Veno-venous bypass without heparin in orthotopic liver allotransplantation in the pig

It is now widely accepted that a veno-venous bypass is required to minimize the problems of the anhepatic phase in orthotopic liver transplantation. A technique that does not require systemic anticoagulation is needed to prevent damage by heparinization in hepatic patients. The use of heparin-bonded cannulas offers low risks of thromboembolic complication. Fourteen orthotopic liver transplantation were performed in pigs, including 7 with a roller pump and 7 with a centrifugal pump, without systemic anticoagulation and with heparin-bonded circuits except for the portal cannula, connectors, centrifugal pump head and the tract of the circuit on which the roller moves. All the circuits were previously utilized in clinical liver transplantation and repeatedly washed in saline solution and sterilized for each experiment. The haemodynamic control of the anhepatic state was excellent without hypotension and venous engorgement. In only one case a thromboembolic complication was noted. Arterial pressure, heart rate, urine flow, creatinine, arterial pH and thromboelastographic data did not change significantly while on bypass. No difference was found in the use of either a roller or a centrifugal pump even when the blood flow fell to less than 1000 ml/min to 500 ml/min.     

猪原位肝移植术中体外静脉转流途径的实验研究

目的　探讨猪原位肝移植手术中体外静脉转流的应用及不同转流途径对血流动力学的影响。方法　选择50只健康家猪按体重接近原则配对分为供体组与受体组进行 2 5例原位肝移植手术 ,受体组无肝期采用不同体外静脉转流途径 ,其中A组 (1 6只 )经门静脉插管 ,B组 (9只 )经脾静脉插管。术中连续监测A、B两组动物的血流动力学变化。结果　术后 2 4h ,A组存活 1 4只 ,B组 9只全部存活。A组血流动力学在无肝期开始及结束时均出现明显波动 ,平均动脉压和中心静脉压下降 ,心率上升 ;B组在整个无肝期内血流动力学保持平稳 ,两组间比较差异有显著性意义 (P<0 .0 5)。结论　猪原位肝移植术中应用体外静脉转流 ,有利于维持血流动力学稳定 ,而经脾静脉插管转流较经门静脉插管转流具有更大的优越性     

Liver transplantation without venovenous bypass: morbidity and mortality in patients with greater than 50% reduction in cardiac output after vena cava clamping

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether a decrease in cardiac output of >or=50% after vena cava clamping is associated with an increase in perioperative morbidity or mortality in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation without venovenous bypass. DESIGN: Retrospective, clinical study. PARTICIPANTS: Patients undergoing elective orthotopic liver transplantation without venovenous bypass (n = 172). INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: In 82 patients (group 1), the decrease in cardiac output after vena cava clamping was >or=50%; in 90 patients (group 2), the decrease was <50%. Hemodynamics during surgery and perioperative morbidity and mortality were compared between group 1 and group 2 patients. Mean arterial pressure during the anhepatic phase was not significantly different between groups, but cardiac output and mixed venous oxygen saturation were significantly lower in group 1 patients. Perioperative mortality, need for postoperative renal replacement therapy, postoperative serum creatinine levels, and graft function were not different between groups. CONCLUSION: A >50% reduction in cardiac output after vena cava clamping is not associated with an increase in perioperative morbidity and mortality when compared with patients with a less pronounced reduction in cardiac output. These results question the common practice of basing the indication for venovenous bypass during the anhepatic phase on a reduction in cardiac output of >50% after a trial of vena cava clamping.     

