常见垂体腺瘤的临床诊断

垂体腺瘤是发生于腺垂体的良性肿瘤 ,占中枢神经系统肿瘤的 10 %～ 2 0 % ,是颅内最常见的肿瘤之一。根据免疫组织化学将垂体腺瘤按功能进行分类 ,主要有激素分泌活性腺瘤和非激素分泌活性腺瘤两大类。前者包括生长激素瘤 ( GH腺瘤 )、催乳素瘤 ( PRL 腺瘤 )、促肾上腺皮质素瘤 ( ACTH腺瘤 )、Nelson综合征、促甲状腺素瘤 ( TSH腺瘤 )、促性腺素瘤( FSH和 L H腺瘤 ) ;后者包括无功能细胞腺瘤。现将临床比较常见的垂体腺瘤的临床表现介绍如下。1　 GH腺瘤GH腺瘤系因腺垂体生长激素分泌细胞过度分泌 GH所致。成年人若发病在骨骺联合…     

垂体瘤的诊断、鉴别诊断与治疗——常见垂体腺瘤的临床诊断

垂体腺瘤是发生于腺垂体的良性肿瘤，占中枢神经系统肿瘤的10％～20％，是颅内最常见的肿瘤之一。根据免疫组织化学将垂体腺瘤按功能进行分类，主要有激素分泌活性腺瘤和非激素分泌活性腺瘤两大类。前者包括生长激素瘤(GH腺瘤)、催乳素瘤(PRL腺瘤)、促肾上腺皮质素瘤(ACTH腺瘸)、Nelson综合征、促甲状腺素瘤(TSH腺瘤)、促性腺素瘤(FSH和LH腺瘤)；后者包括无功能细胞腺瘤。现将临床比较     

放射性碘治疗毒性甲状腺腺瘤患者的甲状腺结节大小和功能的作用

研究背景:高功能毒性甲状腺腺瘤是甲状腺功能亢进的常见原因。放射性碘治疗此毒性腺瘤是一种有效的方法,并且治疗后甲状腺功能减退发生率低。但是,目前用超声检查客观的评估放射性碘治疗后甲状腺结节大小的研究较少。本文观察放射性碘对高功能甲状腺毒性腺瘤患者甲状腺结节     

溴隐亭治疗垂体生长激素／泌乳素大腺瘤1例报道

垂体生长激素瘤多为大腺瘤,常需手术或生长抑素治疗,但创伤大,费用高.溴隐亭虽然价格便宜,副作用小,但因其对垂体生长激素瘤疗效不佳,常不作为治疗的首选药物.以下报道溴隐亭治疗垂体生长激素/泌乳素大腺瘤1例.     

甲状旁腺腺瘤合并甲状腺残余甲状腺肿的临诊应对

甲状旁腺腺瘤是原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的常见原因之一,常与结节性甲状腺肿同时发生.甲状腺胸腺区甲状腺残余为异位甲状腺的一种,根据与颈部甲状腺的解剖关系分为四级.甲状腺胸腺区甲状腺残余亦可发生结节性甲状腺肿,并与甲状旁腺组织难以区分.本文详细介绍一例甲状旁腺腺瘤合并甲状腺胸腺区甲状腺残余结节性甲状腺肿的诊治,旨在提醒临床医生重视甲状腺胸腺区异位甲状腺组织的病变.     

垂体瘤术后并发垂体前叶功能减退致甲状腺功能减退性心脏病一例

正垂体瘤是常见的颅脑肿瘤,约占颅内肿瘤的5%~20%。根据能否合成和分泌有生物活性的激素,临床上将垂体瘤分为功能性瘤(包括生长激素瘤、泌乳素瘤、促肾上腺皮质激素瘤、促甲状腺激素瘤)和无功能瘤。除泌乳素瘤外,手术(经颅或者经蝶窦入路)是首选的治疗方式。据文献报道,垂体微腺瘤(直径1 cm)手术切除治疗的成功率是70%左右,而大腺瘤则≤30%~([1])。因此,对于大腺瘤,术后定向放疗,如伽玛刀是一种较为安全的辅助治疗方式。术后伽玛刀放疗     

131I治疗甲状腺高功能腺瘤46例临床观察

2002年1月～2005年12月,我院采用131I治疗甲状腺高功能腺瘤患者46例,效果良好.现报告如下. 临床资料:选择门诊及住院的甲状腺高功能腺瘤患者46例,均根据临床表现、甲状腺功能测定、ECT扫描确诊.男20例、女26例,年龄25～76岁、平均46岁;病程6个月～15a,平均8.6a.     

甲状腺功能亢进症的护理对策

甲状腺功能亢进症简称甲亢,是指甲状腺腺体本身产生甲状腺激素过多而引起的甲状腺毒症,既是指组织暴露于过量甲状腺激素条件下发生的一组临床综合征。主要包括有弥漫性毒性甲状腺肿（Graves病）、桥本甲状腺毒症（Hashitoxicosis）、新生儿甲状腺功能亢进症、多结节性毒性甲状腺肿、甲状腺自主高功能腺瘤（Plummer disease）、     

垂体生长激素分泌瘤分子生物学的研究进展

垂体生长激素分泌瘤分子生物学的研究进展唐丹综述史轶蘩审校垂体生长激素分泌瘤（ＧＨ瘤）系人垂体前叶生长激素细胞的腺瘤，其分泌过多的生长激素（ＧＨ），导致肢端肥大症或巨人症。本文将近年来有关垂体ＧＨ分泌瘤发生和发展中的几种基因突变、下丘脑神经内分泌激素的...     

7例甲状腺功能亢进症合并重度黄疸患者临床特点分析

正甲状腺功能亢进症简称甲亢,以毒性弥漫性甲状腺肿(Graves病)最为常见,约占甲亢所有类型的85%[1],其他原因还包括多结节性甲状腺肿伴甲亢、甲状腺自主性高功能腺瘤等。甲亢除累及甲状腺外,还可累及全身多个器官,并出现相应的功能异常甚至器质性损害,当累及肝脏时可引起肝损伤,称为甲亢性肝损伤。近年甲亢性肝损伤发生率逐渐增高,目前文献报道多为轻中度肝损伤,对甲亢合并重度黄疸关注较少。在临床工作中可能因甲亢症状重而忽略肝损伤,或因肝损伤较重而漏诊甲亢,同时在治疗过程中因无法兼顾甲状腺及肝脏而造成诊治困难。本文回顾性分析收治的甲亢合并重度黄疸患者的诊治经过,总结其临床特点,现报告如下。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.