肝移植术中复杂门静脉机化血栓的处理

目的：探讨存在复杂门静脉机化血栓者肝移植术中门静脉的处理要点。方法：为17例机化血栓超过门静脉内径50％的患者施行肝移植，术中9例在切除血栓段门静脉或取栓后，将受者的门静脉与供肝门静脉行端端吻合；5例将供肝门静脉与受者的曲张冠状静脉行端侧吻合；1例切除闭塞段门静脉，利用供者的髂静脉于供肝门静脉与受者肠系膜上静脉间搭桥；1例供肝门静脉与受者的胆总管前曲张静脉行端侧吻合；1例采用供者的髂静脉在供肝门静脉和受者的脾门旁曲张静脉间搭桥，行端侧吻合。结果：17例患者，死亡2例，1例死于感染，1例死于肝动脉出血，但此2例患者的门静脉血流一直通畅。存活的15例随访2～12个月，其中1例术后因门静脉血流量不足，而行二次肝移植，在缝扎分流的侧支后，门静脉血流恢复正常，其他患者的门静脉血流均通畅。结论：存在复杂门静脉机化血栓时首选栓塞段门静脉切除或取栓后门静脉重建，不能取栓或取栓后血流量不足时，可改行供肝门静脉与受者曲张内脏静脉的端侧吻合，也可取得较好效果。     

肝移植中门静脉-内脏曲张静脉吻合在门静脉机化血栓患者的应用

目的:探讨门静脉-内脏曲张静脉吻合在门静脉机化血栓患者肝移植中的应用。方法:对门静脉和肠系膜上静脉均完全被机化血栓阻塞的7例患者实施肝移植,其中3例供体门静脉-曲张冠状静脉吻合;2例髂静脉搭桥供体门静脉和脾门旁曲张的静脉吻合;1例采用供体门静脉-胆总管前曲张静脉吻合;1例供体门静脉—曲张的胃网膜右静脉吻合。结果:7例手术全部成功。1例术后7d死于多脏器功能衰竭,但是门静脉血流一直通畅。1例术后6个月发现吻合口狭窄,术后9个月采用经皮肝穿刺门静脉支架置入治愈;其余患者分别随访12～22个月,门静脉血流均通畅,无狭窄或血栓形成,肝、肾功能正常。结论:肝移植中对门静脉和肠系膜上静脉均完全被机化血栓阻塞的患者,行供体门静脉-曲张内脏静脉吻合可取得良好疗效。     

肝脏移植中Ⅳ级门静脉机化血栓病人的门静脉重建

2005年1月至2006年6月武警总医院肝脏移植研究所完成肝脏移植手术359例,其中7例病人门静脉、近端和远端肠系膜上静脉均完全被机化血栓阻塞(按文献分级[1]为Ⅳ级),术中采用供肝门静脉与受体曲张的内脏静脉吻合门静脉重建,术后疗效满意.现报告如下.     

