腹腔镜与剖腹手术治疗早期子宫颈癌37例临床分析

目的　探讨腹腔镜手术治疗早期子宫颈癌的价值。　方法　对 18例临床Ⅰb～Ⅱa 期宫颈癌施行腹腔镜下广泛全子宫切除和盆腔淋巴结清扫术 (腹腔镜组 ) ,其中Ⅰb 期 17例 ,Ⅱa1例。同期 19例早期子宫颈癌行开腹广泛全子宫切除和盆腔淋巴结清扫术 (剖腹组 ) ,比较两种术式的手术时间、术中出血量、术后恢复情况及手术并发症等。　结果　腹腔镜组平均手术时间 (2 72 8min± 80 3min)与开腹组 (2 2 6 5min± 6 6 8min)无明显统计学差异 (t=1 92 1,P =0 0 6 3)。腹腔镜组平均切除淋巴结 15 6± 5 1个 ,开腹组 16 8± 5 7个 ,两组比较差异无显著性 (t=0 6 74 ,P =0 5 0 5 )。腹腔镜组术后肠道功能恢复时间较开腹组明显缩短 (34 2hvs.6 0 7h ,P <0 0 1)。两组均无严重并发症发生。腹腔镜组术后并发症发生率为 33 3% (6 18) ,开腹组为 31 6 % (6 19) ,两组差异无显著性 (P =0 812 )。　结论　腹腔镜与剖腹手术都可作为子宫颈癌根治术的术式之一 ,腹腔镜手术具有创伤小 ,术后恢复快等优点。     

腹腔镜与经腹鞘膜内子宫切除术的临床对照分析

目的 :探讨腹腔镜鞘膜内子宫切除术的优越性及临床应用价值。方法 :15 2例行腹腔镜鞘膜内子宫切除术 (腹腔镜组 ) ,与同期 138例经腹鞘膜内子宫切除术 (开腹组 )进行比较。结果 :腹腔镜组平均手术时间 86 6 7± 18 89min ,术中平均出血量 12 4 5 3± 5 3 2 2ml ;对照组平均手术时间 83 5 0± 14 72min ,术中平均出血量 114 4 2± 5 0 36ml,两组差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。腹腔镜组术后排气时间为 2 6 80± 4 6 3h ,术后最高体温为 37 5 1± 0 33℃ ,术后住院天数为 4 0 2± 0 89d ;开腹组术后排气时间为 32 4 6± 6 2 3h ,术后最高体温为 38 0 9± 0 2 9℃ ,术后住院天数为 5 96± 1 0 3d ,两组差异有高度显著性 (P <0 0 0 1)。术后病率 ,腹腔镜组无 1例 ,开腹组 7例 (5 % )。腹腔镜组 1例膀胱损伤 ,镜下修补 ,开腹组无损伤。结论 :腹腔镜鞘膜内子宫切除术具有腹壁创伤小 ,术中出血少 ,术后康复快及并发症少等优点 ,是较理想的子宫切除术式     

腹腔镜与开腹全子宫切除术的临床效果比较

目的比较腹腔镜全子宫切除术(total laparoscopic hysterectomy,TLH)与开腹全子宫切除术的临床效果。方法对我院2004年3月～2006年5月有全子宫切除指征的TLH100例(腹腔镜组)和TAH100例(开腹组)的临床资料进行回顾分析,比较2种术式的手术时间、术中出血量、排气时间、住院时间、术后疼痛剂使用等情况。结果腹腔镜组排气时间(34.9±12.6)h显著短于开腹组的(52.6±11.7)h(t=-10.294,P=0.000);腹腔镜组住院时间(4.5±1.2)d显著短于开腹组(6.3±1.2)d(t=-10.607,P=0.000);腹腔镜组术后镇痛5例,显著少于开腹组58例(χ2=38.752,P=0.000)。2组在术中出血量和手术时间无统计学差异(P>0.05)。腹腔镜组1例输尿管阴道瘘;开腹组1例膀胱损伤,6例切口脂肪液化,2组手术并发症发生率无统计学差异(χ2=3.255,P=0.071)。结论TLH具有创伤小、腹腔内环境干扰小、恢复快等优点。     

