夫西地酸对金黄色葡萄球菌儿童感染株的体外抗菌活性研究

目的 了解夫西地酸对引起儿童感染的金黄色葡萄球菌(金葡菌)的体外抗菌活性,并与其他抗菌药物比较,为临床合理用药提供依据.方法 采用血浆凝固酶、金葡菌单克隆抗体及Vitek-32型仪进行菌株鉴定,纸片琼脂扩散法(K-B法)进行药物敏感性试验,头孢西丁纸片法检测耐甲氧西林金葡菌(MRSA),并用D-试验检测红霉素诱导克林霉素的耐药表型.结果 68株金葡菌中共检测到MRSA 7株,占10.29%,红霉素耐药而克林霉素敏感菌珠5株,诱导试验阳性2株,红霉素诱导克林霉素耐药的菌株占40.00%.全部菌株均对夫西地酸和万古霉素敏感;对青霉素、红霉素、克林霉素、庆大霉素、利福平、复方新诺明和头孢西丁的耐药率分别为98.52%、70.59%、63.24%、20.59%、14.71%、11.76%和10.29%;对头孢唑啉、头孢呋辛及左氧氟沙星的耐药率均为1.47%.结论 夫西地酸对引起儿童感染的金葡菌有很强的体外抗菌活性.     

金黄色葡萄球菌儿童株耐药性研究和mecA基因检测

目的了解金黄色葡萄球菌（简称金葡菌）儿童株对常用抗生素的耐药特点,评价苯唑西林耐药性相关基因raecA-PCR的临床价值。方法用金葡菌乳胶凝集试验和Vitek系统GPI卡鉴定金葡菌,用纸片扩散法完成12种常用抗生素的药敏试验,同时用E-test法进行苯唑西林和万古霉素耐药性检测,并对所有菌株采用PCR技术检测mecA基因。结果金黄色葡萄球菌共259株,包括185株临床株和74株健康携带株,其中95．8％的菌株产生B内酰胺酶而对青霉素G耐药,91．1％的菌株对苯唑西林敏感,对头孢噻肟和头孢曲松的敏感率均为91．9％;对红霉素、四环素、克林霉素、甲氧苄啶磺胺甲基异恶唑、氯霉素、氧氟沙星和利福平的耐药率分别为48．3％、30．9％、21．6％、11．2％、10．0％、2．3％和1．5％;所有菌株均对万古霉素敏感。临床株对苯唑西林、头孢噻肟和头孢曲松的耐药率高于携带株（P〈0．05）,对红霉素的耐药率低于携带株（P〈0．01）。mecA-PCR结果显示：标准株ATCC25923和所有苯唑西林敏感株mecA基因均阴性,中介株mecA基因阳性1株,耐药株中均阳性。结论本研究中金葡菌对苯唑西林的耐药率不高,而mecA-PCR技术可以作为快速检测耐苯唑西林金葡菌的有效方法。     

会议纪要

四、针对某些细菌的联合用药问题:对产酸的金葡菌,因青霉素对其不敏感,可选用苯唑青霉素,氯唑青霉素与第一代头孢菌素或与氨基甙类合用,如第一代头孢菌素也不敏感,还可选用红、氯霉素.对甲氯西林耐药金葡菌((?)ethicillin-resistant     

