3D打印技术在肩关节骨性关节炎全肩关节置换术中的应用研究

目的探讨3D打印技术在全肩关节置换术治疗肩关节骨性关节炎的应用价值。 方法2014年5月至2016年5月四川省人民医院骨科收治的肩关节骨关节炎患者12例,其中男4例,女8例;年龄48~81岁,平均（58.5±13.2）岁。累及侧别：左5例,右7例。其中原发性盂肱关节骨关节炎5例,肱骨头缺血性坏死继发盂肱关节骨关节炎4例,创伤性盂肱关节骨关节炎3例。术前应用3D打印技术制备患者双侧肩关节模型,在健侧模型上测定相关解剖学参数,用于假体型号的选择与置入。在患侧模型上观察病变情况,模拟手术过程。记录并与术中情况比较。比较末次随访与术前的肩关节活动度、Constant评分和视觉模拟评分（visual analogue scale,VAS）。采用SPSS 17.0软件对数据进行t检验分析。 结果12例患者均顺利完成人工全肩关节置换术手术,术中选取的假体型号、截骨平面均与模拟手术完全一致。术后影像学资料证实假体组件均按计划精确置入。12例患者术后获随访（16.0±3.8）个月,13~25个月,末次随访Constant评分和VAS与术前对比均有改善,差异具有统计学意义（P <0.05）。末次随访无神经血管损伤,无感染、假体松动,无假体肱骨头上移等严重并发症。 结论3D打印技术用于人工全肩关节置换术治疗原发性和继发性盂肱关节骨关节炎,有助于术前制定手术计划并模拟手术操作,降低手术难度,提高手术质量。     

肩关节假体置换的应用观察

肩关节解剖特殊，其关节活动度比任何关节活动度大，在肱骨头骨折以后处理较为困难。本院自1997年起对39例脓骨头粉碎性骨折、坏死的患者进行肱骨头假体置换术，术后进行了1年以上的随访，对其肩关节术后的功能和稳定性进行疗效观察。随访中X线片显示肱骨头假体与关节盂内对合良好，没有发生假体脱位和柄松动、关节疼痛等不良反应，关节活动功能良好。取得了满意的治疗效果。     

非限制性人工肩关节置换治疗肩关节和肱骨近端严重病损

目的观察并评估非限制性人工肩关节置换治疗肩关节及肱骨近端严重病损的疗效。方法自1999～2004年共进行11例人工肩关节置换术,患者平均年龄为65岁；肱骨近端复杂四部分骨折6例,陈旧性肱骨解剖颈骨折并脱位3例,肩关节骨关节炎2例。其中对2例肩关节骨关节炎采用非限制性假体全肩关节置换术,对9例复杂肱骨近端骨折采用非限制性假体半肩置换术。所有11个肱骨头假体和2个肩盂假体均使用骨水泥固定。结果所有患者均获得随访,时间为1～4年,平均2．3年。2例复杂骨折患者存在肩关节外旋部分受限和轻度疼痛,其余病例均无疼痛,假体无松动。采用Neer评分和美国矫形外科学会评定标准,术后Neer评分平均为88．7分,评定为满意,肩关节功能满意。结论非限制性人工肩关节置换治疗肱骨近端严重病损疗效可靠、安全,精确的假体安置、软组织修复及术后系统的康复训练是关节功能恢复及降低并发症的关键。     

人工肩关节置换术治疗肱骨近端骨折

目的 探讨人工肩关节置换术治疗肱骨近端骨折的方法、并发症及疗效。方法 对肱骨近端Neer分型4部分骨折12例行人工肩关节置换术，分析期临床疗效。结果 本组12例术后随访3～12年，平均8．6年，其中11例无疼痛，1例有静息痛。肩关节活动度在70％以上者8例，在50％～70％之间者3例。1例肩关节活动度小于50％，假体X线示位置较好，其中6例柄中段有透亮区，无临床症状。无感染、松动、关节不稳等并发症发生。结论 人工肩关节置换治疗肱骨近端4部分骨折，术后肩关节功能恢复满意，能解除疼痛、稳定关节、重建关节功能，是一种有效的治疗方法。     

人工肱骨头置换治疗老年肱骨近端移位骨折的疗效分析

目的探讨人工肱骨头置换在老年肱骨近端移位骨折中的临床作用。方法对14例老年肱骨近端移位骨折行人工肱骨头置换术,术后随访6～36个月。定期摄肩关节正侧位X线片。按改良UCLA评分系统进行疗效评价。结果术后肩关节评分:优12例,良2例。12例能较好地完成梳头和穿衣动作,1例较困难,1例不能完成。X线片未发现假体松动征象,无脱位或半脱位。结论对老年肱骨近端移位骨折早期行人工肩关节置换治疗,术后肩关节功能恢复满意。     