合并Ⅳ级门静脉血栓的肝移植六例报告

目的 探讨合并Ⅳ级门静脉血栓(PVT)者肝移植时门静脉重建的方法.方法 合并Ⅳ级PVT的乙型肝炎后肝硬化(失代偿期)患者6例,4例并发上消化道出血,1例并发肾功能不全,1例并发肾功能不全和肝性脑病.术前4例曾接受脾切除+门奇断流术,1例曾接受脾切除+门奇断流术+脾肾分流术+经颈静脉肝内门腔内支架分流术,1例曾接受脾切除术.术前均明确诊断为Ⅳ级PVT.6例均行经典非转流原位肝移植术.4例采取门静脉-内脏曲张静脉吻合重建门静脉,其中2例将门静脉与扩张的胃冠状静脉吻合,2例将门静脉与胆总管旁曲张静脉吻合.另2例采取门静脉动脉化重建门静脉,1例将结肠中动脉与供肝门静脉吻合,供肝肝动脉与受者的肝动脉吻合,另1例将供肝门静脉与受者的肝总动脉吻合,供肝肝动脉与受者的胃十二指肠动脉远端吻合.结果 采取内脏曲张静脉吻合重建门静脉者,术中检测门静脉血流量为(1258±345) ml/min,1例术后2个月死于腹腔感染,其余3例分别随访14、16和17个月,门静脉血流均保持通畅,无狭窄及血栓形成,肝功能正常,食管胃底静脉曲张有所减轻.采取门静脉动脉化重建者,术中检测门静脉血流量为(2275±247)ml/min,1例术后反复出现上消化道出血,术后47 d死于腹腔感染;另1例目前已随访33个月,肝肾功能良好,食道胃底静脉曲张程度加重.采取门静脉动脉化重建者各时间点的AST和ALT均优于采取内脏曲张静脉吻合重建者.结论 合并Ⅳ级PVT者肝移植时采用供肝门静脉-内脏曲张静脉吻合重建门静脉临床效果满意;门静脉动脉化重建门静脉通道有利于移植肝功能的早期恢复,但只能作为合并PVT者肝移植时的一种有效的补救措施.     

肝脏移植中门静脉机化血栓的诊断

目的探讨肝脏移植中门静脉机化血栓的诊断。方法2005年1月至2006年1月期间我院271例肝脏移植中32例存在门静脉机化血栓患者,术前做彩超、CT加三维血管成像(CTA)检查,术中彩超寻找、选择可用于门静脉重建的曲张血管,监测重建后门静脉血流速度。结果32例中既往有外科或介入治疗史23例,占71.8%。血栓分级Ⅰ级14例;Ⅱ级11例;Ⅲ级1例;Ⅳ级6例。术前确诊28例,确诊率为87.5%。术中彩超检查20例,门静脉重建后在超声监测下结扎分流侧支17例,结扎侧支前门静脉血流速度平均为(30.13±16.41)cm/s,结扎侧支后门静脉血流速度平均为(46.36±19.82)cm/s。结论对既往有外科治疗史患者应警惕门静脉机化血栓的可能。CT、CTA对门静脉系统整体评估有重要意义,术中彩超对门静脉的合理重建帮助很大。     

存在门静脉血栓及癌栓的肝癌患者的肝移植

目的　探讨存在门静脉血栓或癌栓的肝癌患者进行肝移植的处理要点。方法　对10例存在门静脉血栓或癌栓的肝癌患者施行原位肝移植术,术前常规准备供者的髂静脉,供肝保留较长的门静脉;术中注意取尽受者门静脉内的血栓或癌栓,门静脉壁存在水肿、增厚、变硬者,尽可能切除这段门静脉;9例行低位门静脉对端吻合,1例行门静脉下腔静脉的对端吻合;术后根据患者的凝血功能状态决定是否进行抗凝治疗。结果　1例术后第6 d发生门静脉血栓形成,溶栓术后因腹腔内出血、失血性休克死亡;另9例术后门静脉血流通畅,随访2~31个月,其中1例术后2个月死于感染,4例术后7、12、13、25个月肿瘤复发,其余4例无肿瘤复发。结论　术前存在门静脉血栓或癌栓的肝癌患者,只要处理得当,采用肝移植治疗可以取得较好结果。     

同种异体原位肝移植一例报告

为一肝脏巨大平滑肌肉瘤患者进行原位肝移植术。供者为一２５岁的男性脑死亡者。供肝用４℃ＵＷ液自腹主动脉灌注，快速切取肝脏，热缺血时间为８分钟。受者用＂Ｙ＂形管建立左侧股静脉、门静脉和左侧腋静脉的体外循环后切除病肝，供肝的肝上下腔静脉、肝下下腔静脉和门静脉与受者的相应血管行端端吻合。术后并发腹腔内出血、急性肾功能衰竭、肺部感染和黄疸等，于术后４７天死于脑溢血。该例移植肝功能良好，未出现排斥反应。应用ＵＷ液灌洗和保存肝脏，快速切取肝脏，能提高供肝质量。术后早期应测定血中环孢素Ａ的浓度，慎用广谱抗生素。     