Supraceliac aortic clamping during the anhepatic phase of experimental orthotopic liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND: The pig tolerates simultaneous clamping of the liver pedicle and inferior vena cava poorly, so venovenous bypass has to be used during the anhepatic phase of experimental orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). The aim of this work is to assess whether clamping of the supracoeliac aorta during the anhepatic phase (AP) of experimental OLT in pigs allows transplantation in stable hemodynamic conditions. METHODS: Fourteen pigs (weight, 16 to 18 kg) received whole liver grafts from 14 age-matched donors and were subsequently divided into two groups: group I, OLT without venovenous bypass during the AP, group II, OLT with supracoeliac aortic clamping during the AP. Variables analyzed were cardiac output (CO) and related variables, mean systemic arterial pressure (MAP), mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2), hepatic artery and portal vein blood flow, systemic and hepatic O2 supply and uptake (SDO2, SVO2, HDO2, HVO2, respectively), liver enzymes, glucose, creatinine, and electrolytes. RESULTS: In group I, CO, MAP, and SvO2, decreased during the AP (anhepatic) in comparison with baseline (preanhepatic) values (CO, 3.60+/-0.74, preanhepatic, v. 1.21+/-0.25 L x min(-1), anhepatic; P<.05. MAP, 97+/-12, preanhepatic, v. 43+/-17 mm Hg, anhepatic; P<.05. SvO2, 91.6+/-5.6, preanhepatic v. 70.0+/-12.5%, anhepatic; P<.05), and SDO2/SVO2 increased by 16% (preanhepatic) to 33% (anhepatic; P<.05). In group II, CO decreased during the anhepatic phase by only 21% (3.82+/-0.81, preanhepatic, v. 3.07+/-0.99 L x min(-1), anhepatic; not significant), the MAP increased significantly (100+/-8, preanhepatic, v. 135+/-4 mm Hg, anhepatic; P<.05), and SVO2, SDO2, SVO2, and SDO2/SVO2 remained unchanged. After revascularization, none of these variables differed significantly between groups, and levels of liver enzymes, glucose, creatinine, urea, and electrolytes were similar in both groups, both before and aftertransplantation. CONCLUSIONS: Experimental OLT can be carried out in pigs without venovenous bypass, but it leads to severe hemodynamic disturbances. Clamping of the supraceliac artery during the AP is well tolerated and results in excellent hemodynamic stability, so it may prove to be a useful technique in liver transplantation in animals, such as dogs or pigs, that do not tolerate simultaneous clamping of the liver pedicle and inferior vena cava as well as human beings.     

全麻联合硬膜外阻滞下经典式原位肝移植术期间血流动力学的改变

目的 观察全麻联合硬膜外阻滞行经典式原位肝移植期间血流动力学的变化.方法 24例肝癌全麻联合硬膜外阻滞下行经典式原住肝移植术,麻醉前放置Swam-Gaze导管,右桡动脉导管及右股静脉导管,监测麻醉前期,切皮时,无肝前期末,无肝期5 min,无肝期30 min,新肝期15 min及术毕各个时期血流动力学参数,用t检验组间变化的差异性.再分别以麻醉前作时照处理数据.结果 24例肝癌患者均行经典式原位肝移植术,手术时间(435±48)min,术中出血量(2 258±325)ml.术中输库存浓缩RBC(6.6±1.5)U、血浆(785±68)ml、平衡液(1 856±86)ml、血浆代用品(1 625±115)ml.①切皮时,中心静脉压(CVP),股静脉压(FVP),平均肺动脉压(MPAP),肺毛细血管楔压(PCWP)下降(P≤0.05或P≤0.01),心输出量(CO),心指数(CI)也随着降低(P≤0.05),MPAP降低(P≤0.05).②无肝前期末,CVP,FVP,MPAP,PCWP进一步下降(P≤0.01),CO和CI也随着进一步下降(P≤0.01),MPAP也进一步降低(P≤0.01).③无肝期5 min,CVP,MPAP,PCWP,CO,CI以及MPAP进一步剧烈下降(P≤0.01),即使周围血管阻力和肺血管阻力升高(P≤0.05),MPAP依然进一步剧烈下降(P≤0.01),但FVP骤然升高(P≤0.01).④无肝期30 min,股静脉压有所回落(P≤0.01),MPAP,PCWP,CO以及CI较无肝期5 min有回升趋势(P≤0.01).⑤新肝期,CVP,MPAP,PCWP,CO,CI以及MPAP明显回升(P≤0.01);周围阻力下降(P≤0.05),FVP骤然下降(P≤0.01).⑥手术结束时,CVP,FVP及MPAP较新肝期进一步回升(P≤0.01),其他指标如MAP,MPAP,PC聊,CO以及CI也基本上恢复至麻醉前水平(P≤0.05).FVP基本上和CVP相差不大(P≤0.05).结论 全麻联合硬膜外阻滞下原位肝移植术期间,协同麻醉作用,减少全身麻醉药对患者重要脏器的影响,扩张硬膜外阻滞区域血管,在门静脉和下腔静脉阻断时,可增加回心循环的血流量,部分代替体外静脉-静脉技术的作用,减少血流动力剧烈波动.     

