下降、Kco显著升高,Ⅱ期石棉肺组FVC、FEV1和FEV1／FVC％显著下降（P〈0．05）。偏相关分析结果显示,在控制了接尘年限和累积吸烟量等混杂因素的影响后,石棉肺期别与FVC、FEV1和FEV1／FVC％呈显著负相关,与Kco呈显著正相关（P〈0．05）;与DLeo呈负相关,但差别无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论早期石棉肺主要表现为限制性肺通气功能障碍,随着石棉肺进一步发展,除肺限制性损害程度加重外,亦呈现阻塞性肺功能损害。     

吸烟对石棉工人肺功能影响的动态研究

[目的]探讨吸烟对石棉工人肺功能变化的动态影响特点。[方法]对某石棉制品厂吸烟与非吸烟石棉工人（包括健康石棉工人和石棉肺患者）分别于1984年、1989年及1994年进行了3次的肺功能（VC、FVC、FEV1、FEV1%、DLCO和RV/TLC%追踪观察。[结果]吸烟组与非吸烟组石棉工人VC、FVC、FEV1和DLCO均随接尘年限的增加而下降,FEV1%随接尘年限的增加而上升,且吸烟组这些指标测定均低于非吸烟组（除个别外）,均显示出渐近性损害的特点。但没有显示出吸烟组肺功能值的下降比非吸烟组更快。[结论]石棉粉尘对石棉作业工人肺功能的损害起主要作用,可能掩盖了吸烟对肺功能的影响。     

石棉工人肺功能与X射线胸片变化关系的研究

目的 探讨石棉工人肺功能与X射线胸片变化之间的关系。为早期发现石棉肺和对石棉肺患者肺代偿功能评价提供客观依据。方法 接触组为某温石棉制品厂134名男工，对照组为同一地区不接触粉尘，劳动强度与研究组工人大体相似的某仪表厂135名男工，对肺功能测定和X射线胸片检查结果进行对比分析。结果 胸膜和肺组织均有纤维化者，肺功能均明显下降。呈混合性肺功能障碍的特点；弥漫性胸膜增厚则与FVC，FEV1.0,FEV1.0/FVC%,DLco和Kco均呈显著负相关（r值分别为-0.20,-0.26,-0.21,-0.27,-0.19)。单纯胸膜斑与Kco呈正相关（r=0.23)；胸膜病变范围越大，肺功能损害也越严重。呈限制性肺功能障碍的特征。结论 石棉工人肺代偿功能指标的异常。可以早期反映肺内纤维化和胸膜病变的程度和范围。     

某煤矿掘砌工人肺通气功能分析

[目的]了解煤矿掘砌工人肺通气功能损伤情况,探讨接尘工龄对肺功能的影响。[方法]。选取某煤矿纯掘砌工（纯掘砌作业工人）221名作为接尘组,选取该矿83名非接尘工人作为对照。行统一的体检和肺功能测定。测定结果均采用相对值,运用卡方检验、协方差分析进行统计学处理。[结果]接尘组非吸烟工人肺通气功能异常率与对照组差异不具有统计学意义（P〉0．05）,而接尘组吸烟工人肺通气功能异常率高于对照组（P〈0．05）。Mantel—Haenszel妒分析显示接尘组肺通气功能异常率高与对照组（P〈0．05）。以吸烟作为协变量,协方差分析结果显示,接尘组的用力肺活量、第一秒用力呼出量、呼气高峰流量、用力肺活量最大值、第一秒用力呼出量最大值明显低于对照组（尸〈0．05）。以吸烟为协变量,协方差分析结果显示,接尘组30年一工龄组呼气高峰流量和25％肺活量最大呼气流量明显低于10年～工龄组和20年～工龄组。以吸烟为分层因素,接尘组与对照组以及接尘组不同工龄间慢性阻塞性肺疾患患者分布差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。[结论]掘砌作业工人肺通气功能明显低于对照组并随接尘工龄延长而降低。肺通气功能检测可以作为监测接尘作业工人肺部损失的指标。     

