我军甲肝疫苗接种的成本-效果分析

目的 筛选出部队人群疫苗预防甲肝的最佳策略，为部队控制甲肝流行提供科学决策的依据。方法 运用成本-效果分析法和决策学方法。结果 从接种方案的成本-效果比（CER）来看，对部队干部人群实施先筛选再接种，其CER为-1231.27，直接接种CER为-269.84，新兵先筛选再接种，其CER为-762.56,直接接种CER为-32.10。经灵敏度分析发现，决策结果稳定，不随参数取值的变化而改变。结论 当前条件下，部队甲肝疫苗接种优选对象为干部人九，并首选先筛选再接种方案，由于新兵接种甲肝疫苗也产生正效益，所以对新兵也应考虑接种。     

Use of reminders to increase compliance with tetanus booster vaccination.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of three computerized reminder systems on compliance with tetanus vaccination. DESIGN: Prospective randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Ottawa Civic Hospital Family Medicine Centre. PARTICIPANTS: Of 8069 patients 20 years of age or more who were not in a hospital or institution 5589 were randomly assigned, by family, to a control group, a physician reminder group, a telephone reminder group or a letter reminder group. The remaining 2480 patients were not included in the randomized portion of the study but were monitored. Results are presented for the 5242 randomized patients and the 2369 nonrandomized patients for whom there was no up-to-date record of tetanus vaccination at the start of the trial. INTERVENTIONS: For the patients in the physician reminder group the physician was reminded at an office visit to assess the patient's tetanus vaccination status and to recommend vaccination; those in the other two reminder groups received a telephone call or letter enquiring about their tetanus vaccination status and recommending a booster dose. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Proportion of patients who received tetanus toxoid during the study year or who had a claim of vaccination in the previous 10 years. MAIN RESULTS: The rate of recorded tetanus vaccination in the randomized control group was 3.2%. The difference between that rate and those for the three reminder groups was 19.6% in the physician reminder group (95% confidence interval [CI] 17.1% to 22.2%, p less than 0.00001), 20.8% in the telephone reminder group (95% CI 18.3% to 23.5%, p less than 0.00001) and 27.4% in the letter reminder group (95% CI 24.8% to 30.2%, p less than 0.00001)). The letter reminders were more effective than either the telephone reminders (p = 0.00013) or the physician reminders (p less than 0.00001) in improving compliance. The cost to the practice per additional vaccination recorded was 43 for the physician reminders, $5.43 for the telephone reminders and $6.05 for the letter reminders. CONCLUSIONS: Although all three reminder systems increased the rate of recorded tetanus vaccination they fell far short of achieving complete population coverage. More intensive interventions would be required to approach that goal. However, such interventions do not appear to be justified given the rarity of tetanus.     

Influenza vaccination in the elderly.

There is overwhelming evidence for the clinical efficacy of the influenza vaccine, especially in the elderly with chronic disease, reducing mortality and hospital admissions. There is also evidence to suggest that the influenza vaccine may be beneficial in the healthy elderly. There is some evidence to suggest that the antibody response in the elderly to the vaccine may decrease with increasing age, although there are several confounding factors that have not been taken into account in many of these studies. That aside, even if antibody response is not as good as that in younger people, the evidence that vaccination saves lives and reduces morbidity in the elderly means that the vaccination should be offered to elderly patients at high risk and perhaps even to the elderly healthy population. Although vaccination of an elderly at-risk patient does not necessarily mean that that particular patient will mount an appropriate antibody response, a significant number of elderly patients will respond appropriately. Serious side-effects from vaccination are extremely rare and the more common side-effects are mild and self-limiting. Increasing the number of elderly people receiving the influenza vaccination will not only result in cost savings for the National Health Service in terms of reduced hospitalisation but, more significantly, the elderly will benefit in terms of reduced morbidity and mortality.     

Preventive health for the elderly. Role of vaccination.