原位肝移植术无肝期体肺循环的变化及维持

目的 分析晚期肝病患者非静脉转流原位肝移手术不同阶段体、肺循环的变化并探讨维持无肝期血流动力学的措施. 方法收集68例肝移植患者手术前(麻醉诱导后)、无肝期前、无肝期5 min、无肝期30 min、新肝期5 min、新肝期30 min、新肝期60 min、术毕、术后12h及24h各时间点中心静脉压(CVP)、心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MABP)、平均肺动脉压(MPAP)、肺动脉楔压(PAWP)、心脏指数(CI)、体循环阻力(SVR)、肺循环阻力(PVR)等数据,并根据无肝期CVP将患者分为3组:A组(CVP<4 mm Hg),B组(4 mm Hg≤CVP≤6 mm Hg),C组(CVP>6 mm Hg),分析比较3组患者手术各时期及术后血流动力学指标变化,以及血管活性药多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素用量及尿量. 结果肝移植手术不同阶段,患者体、肺循环发生不同变化,与无肝期前相比,无肝期HR增快,CVP、MABP、PVP、CI、PAWP降低,SVR、PVR增高,P<0.05,具有显著性差异,表现为循环血容量降低,体循环及肺血管阻力增高;新肝期早期(新肝期5、30 min)HR减慢,CVP、PAWP、MPAP、PVR、SVR增高(P<0.05),新肝期开始,MABP降低、升高波动大,5 min后升高并趋于稳定.3组间比较,B组患者各时期血体、肺循环指标波动最小,术中血管活性药用量最少,与A、C组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论原位肝移植术中患者体、肺循环剧烈变化主要发生在无肝期及新肝早期,无肝期血流动力学的恰当维持尤为重要,适量补充血容量并复合应用多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素等血管活性药,维持CVP4～6 mm Hg、MABP≥60 mm Hg、PAWP、SVR、PVR正常范围,有利于患者新肝期及术后血流动力学的稳定.     

体外静脉-静脉转流下原位肝移植术病人体、肺循环的变化

目的观察体外静脉-静脉转流下原位肝移植体肺循环血液动力学的变化。方法20例原位肝移植手术病人,在无肝期采用体外静脉-静脉转流术,采用Swaan-Ganz漂浮导管监测不同时期体、肺循环血液动力学的变化。结果与基础值相比,手术期间MAP基本稳定;中心静脉压(CVP)、心输出量(CO)、心脏指数(CI)、左心功指数(LVSW)和右心功指数(RVSW),在转流期间有降低,在开放后新肝期15分钟有增高(P<0．05);肺动脉压(PAP)和肺毛细血管楔压(PAWP)在新肝期15分钟一定增加(P<0．05);体循环阻力(SVR)在无肝期增高,在新肝期15分钟降低(P<0．05);肺血管阻力(PVR)在新肝期15分钟增高;心率在转流期间加快(P<0．05)。结论原位肝移植手术中,在无肝期采用体外静脉-静脉转流术有助于血压的稳定,但体、肺循环血流动力学在无肝期和新肝早期仍有明显的变化。     