水泥作业工人的职业暴露和吸烟对肺通气功能和胸部X线影像的影响

目的分析职业暴露和吸烟对水泥作业工人肺通气功能和胸部X线影像的影响。方法对某市参加职业病体检的工人进行不同层次分组作回顾性研究。结果水泥厂工人不接尘组与接尘组比较，接尘组FVC％、FEV1％、FEV1％（％）低于标准值例数及胸片0^＋例数明显高于不接尘组，差异有非常显著性（P〈0．01）；而工期尘肺两者无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。水泥厂接尘工人吸烟组与不吸烟组肺通气功能与胸片的比较，吸烟组FVC％低于标准值例数明显高于不吸烟组，差异有非常显著性（P〈0．01）；吸烟组FEV1％低于标准值例数高于不吸烟组，差异有显著性（P〈0．05），FEV1％（％）低于标准值例数、胸片0^＋、Ⅰ期尘肺例数无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论水泥企业的职业暴露和吸烟对工人的肺通气功能影响是明显的，对X线胸部影像改变也是肯定的，肺通气功能变化比X线影像变化敏感。     

徐州铁路分局电焊作业场所卫生状况调查

[目的]探讨电焊尘对作业工人肺通气功能的影响。[方法]2004年4月，对徐州铁路分局电焊作业现场进行了劳动卫生学调查，对电焊工进行了肺通气功能测定。[结果]作业场所电焊烟尘浓度较高。检测238名电焊工人，肺活量（VC）、用力肺活量（FVC）、第一秒用力肺活量（FEV1.0）、FEV1.0％（FEV1．0／FVC百分比）均低于506名非接尘的对照组（P〈0．01）。肺通气功能异常率接尘组为32．77%，对照组为8．50％（P〈0．01），2组均有随着工龄的增加异常率增高的趋势（P〈0．01）。[结论]电焊烟尘可引起电焊工的肺通气功能损伤，接尘工龄与肺通气功能损伤有密切关系。     

煤矿工人和煤工尘肺患者的肺功能与血清克拉拉细胞蛋白水平

[目的]探讨肺功能、血清克拉拉细胞蛋白（CC16）水平用于煤尘致肺早期损伤监测和煤工尘肺（CWP）病况判断的可行性。[方法]选取某煤矿工人64名（掘进工34人作为煤尘高暴露组、采煤工13人作为中暴露组、辅助工17人作为对照组），CWP患者45例（I期23例、Ⅱ期19例、Ⅲ期3例），检测肺功能指标，含肺活量（VC）、第一秒呼气容积（FEV1）、用力肺活量（FVC）、第一秒呼气容积占用力肺活量的百分比[FEV1／FVC（％）]及血清CC16水平。[结果]单因素分析结果显示，不同组煤矿工人间以及不同期别CWP患者间的肺功能及血清CC16水平差异均无统计学意义；与无CWP工人相比，I期CWP患者VC、FEV1、FEV1／FVC（％）及Ⅱ期CWP患者VC、FEV1及Ⅲ期CWP患者FEV1均降低（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。多因素回归分析结果显示，肺功能状况与CWP期别有关（P〈0．05）；工龄的增加与血清CC16水平降低有关（P〈0．05），OR=0．900（95％CI：0．823-0．985）。[结论]肺功能指标可应用于CWP病况判断，用于煤尘致肺早期损伤监测可能不够敏感；尚不能确定血清CC16可否用于煤尘致肺早期损伤监测及CWP病况判断。     

石棉工人肺通气功能变化的追踪研究

本研究通过对某石棉制品厂73例男性工人（其中健康石棉工人37例，石棉肺患者36例）分别于1984、1989及1994年进行了三次肺通气功能追踪测定，结果表明：石棉工人肺通气功能动态变化的特点是VC、FVC和FEV，进行性降低，FEV1／FVC％显著增高；石棉工人肺通气功能改变的早期阶段在接触石棉粉尘后10～15年期间；其肺通气功能损害的基本类型是限制型，在平均接尘15年后显示出典型的限制型特征。     

尘肺患者肺通气功能分析

目的观察尘肺患者肺通气功能的损害情况。方法对200例尘肺患者、100例0^＋者和80例X线胸片正常的接尘工人进行肺通气功能测试。结果0^＋及Ⅰ、Ⅱ期患者的用力肺活量（FVC）、第1秒用力呼气量（FEV1.0）、FEV1．0／FVC％、最大通气量（MVV）、25％-75％用力呼气中期流速（FEF25%-75%）均低于对照组，Ⅱ期患者的FVC、FEV1.0、FEV1.0／FVC％、MVV、FEF25%-75%显低于Ⅰ期及0^＋，差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）；Ⅰ、Ⅱ期尘肺肺功能损害均以混合性通气功能障碍为主，发生率分别77．6％和90．5％。与〈60岁组比较，60岁以上尘肺患者各项肺功能指标均下降，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论尘肺患者肺功能损害以混合性通气功能障碍为主，无尘肺的0^＋者有肺功能损害。     