目标流域动脉染色法在解剖性肝切除术中的应用

回顾性分析2021年6月至2022年1月南京医科大学附属淮安第一医院行目标流域动脉染色法解剖性肝切除的4例原发性肝癌患者临床资料, 其中男性3例, 女性1例, 年龄(52.0±3.7)岁。2例为肝右叶肿瘤合并门静脉癌栓, 采取肝右叶切除联合肝断面门静脉断端取栓术;1例为肝右前叶肿瘤, 肿瘤侵犯门静脉右前支腹侧段, 采取肝右前叶切除术;1例为肝左叶肿瘤合并门静脉癌栓, 采取肝左叶切除联合肝断面门静脉断端取栓术。4例患者术中均成功实施了目标流域动脉染色法指导解剖性肝切除, 术后无胆漏、出血等并发症。因此, 对于合适的肝癌病例可以采用目标流域动脉染色法的解剖性肝切除术。     

活体供肝者术后门静脉血栓形成的诊治二例

目的 总结活体供肝者术后门静脉血栓形成的诊治体会.方法 2名活体供肝者,术前螺旋CT评估门静脉分型为B型门静脉和A型门静脉,经估算,残肝体积分别为全肝体积的33%和36%,均切取带肝中静脉的右半肝.术后早期丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)和总胆红素升高,腹腔引流液较多,呈腹水样,超声波检查提示门静脉血栓形成,并经增强螺旋CT明确诊断.供者1急诊行探查术,阻断门静脉血流,拆除闭合残端缝线,将门静脉切断,切除狭窄处门静脉壁,开放门静脉主干,取出多块新鲜血栓,用肝素盐水冲洗至血流通畅后,再将其端端吻合,恢复血流.供者2给予抗凝和溶栓治疗.结果 供者1在手术探查后再次发生门静脉血栓形成,经抗凝和溶栓治疗后血栓消失,痊愈出院.供者2经保守治疗后血栓消失,痊愈出院.结论 门静脉血栓形成可依据超声波及CT等影像学检查结果作出诊断,可采取手术取栓或抗凝、溶栓治疗.     

肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的外科处理

目的：研究肝细胞肝癌合并门静脉癌栓患者外科治疗的效果及影响因素。方法：对３１例肝癌合并门静脉主干及其大分支癌栓患者在电凝锐性解剖肝门的基础上,采用肝叶切除加癌栓清除、门静脉主干切开取栓等术式治疗,并对癌栓的临床病理学类型进行探讨。结果：与非治疗者相比,外科治疗明显延长了患者的术后生存期,疗效最好的方法是肝叶切除加取栓术,１８例术后平均存活时间１５个月,门静脉主干切开取栓术次之,８例平均存活８个月。所有取栓成功的患者术后均无食管静脉曲张破裂出血。癌栓的病理类型以增殖型最多见,机化型罕见,但由于癌栓与门静脉壁紧密粘连,不易清除,后者不宜外科治疗。结论：外科治疗有效地防止了肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的严重并发症──急性上消化道出血,并延长、改善了患者的生存期和生命质量。     

Surgical procedures for management of right portal venous branching in right lobe living donor liver transplantation