小型猪小体积肝移植模型的建立

目的研究构建成熟稳定小型猪小体积肝移植模型的方法。方法选用体重一致的广西巴马小型猪20只,按照随机原则分为供体组和受体组各10只。在获取供肝的过程中即进行减体积操作,切除左半肝并保留肝中静脉主干。受体采用经典原位非静脉-静脉转流法行小体积肝移植。记录受体肝移植的手术时间,供肝热缺血时间、冷缺血时间,受体无肝期时间。观察移植术后2周存活情况及手术相关并发症。结果手术时间5～7h,平均6h;供肝热缺血时间2～3min;冷缺血时间(116±16)min;无肝期时间(35±4)min。术中小型猪均无死亡。10只受体猪中,2只死于手术相关并发症,其中1只于术后10h死于肝断面出血,另1只于术后2d死于切口疝。其余8只受体猪皆存活超过2周,2周存活率达80%,均未发生手术相关并发症。结论在供体手术中切除左半肝并保留肝中静脉主干,受体采用经典原位非静脉-静脉转流法行小型猪小体积肝移植模型构建是可行且稳定的。     

非静脉转流经典原位猪肝移植麻醉

目的 探讨非静脉转流经典原位猪肝移植术的麻醉期管理.方法 将38头猪随机分为两组,分别为供体组和受体组,对实验猪行经口气管内插管+静脉复合麻醉,施行同种异体原位肝移植术.观察其各时相血流动力学、血气、血生化及肝功能的改变.结果 38头猪中35头成功施行气管插管,3头行气管切开.实验猪对麻醉药有较大的耐受量,无肝期麻醉药用量明显减少;无肝期和新肝期血流动力学变化剧烈并伴有代谢性酸中毒,血清K+在新肝期有一过性升高.在肝移植麻醉及手术过程中,平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure,MAP)、中心静脉压(central venous pressure,CVP)、心率(heart rate,HR)、碱剩余(bases excess,BE)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO:)等均有较大的波动,其中,在无肝期至新肝期后0.5 h变化最剧烈.结论 对实验猪实施经口气管内插管可行;无肝期不需要深麻醉状态;血流动力学改变的处理应以预防为主,随时纠正酸碱平衡紊乱.合理应对无肝期至新肝期后0.5 h期间的循环系统和机体内环境的剧烈变化是麻醉是否成功的关键.     

原位肝移植应用静脉—静脉转流的酸碱状态

总结６例原位肝移植术，在无肝期使用主心泵行体外静脉－静脉转流，术期血气分析结果显示，与转流前相比，ｐＨ变化不大，在７．３５～７．４５范围内，ＢＥ变化轻微，未低于－５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ表明体外静脉转流下原位肝移植术能避免严重的代谢性酸中毒，所有病人术后恢复良好。     

受体肝分步切除三袖套法大鼠原位肝移植术的改进

目的探讨改进的三袖套法大鼠原位肝移植术的效果。方法56只成年健康Wistar封闭群大鼠,供受体各28只,采用受体肝分步切除的三袖套法行大鼠原位肝移植术。供肝置入时先不切除受体肝,而是在吻合血管的过程中分步切除受体肝。结果本组行大鼠原位肝移植28例,无肝期平均11.2(7~13)min,手术成功率92.9%(26/28)。死亡2例,1例死于出血,1例因肝上下腔静脉套管扭曲、脱落死亡。1周存活率82.1%(23/28)。结论采用受体肝分步切除的三袖套法行大鼠原位肝移植术,可缩短无肝期,提高术后存活率。     

Hemodynamic effects of anesthetic agents and bypass flow during orthotopic liver transplantation in pigs