耐火陶瓷纤维对作业工人肺通气功能的影响

[目的]探讨耐火陶瓷纤维对作业工人肺通气功能的影响. [方法]选择从事耐火陶瓷纤维生产和加工的265名作业工人作为接触组,273名仅接触噪声的作业工人作为对照组,进行肺通气功能检查,指标为用力肺活量(FVC)、第一秒用力呼气量(FEV 1.0)、一秒率(第一秒用力呼气量占用力肺活量百分率,FEV 1.0/FVC),均以实测值占预计值的百分比(FVC％、FEV1.0％、FEV1.0/FVC％)表示.接触组分别按纤维计数浓度＜0.1、0.1～0.5、＞0.5 f/mL,按总粉尘质量浓度＜1、1～5、＞5 mg/m3分为低、中、高水平.低纤维低总尘亚组81人、中纤维中总尘亚组123人、中纤维高总尘亚组30人、高纤维高总尘亚组31人. [结果]接触组作业工人FVC％、FEV1.0％和FEV 1.0/FVC％的均数均低于对照组(P＜0.05);高纤维高总尘亚组作业工人FVC％和FEV1.0％的下降较其他3个亚组更为明显(P＜0.05),不同接触工龄亚组间各指标差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).接触组限制性、阻塞性和混合性肺通气功能障碍检出率为58.9％、4.5％和3.8％,与对照组的检出率10.9％、5.1％和4.0％比较,仅限制性肺通气功能障碍检出率的差别有统计学意义(P＜0.05).限制性肺通气功能障碍与纤维计数浓度、接触工龄具有关联性(P＜0.05),与总粉尘质量浓度、是否吸烟无关联性(P＞0.05). [结论]接触耐火陶瓷纤维可导致以限制性通气功能障碍为主的肺通气功能损害,限制性通气功能障碍检出率与纤维累计接触水平存在正相关关系,与纤维计数浓度的关联性优于总粉尘质量浓度.     

Effects of asbestos-related pleural disease on pulmonary function

The relationship between loss of pulmonary function and the presence of asbestos-related pleural disease was evaluated for 913 Minnesota asbestos workers. Asbestos-related pleural disease was categorized as circumscribed plaques or diffuse thickening. Compared with workers with normal pleura, workers with plaques had a decreased mean percentage for predicted forced vital capacity (FVC) and predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1.0). Diffuse thickening was associated with more profound decreases in FVC and FEV1.0. No relationship was seen between FEV % [(100 x FEV1.0)/FVC)] and either type of pleural disease. Dyspnea was associated with diffuse thickening more so than plaques. These results remained after control for pack-years of smoking, extent of parenchymal disease, and the presence of pulmonary disease history. Pleural plaques and diffuse pleural thickening were considered independent risk factors for the loss of lung function.     

Obstructive pulmonary function defects among Taiwanese firebrick workers in a 2-year follow-up study.

The purpose of the study was to follow up an earlier observation of pulmonary function among workers employed in firebrick-manufacturing factories. A 2-year follow-up study of pulmonary function among 442 workers in 30 firebrick-manufacturing factories was designed. Excluding 79 workers with a history of other occupational dust exposure, changes in pulmonary function of 291 firebrick workers were compared with pulmonary function in 72 control subjects over a period of 2 years. Baseline pulmonary function values (i.e., forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1]/forced vital capacity [FVC] and forced expiratory flow after 50% of vital capacity has been expelled [FEF50%] in smoking firebrick workers, and FEV1/FVC and FEF75% in nonsmoking firebrick workers) were significantly lower than those in the comparison group. The statistical method for repeated measurements was used for comparison of the difference between follow-up and baseline lung function. There was no significant difference in FVC and FEV1 changes between firebrick workers and those in the comparison group during the 2-year follow-up period. The decreases in FEV1/FVC, peak expiratory flow rate, maximal midexpiratory flow, and FEF50% in the firebrick workers were significantly greater than in the comparison group, after adjustment for smoking status. The FEV1, maximal midexpiratory flow, FEF50%, and FEF75% also showed a dose-response relationship with job titles. The decrement of pulmonary function in the 2-year follow-up period was the worst in burning work, followed by crushing and molding. The results show that workers in firebrick-manufacturing factories with exposure to silica-containing dusts may contract obstructive pulmonary function defects.     