Elderly patients should receive three vaccinations as part of routine health maintenance: influenza virus vaccine, pneumococcal vaccine, and tetanus-diphtheria toxoid. The injections are inexpensive, well-tolerated, and effective. The greatest barrier to effective immunization of the elderly population is not patient compliance but physician compliance. You are the key to the preventive health of your patients.     

Delays in the primary vaccination of children.

The results of a population-based survey of 170 children's vaccination records were used to calculate the cumulative distributions of the ages (in months) at which each dose of vaccine had been received. Considerable delays in the administration of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine and of the fourth dose of diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine were observed, particularly in children vaccinated by private physicians rather than at public health clinics. The delay before MMR vaccination causes concern because of the frequency of measles in children aged 1 to 2 years, particularly those attending day-care centres, and the fragility of the herd immunity against this disease. Physicians should follow up patients who have missed appointments for MMR vaccination if a voluntary measles control program is to succeed.     

Influenza vaccination in the elderly: 1. Determinants of acceptance.

In the autumn of 1982 routine annual influenza vaccination was offered, by reminder letters and follow-up telephone calls, to 273 independent elderly individuals registered at a community health clinic in Hamilton, Ont. The demographic and geographic characteristics and the health beliefs of those who either accepted or did not accept the vaccine were compared. Among those who received reminder letters there were no significant differences in the rates of vaccine acceptance according to age, sex, household composition or ease of access to the clinic. The patients who reported having previously experienced side effects from the vaccine and perceived a lack of efficacy of the vaccine were more likely not to accept it this time. Both a lack of effort by health care providers (to promote vaccination) and patient behaviour appeared to contribute to pre-existing low levels of influenza vaccination coverage. Although physicians' efforts to inform patients about the vaccination clinics resulted in a tripling of the overall rate of acceptance of the vaccine, there remained a "hard core" of almost half the patients who were unwilling to receive the vaccine, apparently because they perceived its risks to outweigh its benefits.     

2013—2019年流感季北京市住院老年人流感疫苗接种趋势分析

目的: 分析2013—2019年北京市≥60岁老年人流感疫苗接种情况,探究因不同疾病住院老年人的接种趋势变化。方法: 从2013—2019年北京市老年人流感疫苗接种信息登记数据库和2013—2019年北京市城镇职工基本医疗保险数据库分别提取老年人流感疫苗接种信息和住院信息后合并分析,比较因不同疾病住院的老年人的流感疫苗接种趋势,并描述2018—2019年流感季接种人群的分布情况。结果: 北京市因心血管疾病、脑血管疾病、呼吸系统疾病和糖尿病住院的老年人的流感疫苗接种率分别为14.6%、13.4%、13.4%和11.8%,其中因心血管疾病住院老年人连续六个流感年度接种率均保持在最高,因糖尿病住院人群流感疫苗接种率保持在最低且年均下降幅度最大(-7.85%)。2018—2019年流感疫苗接种人群分布情况在不同年龄、性别、住院结局和合并症严重程度中差异有统计学意义。在因4种疾病住院的老年人中,70~79岁老年人接种率均为最高,而60~69岁老年人接种率均为最低。在因呼吸系统疾病住院的老年人中男性流感疫苗接种率优于女性,而在因糖尿病或心血管疾病住院的人群则表现相反。住院结局较差的老年人接种率更低。糖尿病患者中无共病的接种率最低(7.9%)。结论: 北京市2013—2019年因不同疾病住院的≥60岁老年人流感疫苗接种率整体呈下降趋势,应重点关注糖尿病和60~69岁老年人群的流感疫苗接种,并开展更多流感疫苗保护作用研究以支持流感疫苗在慢性病人群中的普及。     

Puerperal tetanus.

Fifty cases of puerperal tetanus were studied. It constituted 6.66% of total cases of tetanus with overall mortality of 52% which was higher in cases with incubation period of 14 days or less, period of onset 48 hours or less, higher grades, cases with temperature more than 37.7 degrees C and patients with respiratory complications. Significantly higher mortality rate after 48 hours signifies the need of effective local control of infection to improve prognosis. Prevention, early detection and prompt treatment of respiratory complications which is the main cause of death may further reduce mortality rate in these patients.