Although the hemodynamics during orthotopic liver transplantation is unstable, it is very important for new liver to get well-controlled hemodynamics. Thus hemodynamic changes were studied, especially in relation to the influence of anesthetic agents and bypass flow in orthotopic liver transplantation in pig. Hemodynamic changes associated with NLA, GOS (sevoflurane) and GOF anesthesia were evaluated. It was difficult to maintain arterial pressure and to recover cardiac output with NLA after the bypass was removed. GOS, with which the hemodynamic condition was best maintained and no hepatotoxicity was manifest, proved the most useful of the three anesthetic agents. Hemodynamic studies based on bypass flow were made by comparing two groups, a high flow (31 +/- 4ml/kg/min) and a low flow (19 +/- 2ml/kg/min) groups, following the bypass model study conducted by 20, 30 and 40ml/kg/min. flow rates with the fixed infusion speed. In the high flow group, cardiac output and pulmonary arterial pressure were better maintained during the anhepatic phase and at the removal of the bypass. It is estimated that the low flow group was within the limits permitted, but beyond safety limits, also from the bypass model study. It is suggested that approximately 30ml/kg/min was the appropriate flow rate in pig.     

Effects of dobutamine on right ventricular function and pulmonary circulation in pulmonary hypertension during liver transplantation

INTRODUCTION: In the setting of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), pulmonary hypertension (PH) affects right ventricular (RV) function. When RV failure occurs, reducing RV afterload, optimizing RV preload, and preserving coronary perfusion through maintenance of systemic blood pressure are the primary goals of intraoperative treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: To verify the effect of dobutamine on RV function and RV-arterial coupling, we compared a group of 9 cirrhotic patients with mild PH treated with OLT to a group of 20 patients with normal mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP). All patients received dobutamine (5-10 microg/kg/min) to maintain a cardiac index (CI) >3 L/min/m(2), during the anhepatic phase. Hemodynamic profile, using a pulmonary artery catheter, was performed before and during dobutamine infusion, studying MPAP, CI, and RV end-diastolic volume index (RVEDVI). RV stroke work index (RVSWI), RV end-systolic elastance (Ees), pulmonary effective elastance (Ea), and RV-arterial coupling efficiency as the Ees/Ea ratio were also calculated. RESULTS: RV contractility (Ees and RVSWI) and afterload (Ea) were significantly higher among the PH group. In both groups, all the studied variables improved with dobutamine: RV contractility increased, afterload decreased, and thus Ees/Ea coupling markedly increased. CONCLUSION: Cirrhotic patients with mild PH who were undergoing OLT still have a reserve of RV contractile performance and pulmonary vasodilation.     

Comparison of catecholamine effects on canine myocardial metabolism and regional blood flow during and after cardiopulmonary bypass

The acute metabolic and hemodynamic effects of dopamine, dobutamine (both at 10 micrograms . kg-1 . min), and isoproterenol (at 0.05 or 0.1 micrograms . kg-1. min) were determined in dogs following 20 minutes of normothermic global myocardial ischemia. The catecholamines were started 10 minutes before cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was discontinued and were continued for 1 hour after bypass. Regional myocardial and systemic blood flow distribution was measured by means of the radioactive microsphere technique. On bypass all catecholamines sharply increased heart rate, myocardial oxygen consumption, and left ventricular blood flow (p less than 0.01). Because the hearts were unloaded, these data suggest that velocity of contraction is an important component of myocardial oxygen consumption. Although these drugs did not lower myocardial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate (CP) levels, the significant rise in oxygen consumption suggested that inotropic treatment on bypass may not be beneficial. Furthermore, renal blood flow was diminished in dobutamine-treated dogs (p less than 0.01) and tended to decrease with isoproterenol infusion. No change was seen with dopamine infusion. After bypass, dobutamine treatment increased cardiac output (p less than 0.01) and stroke volume (p = 0.017) with no change in heart rate, myocardial oxygen consumption, high-energy phosphate levels, and total or transmural distribution of left ventricular blood flow. Dopamine infusion did not change cardiac output but did increase oxygen consumption (p less than 0.01). Isoproterenol showed a slight inotropic effect, but frequent ventricular arrhythmias were present during weaning from bypass. In all treatment groups, blood flow in the other systemic beds (cerebral, gastrointestinal, and renal) was similar to that in control dogs. These data suggest that dobutamine is the most efficient of the drugs tested for support of the heart following global myocardial ischemia but, when given during bypass, it appears to decrease renal blood flow.     