肩关节置换术研究进展

肩关节置换术在过去30年间取得了巨大发展,最重要的进步来源于外科技术的发展,例如出现了压实骨移植法、"锉盂和活动重塑"法等。非骨水泥表面置换型假体具有一定的疗效,假体材料的改进有益于肩关节置换术的成功,一些方法在提高关节盂假体寿命上起了重要作用。理想的关节盂假体设计方案仍未取得一致,全聚乙烯、骨水泥、弧板设计是目前较好的选择。中长期研究显示,全肩关节置换术疗效优于半肩关节置换术,但存在关节盂假体长期松动问题,或许关节盂生物表面重建(成形)术是解决问题方法之一。肱骨头假体与关节盂假体最佳不匹配降低透亮线和松动发生率,而逆置式假体也有其应用指征。需进一步进行大样本、多中心的随机对照试验来解决肩关节置换术的基本问题,即应用哪种类型置换术和固定方法。实验室生物力学研究是临床研究的基础,主要集中于关节盂假体松动及假体周围出现透亮线意义的研究。     

肩关节前、后路手术治疗产瘫肩关节内旋挛缩伴盂肱关节后脱位

目的 观察肩关节前路松解复位、后路关节囊紧缩治疗产瘫肩关节内旋挛缩畸形伴肩关节后脱位的临床效果. 方法 19例产瘫并发肩关节内旋挛缩畸形患者,经X线和CT检查确诊为盂肱关节半脱位伴假盂形成或完全脱位.男14例,女5例,年龄2.5 ～ 8.5岁,平均5岁.盂肱关节畸形按照改良的Water的标准进行分型,Ⅳ型15例,Ⅴ型4例.19例均行肩关节前路挛缩软组织松解、复位,同时行后路剥离关节囊与假盂的粘连并紧缩后下方关节囊,肩关节外旋0°位石膏固定4周. 结果 术后随访12 ～ 36个月,平均20个月.肩关节Mallet评分由术前平均(11.4±1.7)(7～16)分至术后(15.5±1.8)(13～19)分,两者差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);术后盂肱关节达到中心性复位的有16例;3例肱骨头仍向后脱位. 结论 对于产瘫肩关节内旋挛缩导致的肩关节脱位,前路松解复位、后路剥离关节囊与假盂粘连、紧缩后下侧关节囊,不但使脱位的盂肱关节达到中心复位,同时明显改善其肩关节的功能.     

人工半肩关节置换治疗高龄肱骨近端粉碎骨折

目的探讨半肩关节置换治疗高龄肱骨近端粉碎骨折的临床效果。方法1995年5月至2007年6月,对10例高龄肱骨近端粉碎骨折患者进行半肩关节置换治疗。结果术后随访均按美国UCLA的评分标准进行评分,优（34～35分）2例,良（28～33分）7例,中（21～27分）1例,无差病例。术后肩关节活动范围上举（90.5±6.2）,°外旋（62.0±4.5）,°内旋（75.6±2.1）°。1年后随访,所有病例大小结节均愈合,未发现假体松动、感染及假体周围骨折、关节不稳、脱位等并发症。病人主观满意度：除1例假体远端骨折患者重新行假体远端骨折内固定外,其余均较满意。结论只有重建肱骨正常长度,确定固定大小结节,进行持之以恒、规范的肩关节功能康复锻炼,才能使半肩关节置换治疗肱骨近端粉碎骨折获得满意疗效。     

人工肱骨头置换结合肩胛盂异体半月板表面置换术

对于年轻患者，为避免聚乙烯磨损带来的不良效应，进行人工肱骨头置换时，提倡进行肩胛盂生物表面置换。作者对30例进行人工肱骨头置换时，同时采用异体外侧半月板行肩胛盂表面置换。随访采用VAS评分、肩部舒适感、肩关节功能恢复等评定结果。并根据影像资料评估假体位置、骨量丢失以及肩关节间隙。27例随访至少2年，平均3年。根据肩关节功能恢复情况和VAS评分，随访结果显著优于术前。10例完成美国肩肘关节外科医师问卷调查，结果同样显示术后评分显著高于术前。随访过程中发现，术后存在肩关节间隙狭窄。作者总结认为：对年轻患者进行人工肱骨头置换时，     

肩锁关节损伤合并盂肱关节周围组织损伤的调查

目的了解肩锁关节损伤合并盂肱关节周围组织损伤的情况及预后,分析讨论出现各种合并症的原因。 方法2015年1月至2018年8月收集了共52例肩锁关节损伤患者,分别记录肩锁关节损伤Rockwood分型,受伤机制,术前和术后12个月视觉模拟评分（visual analogue scale,VAS）,术后2个月、6个月、12个月Constant评分。 结果52例患者中,合并损伤占总数32.69%,其中11例患者进行了额外的手术治疗。术前、术后VAS评分比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。盂肱关节合并伤手术治疗的患者,术后12个月随访,Constant评分没有明显好于未额外手术治疗的合并症患者（P>0.05）。 结论治疗肩锁关节的同时,仔细查验是否存在合并伤,并及时针对合并伤进行手术治疗,对肩关节功能恢复具有重要意义。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.