Pulmonary function,smoking habits,and high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) early abnormalities of lung and pleural fibrosis in shipyard workers exposed to asbestos

To evaluate the presence of asbestos-related pleural and parenchymal abnormalities and their correlation with pulmonary function and smoking habits, 119 asbestos-exposed asymptomatic workers (mean age, 46.2 years; mean duration of asbestos exposure, 8.6 years; mean latency time, 21.6 years) with normal standard P-A chest radiographs were submitted to HRCT, CO-diffusing capacity, and pulmonary function tests. HRCT scans were normal only in 31 (26%) examined workers; 31 (26%) subjects showed both pleural and parenchymal involvement, and 50 (42%) and seven (6%) had exclusively pleural and parenchymal abnormalities, respectively. Based on CO-diffusing capacity and pulmonary function tests, no significant difference was demonstrated between workers with pleural lesions and subjects with normal pleura; however, lower values of FVC were observed in the nonsmoking workers with parenchymal abnormalities in comparison with nonsmoking subjects with normal parenchyma (78.2 vs. 89.7% of predicted values; p = 0.03 by student's two-tailedttest), and lower values of FEV₁/FVC in the smokers with parenchymal lesions with respect to smokers with normal parenchyma (93.7 vs. 100.2% of predicted values; p = 0.005 by student's two-tailedttest). In conclusion, our results demonstrate that HRCT may detect early parenchymal abnormalities which correlate with exposure to asbestos and respiratory function impairment, including a reduction in obstructive indices in smokers occupationally exposed to asbestos, without any clinically evident disease. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

石棉作业工人肺弥散量和残气功能的动态研究

目的：探讨石棉工人肺弥散量（DLco）和残气功能动态变化特点,方法：对某石棉制品厂健康石棉工人和石棉肺患者分别于1984,1989年进行了二次肺弥散量和残气功能追踪测定。结果：石棉工人DLco随接尘年限的增加而下降,石棉肺患者弥散功能的进行性损害快于健康石棉工人;同时结果提示,石棉粉尘影响肺残气功能,但尚不能认为随接尘时间的增长残气功能进行性损害。结论：石棉工人DLco随接尘年限的增加而下降,而石棉工人接尘年限对残气功能的影响不明显。     

Pulmonary function and pleural fibrosis: quantitative relationships with an integrative index of pleural abnormalities

Pleural fibrosis due to asbestos exposure was fully appreciated considerably later than pulmonary interstitial fibrosis due to similar exposure. This is well exemplified by the fact that pleura face on was included in the International Labour Office's International Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconioses only in the last revision of the Classification. The functional relevance of pleural fibrosis, in particular circumscribed pleural fibrosis, has remained controversial. Since pleural fibrosis can occur at various sites (diaphragmatic plaques, chest wall in profile and face on, mediastinal) and can be of different thickness and extent, a comprehensive integrative assessment of pleural fibrosis was undertaken in order to permit a quantitative study of relationships between pleural fibrosis and pulmonary function. This approach was used for chest X-ray films of 1,584 asbestos insulation workers examined (1981-1983); 1,185 (75%) had pleural fibrosis. The distribution pattern of the integrative pleural index was found to be different in the subgroup with circumscribed (n = 975) from that with diffuse (n = 197) pleural fibrosis, with a higher profusion of high INDEX values in the latter. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that there was a significant inverse relationship between forced vital capacity (FVC) and the integrative index of pleural fibrosis in the subgroup with circumscribed pleural fibrosis. In the subgroup with diffuse pleural fibrosis, the obliteration of costophrenic angle(s), even with pleural fibrosis of limited extent, resulted in marked decrement in FVC% predicted; higher values of INDEX did not result in additional significant reductions of FVC. In those with both parenchymal and pleural abnormalities (n = 862) the pleural index was found to make a significant contribution, independent of that of parenchymal abnormalities, to decrements of FVC. Since pleural fibrosis has gradually become the predominant radiologically detectable abnormality in asbestos exposed workers, establishing its quantifiable functional relevance is useful.     