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目的了解新生儿金黄色葡萄球菌(金葡菌)感染的临床特点及其菌株表型。方法对2004-02—2005-06受金葡菌感染的新生儿进行临床资料分析,并用纸片扩散法完成12种常用抗生素的药敏试验,同时用E-test法进行苯唑西林和万古霉素耐药性检测,并对所有菌株采用PCR技术检测mecA基因。结果金葡菌感染的新生儿共35例,年龄为6~28d,男性21例,女性14例。35例感染儿包括肺炎24例,败血症7例,皮下坏疽2例,皮肤蜂窝织炎伴脓肿形成1例,脐炎1例。药敏结果显示97·1%的菌株产生β内酰胺酶而对青霉素G耐药,82·9%的菌株对苯唑西林敏感,MIC50和MIC90分别为0·5μg/mL和4·0μg/mL;对头孢噻肟和头孢曲松的敏感率均为82·9%;对红霉素、四环素、克林霉素、甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲基异口恶唑、氧氟沙星和氯霉素的耐药率分别为54·3%、37·1%、17·1%、14·3%、5·7%和2·9%;所有菌株均对万古霉素和利福平敏感。MecA-PCR结果显示:6株耐苯唑西林株mecA基因均阳性,而标准株ATCC25923和所有敏感株均阴性。结论新生儿金葡菌感染以呼吸道感染为主,该菌对苯唑西林的耐药率不高。     

金黄色葡萄球菌成人与儿童感染株体外抗菌活性的比较

目的：了解金黄色葡萄球菌(简称金葡菌)的成人感染株与儿童感染株在体外抗菌活性的差异。方法：采用血浆凝固酶、金葡菌单克隆抗体及Vitek-32型仪进行菌株鉴定,纸片琼脂扩散法(K-B法)对84株儿童感染株及74株成人感染株进行药物敏感性试验,耐甲氧西林金葡菌（MRSA）的检测采用头孢西丁纸片法。结果：成人感染株与儿童感染株的MRSA发生率分别为47%和8%,两者之间差异有显著性(P<0.01);所有菌株对万古霉素敏感,所有儿童感染株对夫西地酸敏感;成人感染株与儿童感染株对头孢唑啉、头孢呋辛、头孢西丁、庆大霉素及左氧氟沙星的耐药率差异有显著性（P<0.01）。结论：金葡菌成人感染株较儿童感染株耐药和多重耐药性严重,临床医生应针对不同感染人群合理使用抗菌药物。［中国当代儿科杂志,2009,11（12）：961-963］     

2000~2004京沪穗渝5家儿童医院革兰阳性球菌耐药情况分析

[摘要]探讨我国不同地区儿科主要革兰阳性球菌耐药的情况。方法 对五家儿童专科医院从2000年1月1日至2004年12月31日内检验科送检标本分离出的四种革兰阳性球菌(共计8215株)进行Kirby-Bauer琼脂扩散法进行抗生素敏感试验，并按照每年NCCLS标准进行判读，并计算出所测细菌对抗菌药物的耐药率（R%＋I%）和敏感率（S%）。 结果 从感染患儿中分离出4004株金黄色葡萄球菌，甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）的检出率为7.15%，红霉素总耐药率为61.96%,并且有逐年上升的趋势，4004株金葡菌中未发现对万古霉素耐药或中介的金葡菌；肺炎链球菌共2402株，青霉素不敏感肺炎链球菌（PNSP）的检出率为63.42%，红霉素耐药率为86.22%，两者耐药率均在上升；β溶血性链球菌共432株，对青霉素全部敏感，对红霉素的耐药率为68.47%，且耐药率在逐年增加；肠球菌共1377株，对万古霉素的中度敏感率为2.73%，对氨苄西林的耐药率为51.91%，对红霉素的耐药率高达88.10%。 结论 除了β溶血性链球菌之外，多数G＋细菌对广谱青霉素的耐药率都偏高；G＋细菌对万古霉素和环丙沙星的敏感率较高,但对红霉素的耐药率居高不下并有逐年上升的趋势。MRSA及仍在较低水平，在本研究中没有发现VRSA及VISA，但是仍然要加强各地对革兰阳性球菌耐药性和抗生素使用情况的监测,合理使用抗生素。     