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to describe the surgical management of right portal venous (PV) branches encountered among 104 cases of right lobe living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). METHODS: From January 2002 to September 2007, we performed 104 cases of right-lobe LDLT including 11-donors who had anomalous right portal venous branches (APVB). One recipient had PV sponginess hemangioma. The donor right PV branches were type I in 93 cases, type II (trifurcation) in nine cases, and type III in two cases. Except one narrow bridge of tissue excision, the PV branches were transected on the principal of donor priority: PV branches were excised approximately 2 to 3 mm from the confluence while leaving the donor's main portal vein and confluence intact. In type II APVB, donor PV branches were obtained with two separate openings in six cases; with two separate openings joined as a common orifice at the back table in two cases, with one common opening with a narrow bridge of tissue in one case. In type III APVB, the donor right anterior and posterior PV branches were obtained with separate openings. The donor right PV branches with one common opening in 92 cases of type I PV branches and a joined common orifice in three cases of type II APVB were anastomosed to the recipient's main portal vein or to right branching. As the unavailable recipient PV for sponginess hemangioma, one case of type I right PV branches was end-to-end anastomosed to one of the variceal lateral veins of about 1 cm diameter in a pediatric patient. The PV were reconstructed as double anastomoses in six type II APVB and in one type III APVB obtained with two separate PV openings. In the another type III APVB reconstruction, we successfully utilized a novel U-shaped vein graft interposition. RESULTS: The type II APVB donor receiving a narrow bridge of portal vein tissue excision developed portal vein thrombosis on the third postoperative day and underwent reexploration for thrombectomy. There were no vascular complications, such as portal vein thrombosis or stricture among other donors or all recipients. The velocity of blood flow in the U-graft was normal. The anastomosis between the type I donor right portal vein and recipient variceal lateral vein was unobstructed. CONCLUSION: Right PV branches should be excised on the principal of donor priority while leaving the donor's main portal vein and confluence intact. Single anastomoses was the fundamental procedure of right branch reconstruction. Double anastomoses could be used as the main management for type II and type III APVB reconstruction. U-graft interposition may be a potential procedure for type III APVB reconstruction. Single anastomoses between the donor right portal vein and the recipient variceal lateral vein may be performed when recipient portal vein is unavailable. These innovations for excision and reconstruction of right PV branches were feasible, safe, and had good outcomes.     

Portal vein pressure and graft oxygen consumption monitoring during liver transplantation

Abnormal splanchnic circulation (ASC) is often detected too late, when hepatic circulation is already irreversibly compromised. If we could detect surgical or metabolic problems early after graft reperfusion, we might be able to correct them immediately before the damage becomes irreversible. The aim of this study was to determine if ASC can be predicted early after liver transplantation (LT) using portal vein pressure measurements and graft oxygen consumption monitoring. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-patients (13 men, 7 women of mean age 46 years) undergoing LT with the piggyback technique for hepatitis C virus (HCV)/hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related cirrhosis were retrospectively divided in two groups. Group A (16 patients), in which LT was successful, and group B (4 patients) in which LT was unsuccessful because of primary nonfunction (2 patients), infrahepatic portal vein thrombosis (1 patient), or hepatic vein kinking (1 patient). We then compared the portal blood pressure values and the prehepatic and posthepatic oxygen content difference (p-pDO(2)) before portal clamping; at the end of anhepatic phase; 5, 15, and 25 minutes after portal vein (PV) reperfusion; and 5, 20, 40, and 100 minutes after hepatic artery anastomosis. RESULTS: Early after graft reperfusion; portal pressure decreased to levels lower than that at baseline in group A, but remained high until the end of surgery in group B. At the end of surgery, p-pDO(2) increased more among group B than group A. CONCLUSION: ASC, specifically an increased PV resistance, can be predicted early after LT by portal vein pressure measurements and graft oxygen consumption monitoring.     