Relationship of mortality, occupation, and pulmonary diffusing capacity to pleural thickening in the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

We studied the relationship of pleural thickening consistent with asbestos exposure to mortality, career employment in asbestos-related jobs, and pulmonary diffusing capacity among participants in the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Three "B" readers examined chest X-rays to identify 59 individuals with such pleural abnormalities. From 1975 to 1984, the all-cause mortality rate ratio (RR) comparing males with and without occupational pleural thickening was 1.3 (95% C.I. 0.8-2.2). For lung cancer, the mortality RR for males was 3.0 (95% C.I. 1.0-9.1). Career asbestos work was not associated with occupational pleural thickening among men, probably because some with the condition had only short-term exposure to asbestos. Pulmonary diffusing capacity was lower in those with occupational pleural thickening, taking smoking into account. These results suggest that individuals in the general population who have occupational pleural thickening are at risk for some of the health consequences of asbestos work, including lung cancer, even if they were not career asbestos workers.     

Pulmonary function in long-term asbestos workers in China

The relationship of pulmonary function to exposure to asbestos and radiographic abnormalities has been controversial, especially when smoking is present as a confounder. The aim of the study was to provide further understanding on the radiographic-physiologic associations in nonsmoking and smoking asbestos workers. Radiographic asbestosis, pleural lesion, and pulmonary function were studied in 269 Chinese asbestos workers, with average exposure years of 23 for male workers and 18 for female workers. Their functional data were compared with those of 274 controls without exposure to dust. Although most of the male workers were smokers, none of the female workers smoked. In comparison with controls, asbestos workers had significantly lower lung volume and diffusing capacity, irrespective of gender. Female workers and smoking male workers had lower measurements of forced expiratory volume in 1 second and instantaneous forced expiratory flow at 50% and 25% of forced vital capacity. After adjustment for relevant covariates, asbestos exposure, asbestosis, and pleural abnormalities were associated with decreased parameters of pulmonary function, including lung volume, diffusing capacity, and airway flow. These data indicate that asbestos-related functional defects manifested by lung restriction and mild airway obstruction correlate with exposure to asbestos and with parenchymal and pleural abnormalities, independent of smoking.     

Respiratory health of workers exposed to metal dusts and foundry fumes in a copper refinery.

OBJECTIVES--To assess airflow limitation in workers exposed long term to metal dust, the prevalence of pleural plaques in those workers exposed in the past to asbestos, the influence of pleural plaques on lung function, and the possible association with airway disease caused by asbestos. METHODS--A cross sectional and longitudinal (seven year) survey of 494 long term (mean (SEM) 21(1) years) workers in a copper refinery was carried out from medical questionnaires, chest radiographs, and forced spirometry. RESULTS--The prevalence of lifetime non-smokers was 19%, current smokers 39%, and ex-smokers 42%. The prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) < 80% predicted) was 5%, small airway dysfunction (SAD) (maximal mid-expiratory flow (MMEF) < 60% predicted) was 7%, and this did not differ from the control population. The COPD and SAD were associated with cumulative smoking index but not with the cumulative work years at the plant or with any type of work at the plant. The mean (SEM) reduction of FEV1 was 20(7) ml in non-smokers, 26(4) ml in smokers, and 26(5) ml in ex-smokers (P > 0.05). In the smokers and ex-smokers with COPD, the loss of FEV1 was 53(10) (P < 0.02). The prevalence of pleural plaques was 11% (P < 0.0001); pleural plaques were found in older workers with known exposure to asbestos. The pleural plaques were circumscribed and associated with a non-significant 196 ml reduction in forced vital capacity (FVC) and non-significant reduction of FVC over time. The pleural plaques were not associated with COPD or SAD. The cumulative smoking index obtained by a technician did not differ from that by a chest physician. CONCLUSIONS--Despite exposures to asbestos that produced pleural plaques and exposures to metal dusts and foundry fumes the long term workers of this plant did not have excessive prevalence of COPD or SAD. The data suggest that low level long term exposure to metal dusts, gases, and foundry fumes do not necessarily cause respiratory dysfunction, circumscribed pleural plaques with low grades of width and extent do not reduce FVC significantly, and exposure to asbestos dust that produced pleural plaques does not necessarily produce airway dysfunction.