Hemodynamic and metabolic effects of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) during anesthesia for orthotopic liver transplantation

Recently, the tranjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) has been advocated as a safe bridge to orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). We retrospectively studied 53 consecutive cirrhotic patients who underwent OLT: 27 patients with TIPS were compared to 26 controls. Hemodynamic and oxyphoretic data (Fick method) were collected during six phases of OLT. There were no significant differences in demographic data and Child-Pugh class, nor in surgical time and blood product requirements before the anhepatic phase between TIPS patients and controls. In the TIPS group, we observed a marked hyperdynamic profile with a lower systemic vascular resistance index, higher cardiac index, and depressed oxygen consumption before native liver removal. During the same period, the TIPS group developed a greater acidosis and was treated with a larger amount of Na-HCO₃. Following the anhepatic phase, no differences between the two groups were detected. All transplantations were successful, and no complications related to TIPS were observed. These results seem to be the consequence of a reduced liver function reserve with a direct hemodynamic effect due to the TIPS.     

Enhanced cardiac efficiency with dobutamine after global ischemia

Dopamine and dobutamine are used in low output states following cardiopulmonary bypass but the consequences of increased inotropic activity on myocardium recovering from ischemia is unknown. Dogs on cardiopulmonary bypass were subjected to 20 min of normothermic global ischemia followed by 20 min of reperfusion. Dopamine or dobutamine (both at 10 μg/kg/min) or normal saline infusion was begun and 10 min later the dogs weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass while the infusions continued. Serial measurements were made of regional myocardial and systemic blood flow (15 μm radiolabeled spheres), myocardial oxygen consumption, creatine phosphate, and ATP levels. On bypass mean aortic pressure was decreased and heart rate, oxygen consumption, and left ventricular blood flow were increased by both catecholamine infusions (P < 0.01), but neither drug lowered ATP or creatine phosphate levels. Renal blood flow was decreased in dobutamine-treated dogs (P < 0.01). Off bypass, heart rate and mean aortic pressure were similar in all groups. While both drugs increased left ventricular blood flow to a similar extent (P < 0.01), dopamine treatment raised cardiac output by only 30% (P < 0.05) and dobutamine treatment increased cardiac output by 85% (P < 0.01). In addition, myocardial oxygen consumption was increased in dopamine-treated dogs (P < 0.05) while values in dobutamine animals were similar to controls. Therefore, dobutamine seems advantageous to dopamine following bypass because it increases cardiac output (by increasing stroke volume) but does not increase myocardial oxygen consumption. Both drugs are potentially detrimental on bypass because they greatly increase heart rate and oxygen consumption and, in addition, dobutamine causes an unexplained fall in renal blood flow.     

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??Hepatic vein plasty for reconstructing graft outflow in Piggy-backy liver transplantation WANG Meng-long, LU Shi-chun, CHI Ping, et al. Liver Transplantation Center, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100069, China
Corresponding author??WANG Meng-long,E-mail: mlwangwangml2000@yahoo.com
Abstract??Objective??To investigate the effect of the hepatic vein plasty on the graft outflow in piggy-back liver transplantation. Methods 303 orthotopic liver transplants were performed between June 2004 and November 2008. Piggy-back technique with hepatic vein plasty was used in 84 cases. Results Inferior caval vein pressures were significantly increased less in piggy-back liver transplantation than those in conventional technique without venovenous bypass , but comparable to those with venovenous bypass during anhepatic phase. No hepatic venous outflow obstruction was encountered after piggy back liver transplantation with hepatic vein plasty, and no acute renal failure developed because of this technique. Conclusion Hepatic vein plasty in piggy back liver transplantation is especially applicable to the patients with serious liver diseases requiring stable systemic hemodynamics, and with no worry about graft outflow obstruation.     