Renoportal anastomosis in liver transplantation and its impact on patient outcomes: a systematic literature review

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is commonly encountered during liver transplantation (LT). Depending on the grade of thrombosis, varied management strategies are indicated. The aims of this study are to clarify the contemporary role of renoportal anastomosis (RPA) in patients with splanchnic vein thrombosis (SVT) undergoing LT and to systematically analyze all reported cases of RPA. A systematic literature search was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐ Analyses statement guidelines. The study was limited to studies reported in English between January 1997 and May 2017. Only retrospective single center studies were included in the analysis. A total of 66 patients with SVT were reported to have undergone RPA during LT. Transient renal dysfunction was reported in 12 patients (18.1%), variceal hemorrhage in 2 patients (3%), early portal vein (PV) re‐thrombosis in 2 patients (3%), chronic renal dysfunction in 2 patients (3%), and late PV re‐thrombosis in 1 patient (1.5%). The overall patient and graft survival were each 80%. This analysis illustrates the decades‐long evolution of a technique practiced across the field of transplantation. Postoperative complications and graft survival appear to be encouraging, even in the setting of SVT.     

Management of portal vein thrombosis in liver transplantation: influence on morbidity and mortality

BACKGROUND: Splanchnic thrombosis is a surgical challenge in liver transplantation (LT). The aim of this study was to analyze our experience in the management of portal vein thrombosis, and its influence on evolution. AIM: The aim of this study was to analyze our experience in the management of portal vein thrombosis, and its influence on evolution. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1999 and 2004, 366 liver transplants were performed in 335 patients. Forty-two patients [12.5%: portal vein thrombosis (PVT) group] had portal thrombosis at the time of LT. We analyzed the technical aspects and compared their evolution with a group of patients without portal thrombosis (n = 293; no-PVT group). Retransplantations were excluded. RESULTS: Of the 42 patients with thrombosis, 18 had partial thrombosis and 16 complete thrombosis [six included the proximal superior mesenteric vein (SMV) and in two the whole splanchnic system]. In 12 cases, usual T-T anastomosis was performed and in 16 cases a thrombectomy was carried out; there were five cases of anastomosis at confluence of the SMV, five cases of anastomosis to a collateral vein, three cases of venous graft, and one case of cavoportal hemitransposition. The operative time was higher in PVT group (417 +/- 103 min vs. 363 +/- 83; p = 0.0005), as RBC transfusion (2.4 +/- 3.1 vs. 1.9 +/- 2.3; p = 0.04), and hospital stay (20.9 +/- 14.9 d vs. 15.1 +/- 10.6; p = 0.002). However, there were no differences in hospital mortality (4% vs. 7.8%; p = 0.98), primary dysfunction (4.8% vs. 7.8%; p = 0.44), or three-yr-actuarial survival (75% vs. 77%; p = 0.95). The incidence of post-transplant thrombosis was higher in the PVT group (15% vs. 2.4%; p = 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS: Portal thrombosis is associated with greater operative complexity and rethrombosis, but has no influence on overall morbidity and mortality.     

彩色多普勒超声监测肝移植术后门静脉并发症

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声(CDI)监测肝移植术后门静脉并发症的应用价值。方法 对107例次原位肝移植患者于术前、术后应用CDI进行连续监测，监测指标包括门静脉主干内径、血流速度、血流量、血流频谱、侧支循环及腹水量等。结果 4例受者术后出现门静脉并发症：门静脉狭窄2例，门静脉狭窄并血栓形成1例，门静脉右支闭塞1例。2例门静脉主干血流量明显减少者接受经皮腔内血管成形术治疗后，门静脉高压缓解；而CDI提示门静脉血流量末见下降的2例患者，仅接受保守治疗，存活时间均超过1年。结论 彩色多普勒超声动态检查对肝移植术后门静脉并发症较为敏感，作为无创性检查手段可用于肝移植术后门静脉并发症的监测。     

Percutaneous portal vein thrombolysis and endovascular stent for management of posttransplant portal venous conduit thrombosis

BACKGROUND: Thrombosis of a portal vein conduit after liver transplant is an uncommon clinical situation. Percutaneous thrombolytic therapy for this condition has not been widely described. METHODS: We describe a case of thrombosis of a portal vein (PV) conduit subsequent to orthotopic liver transplantation that was successfully treated by percutaneous portal vein thrombolysis by using tissue plasminogen activator, angioplasty, and endovascular stent placement. RESULTS: A satisfactory outcome was achieved with a patent portal vein, on ultrasound, at 8-month follow-up. CONCLUSION: A percutaneous transhepatic approach to treatment of thrombosis of a portal vein conduit appears to be a promising technique to use to avoid surgery, with good medium-term results.     