腹腔镜下改良子宫肌瘤切除术91例临床分析

目的　探讨腹腔镜下改良子宫肌瘤切除术的手术技巧和疗效。　方法　通过对子宫切口设计、组织分离 剥离器使用、肌瘤营养血管处理等手术技巧和手术器械的改进 ,行腹腔镜下子宫肌瘤切除术 91例。根据术前B超检测 ,分成肌瘤径线≥ 70mm组和 <70mm组。　结果　术中共发现肌瘤 10 2个 ,其中肌壁间肌瘤 73个 (71 6 % )。手术时间为 (116 1± 4 5 7)min ,出血量 (81 7± 4 1 7)ml,术后住院时间 (8 0± 2 8)天 ,术后最高体温 (37 9± 0 5 )℃。肌瘤径线≥ 70mm组术中出血量 (95 2± 4 2 0 )ml ,<70mm组 (6 5 6± 31 7)ml(t=2 35 ,P <0 0 5 ) ;两组手术时间分别为 (119 1± 4 4 2 )min和 (112 9± 33 4 )min ,(t=0 6 9,P >0 0 5 )。　结论　腹腔镜改良子宫肌瘤切除术可缩短手术时间、减少术中出血 ,即使较大径线的子宫肌瘤也能达到较好的疗效。     

腹腔镜与开腹手术治疗卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿的疗效比较

目的比较腹腔镜手术与开腹手术治疗卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿的效果,探讨腹腔镜手术治疗卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿的价值。方法回顾性对比分析随访4个月~5年,平均41.3月的92例腹腔镜手术(腹腔镜组)及52例开腹手术(开腹组)的临床资料。结果腹腔镜组手术时间(69±41.8)m in,术后住院(3.5±1.0)d,术中出血量(55±12.0)m l;开腹组手术时间(137±54.3)m in,术后住院时间(8.7±3.5)d,术中出血量(178±105.9)m l,两组比较差异均有显著性(t=-8.402,-11.048,-13.350;P=0.000)。术后复发率腹腔镜组19.6%(18/92),开腹组19.2%(10/52),两组差异无显著性(2χ=0.002,P=0.961)。术后痛经改善率腹腔镜组66.0%(35/53),开腹组52.8%(19/36),两组比较差异无显著性(2χ=1.580,P=0.209)。结论腹腔镜治疗卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿的效果与开腹手术基本相同,但腹腔镜具有微创手术的优点,可作为治疗卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿的首选方法。     

腹腔镜与开腹全子宫切除术的比较

目的 探讨腹腔镜全子宫切除（total laparoscopic hysterrectomy,TLH）的临床价值. 方法回顾分析我院2005年11月～2006年10月38例TLH与40例开腹全子宫切除术的临床资料,比较2种手术方式手术时间、术中出血量、术后病率、肠功能恢复、住院日情况. 结果 腹腔镜组手术时间（85.8±13.8）min明显短于开腹组（99.9±9.3 ）min（t=-5.293,P=0.000）;腹腔镜组出血量（105.8±32.4）ml明显少于开腹组（166.0±67.4）ml （t=-4.930, P=0.000）;腹腔镜组术后病率3例明显少于开腹组15例（χ^2=9.270, P=0.002）;腹腔镜组术后排气时间（26.2±4.2）h明显短于开腹组（40.5±4.9）h （t=-13.601, P=0.000）;腹腔镜组术后住院时间（6.8±0.9）d明显短于开腹组（10.6±0.8）d （t=-19.612, P=0.000）.术后6个月随访开腹组2例切口愈合不良,2例阴道残端肉芽增生,腹腔镜组1例阴道残端肉芽增生,余无并发症. 结论腹腔镜全子宫切除较开腹全子宫切除的优势明显,如果腹腔镜下操作技巧熟练,腹腔镜全子宫切除是一种理想的术式.     

腹腔镜筋膜内子宫切除和剖腹子宫次全切除临床对照研究

目的比较腹腔镜筋膜内子宫切除术(Classic intrafascial supracervical hysterectomy,CISH)和剖腹子宫次全切除术的临床效果. 方法 CISH 125例(腹腔镜组),剖腹子宫次全切除术64例(剖腹组),对照分析两组手术及术后情况. 结果腹腔镜组手术时间(102.1±28.9min)与剖腹组(97.7±24.1min)无明显差异(t=0.78,P＞0.05),腹腔镜组术中出血(79.4±53.3)ml显著少于剖腹组(99.5±38.2)ml(t=2.11,P＜0.05),腹腔镜组术后最高体温(37.9±0.4)℃明显低于剖腹组(38.4±0.3)℃(t=2.34,P＜0.05),腹腔镜组术后病率(15.2%)明显低于剖腹组(34.4%)(χ2=9.16,P＜0.01),腹腔镜组术后住院时间(7.8±2.4)天明显短于剖腹组(9.5±3.5)天(t=2.65,P＜0.01),腹腔镜组术后排气时间(2.1±0.4)天明显早于剖腹组(2.3±0.5)天(t=2.32,P＜0.05).两组并发症发生率无明显差异. 结论 CISH具有手术时间短、术中出血少、术后病率低、术后恢复快等优点,尤其适合无明显宫颈病理改变的良性子宫病变患者.     