去甲肾上腺素对肝移植术中患者血流动力学的影响

目的 观察单用去甲肾上腺素对肝移植术中患者血流动力学的影响.方法 择期行原位肝移植术的晚期肝硬化患者40例.随机均分为去甲肾上腺素组(N组)和多巴胺组(D组).分别于切皮前(T0)、切皮后1 h(T1)、无肝期30 min(T2)、新肝期1 h(T3)及新肝期4 h(T4)监测血流动力学指标.结果 与T0时相比,两组HR在T1～T4时均增快(P<0.05);N组MAP在T2时明显高于D组(P<0.05),而D组HR在T2时又明显高于N组(P<0.05);与T0时相比,两组CVP、平均肺动脉压(MPAP)、心输出量(CO)、心指数(CI)T2时均下降(P<0.05);与T2时相比,两组以上指标在T3时均上升(P<0.05).但组间差异无统计学意义;与T0时相比,两组体循环血管阻力(SVR)及其指数(SVRI)、肺循环血管阻力(PVR)及其指数(PVRI)在T2时均卜升(P<0.05);与T2时相比,两组以上指标在T3时均下降(P<0.05),但组间差异无统计学意义.结论 在晚期肝硬化患者行肝移植手术中,单用去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺均可有效维持血流动力学稳定,且去甲肾上腺素对HR影响小,升高BP效果更明显.     

Continuous monitoring of mixed venous oxygen saturation during orthotopic liver transplantation.

Hemodynamic management is an important issue concerning anesthesia for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) is considered a good index of tissue oxygenation, but controversy exists about the usefulness of monitoring this parameter in different types of surgery. Therefore, a prospective study was performed to determine changes in SvO2 during OLT and to study the correlation between SvO2 and hemodynamic measurements. Thirty patients undergoing transplantation for end-stage liver disease were divided into two groups: group 1 (n = 15, aged 42 +/- 11 years [mean +/- SD]) without venovenous bypass (VVB), and group 2 (n = 15, aged 43 +/- 10 years) with VVB. SvO2 was greater than 74% throughout the procedure and remained stable during dissection and the anhepatic phase. There was a significant increase in SvO2 after unclamping the portal vein in group 1, whereas a significant decrease was observed during the first hour following reperfusion in group 2. There was no correlation among SvO2 and oxygen consumption, arterial oxygen saturation, (SaO2), or hemoglobin concentrations. A statistically significant correlation was found between SvO2 and cardiac index in both groups (group 1: r = 0.58, P = 0.01; group 2: r = 0.51, P = 0.01), but the correlation was relatively poor. Continuous monitoring of SvO2 may be useful, but cannot substitute for intermittent determinations of other hemodynamic or oxygenation parameters.     

乌司他丁对原位肝移植术患者围术期肾功能的影响

目的 评价乌司他丁对原位肝移植术患者围术期肾功能的影响.方法 拟行原位肝移植术的患者60例,性别不限,年龄35～64岁,体重50～75 kg,ASA分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级,血肌酐(Cr)和尿素氮(BUN)未见异常.采用随机数字表法,将患者随机分为2组(n＝30):对照组(C组)和乌司他丁组(U组).麻醉诱导后U组经lh静脉输注乌司他丁400 000 IU(溶于20ml生理盐水中),然后每4h重复静脉输注200000 IU,直至术后48 h;C组给予等容量生理盐水.于无肝前期、无肝期和新肝期记录尿量和呋塞米用量.分别于麻醉诱导前(T1)、无肝期15 min(T2)、新肝期15 min(T3)、术毕(T4)和术后48 h(T5)时采集静脉血和尿液标本,测定血清BUN和Cr的浓度、肌酐清除率和尿N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)活性、微量白蛋白浓度.结果 与C组比较,U组无肝期和新肝期呋塞米用量减少,尿量增加,T2～s时血清Cr浓度降低,肌酐清除率升高,T4,５时尿NAG活性和微量白蛋白浓度降低,T3～５时血清BUN浓度降低(P<0.05).结论 乌司他丁对原位肝移植术患者围术期肾功能有一定的保护作用.