Portal Vein Stent Placement in Anastomotic Stenosis After Deceased Donor Liver Transplantation: A Case Report

Vascular complications (VCs) after liver transplantation (LT) frequently result in graft and patient loss. The smaller vessels and the insufficient length for reconstruction in living donor LT and pediatric transplantation predispose patients to a higher incidence of VCs. Herein we present a case of portal vein stenosis (PVS) in an adult deceased donor LT recipient with portal vein thrombosis requiring extended thrombectomy at the time of LT. He presented with ascites 4 months after LT, was diagnosed with PVS, and was successfully treated with percutaneous transhepatic venoplasty and placement of a portal stent. This case highlights the importance of Doppler ultrasound as a screening modality for detection of VCs after LT and the pivotal role of endovascular repair as a first-line treatment for PVS.     

门静脉和肠系膜上静脉血栓形成的CT、MRI诊断

目的探讨门静脉（PV）和肠系膜上静脉（SMV）血栓形成的CT、MRI征象及其诊断价值。方法回顾性分析25例经手术与病理证实的PV-SMV血栓形成病例CT和MRI检查资料。结果PV-SMV血栓形成的直接征象CT表现为PV-SMV血管内充盈缺损,PV周围呈轨道样增强;MRI表现为PV和SMV正常流空信号消失;急性、亚急性期血栓T1WI呈等或高信号,T2WI呈高信号;GD-DTPA增强扫描静脉期PV-SMV管腔内对比剂充盈缺损。PV-SMV血栓形成的间接征象包括肠腔扩张积液,肠管积血,肠壁增厚,肠黏膜水肿,薄纸样肠壁,缆绳征,肠系膜积液,肠壁积气,腹腔积液,门静脉海绵样变,肝脏异常灌注。结论CT、MRI是诊断PV-SMV血栓形成最有效的影像检查方法,MRI对PV-SMV血栓形成的定位、定量及血栓的分期优于CT。     

Outcome of Portal Injuries Following Bariatric Operations

Background: Portal vein thrombosis is rare following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP). Its natural history is dependent on the etiology of the thrombosis. Iatrogenic injuries at bariatric operations resulting in portal vein thrombosis are lethal complications typically necessitating a liver transplant, whereas postoperative portal vein thrombosis without an injury to the portal vein has a benign course. There are currently no data on management or prognostic factors of portal vein thrombosis after bariatric operations. Methods: 3 patients referred for liver transplantation secondary to portal vein injury following bariatric surgery between 2000 and 2003 are presented. Results: 2 super-obese (BMI ≥50 kg/m²) and 1 morbidly obese (BMI 44 kg/m²) patients sustained portal vein injuries during bariatric surgery (RYGBP 2, VBG 1) by experienced bariatric surgeons. In each case, the portal injury was identified and repaired. Thrombosis followed reconstruction in all 3 patients. All 3 underwent emergency liver transplantation, but died of sepsis and multi-organ failure following transplantation. Review of the literature found no cases of traumatic portal vein injuries following bariatric operations and 2 cases of postoperative portal vein thrombosis: 1 following LRYGBP (BMI 46) and one after a Lap-Band (BMI 41). Conclusion: Injury to the portal vein resulting from difficulty in discerning the anatomy of the intra-abdominal structures in the morbidly obese, is a lethal complication of bariatric surgery. Super-obese patients submitting to bariatic surgery should lose weight, undergo a two-stage bariatric procedure, or undergo laparoscopic RYGBP to minimize the risk of portal injury. Postoperative portal vein thrombosis has a benign course and can be managed conservatively.