腹腔镜辅助阴式子宫切除术临床研究

目的探讨腹腔镜辅助阴式子宫切除术的临床价值。方法子宫良性病变须行子宫全切术125例随意分为2组。研究组65例采用腹腔镜辅助阴式子宫切除术(laparoscop ic assisted vaginal hysterectomy,LAVH);对照组60例采用传统开腹全子宫切除术(TAH)。结果手术时间LAVH(127.0±4.1)m in,TAH(70.2±1.7)m in(t=99.669,P=0.000)。术中出血量LAVH(80.1±23.1)m l,TAH(190.8±53.0)m l(t=-15.339,P=0.000)。术后并发症发生率研究组30.8%(20/65),对照组58.3%(35/60),2组比较差异有显著性(2χ=9.621,P=0.002)。结论腹腔镜辅助阴式子宫切除术具有损伤小、出血量少、恢复快等优点,是一种较为理想的手术方式。     

腹腔镜与开腹子宫切除术对免疫功能影响的比较

目的比较腹腔镜与开腹子宫切除术对机体免疫功能的影响。方法选择44例有子宫切除指征的患者,分为2组:腹腔镜治疗25例(腹腔镜组),接受开放手术19例(开腹组)。比较两组的手术时间、术中出血量、术后镇痛用药、术后住院时间情况;并采用散射比浊法测定免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM、IgA,补体C3、C4水平,采用流式细胞仪测定CD3+(T细胞总数)、CD4+(T辅助/诱导细胞)、CD8+(T抑制/杀伤细胞)的数量,进行组间比较。结果两组手术时间(100.5±15.9 m invs 97.0±17.9 m in)无显著性差异(t=0.685,P=0.497),腹腔镜组术中出血量(65.0±48.9 m l vs 150.0±100.4 m l)、术后镇痛率(3/25 vs 16/19)及术后住院时间(5.4±1.3 d vs 7.4±1.5 d)明显小于开腹组(t=-3.703,2χ=22.943,t=-4.730;P=0.000)。两组IgM、IgA、C4手术前后均无明显变化,两组间亦无显著差异。腹腔镜组术后1 d IgG较术前有所下降,术后3 d恢复至术前水平,C3无明显变化;开腹组IgG、C3术后1 d明显低于术前水平,术后3 d恢复到术前水平。两组比较,开腹组术后1 d IgG、C3下降明显。腹腔镜组T淋巴细胞亚群手术前后均无显著性差异。开腹组术后1、3 d CD3+、CD4+、CD8+与术前比较均明显降低,术后5 d恢复至术前水平;两组比较,术后1、3 d开腹组CD3+、CD4+、CD8+均明显低于腹腔镜组。结论腹腔镜对机体免疫功能的影响小,为术后恢复较快提供了病理生理学依据。     

腹腔镜手术治疗老年良性妇科疾病的价值

目的探讨腹腔镜手术在老年妇科良性疾病中的应用价值及安全性。方法比较2001年1月～2006年12月27例腹腔镜手术（腹腔镜组）与25例开腹手术（开腹组）的临床资料。结果腹腔镜组手术时间（20．0±7．9）min明显短于开腹组（44．0±7．2）min（t=-11．419，P：0．000）；腹腔镜组术中出血量（21．9±20．0）m1明显少于开腹组（62．6ml±29．4）（t=-5．875，P：0．000）；腹腔镜组术后病率3例明显少于开腹组12例（，：8．606，P：0．001）；腹腔镜组术后排气时间（13．9±2．9）h明显短于开腹组（23．4±4．3）h（t=-9．404，P=0．000）；腹腔镜组住院时间（7．6±0．9）d明显少于开腹组（10．2±1．2）d（t=-8．882，P=0．000）。结论重视老年患者术前合并症的治疗，术中术后加强监护，腹腔镜是老年妇科疾病手术治疗理想的术式。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.