新生儿败血症病原菌十年变迁及耐药性分析

目的 了解本院近10年来新生儿败血症病原菌及其耐药性变迁,以指导临床用药.方法 对1997年3月至2002年3月收治的新生儿败血症(第1组)血培养检出茵、药敏试验结果进行回顾性调查,并与2002年4月至2007年3月的调查结果(第2组)进行比较.结果 10年来新生儿败血症血培养阳性的患儿296例,第1组155例,第2组141例,病原菌以革兰阳性细菌为主,近5年来凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS)感染率明显增加(x2=14.15,P＜0.01),金葡茵感染率显著下降(x2=10.88,P＜0.01),对青霉素、苯唑西林及红霉素有较高的耐药率,多重耐药较明显,耐甲氧西林的凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)及耐甲氧西林的金葡菌(MRSA)感染增多,对万古霉素敏感性较高.革兰阴性杆菌对氨苄西林普遍耐药,对亚胺培南、氨曲南高度敏感,对氨基糖甙类、喹诺酮类及三代头孢菌素敏感性较高,但耐药菌株有增加的趋势.结论 CNS是本院新生儿败血症最主要的病原菌,对青霉素等常用抗生素普遍耐药,多重耐药菌株增加,根据病原茵药敏结果合理使用抗生素.是有效抗感染和延缓耐药菌株产生的必要条件.     

住院新生儿细菌感染的类型及耐药性

目的了解住院新生儿细菌感染的类型及耐药性,以减少临床上应用抗生素的盲目性。方法对2001～2003年新生儿病房住院患儿进行血培养、脐分泌物培养、痰培养测定细菌分离率,并进行耐药实验。结果细菌分离率:2001年为8.3%,2002年为10.8%,2003年为15.3%,分离率有逐年增高趋势;共培养出细菌72株。凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS,30株)、金黄色葡萄球菌(金葡菌,25株)为主要致病菌。金葡菌及CNS对青霉素、红霉素、苯唑西林、氨氯西林/舒巴坦的耐药率>50%,对万古霉素及环丙沙星敏感。结论住院新生儿革兰阳性球菌呈上升趋势,且其耐药性在增加,万古霉素为较为有效的药物之一。临床用药应根据感染部位菌属及药敏结果进行综合分析。     

甲氧西林耐药凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌抗生素耐药性及耐药基因的研究

目的 了解新生儿感染和携带凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS)的抗生素敏感性情况,并对耐甲氧西林CNS株(MRCNS)的mecA基因进行检测。方法 应用常规生化鉴定及微生物的微量鉴定系统(API)法进行MR-CNS分离株菌属鉴定;采用K-B纸片扩散法对114株CNS分离株进行11种抗生素敏感性检测;并建立PCR方法对MRCNS株的mecA耐药基因进行检测。结果 79.8％的CNS分离株对甲氧西林耐药;MRCNS对青霉素、红霉素、头孢唑啉、四环素、复方新诺明、庆大霉素、环丙沙星、氯霉素等8种抗生素耐药率明显高于甲氧西林敏感株(MSCNS),且多重耐药率高达92.3％。MRCNS分离株耐药率高的前三位分别是溶血葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌和人型葡萄球菌,占分型总数(56例)的78.6％(44/56);在91株MRCNS中检出62株mecA基因阳性,检出率为68.1％。结论 我国新生儿感染CNS甲氧西林耐药情况同国外相似,MRCNS对多种抗生素交叉耐药现象十分严重。PCR方法检测mecA基因是一种方便、快速的检测方法,对指导临床治疗很有帮助,值得推广。     

新生儿败血症病原菌及其药敏分析

目的　 了解新生儿败血症病原菌及药物敏感情况 ,以减少临床上应用抗生素的盲目性 ,降低耐药菌的产生。 方法　对 2 0 0 1年 1— 12月收住我院新生儿科临床诊断败血症的 72例患儿进行细菌培养。用法国生物梅里埃微生物鉴定及药物敏感分析仪 ,做细菌鉴定及药敏试验。 结果 　共培养出细菌 73株 ,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌 (3 0株 )及金黄色葡萄球菌 (2 5株 ) ,为主要致病菌。 结论 　几乎全部细菌对青霉素耐药 ,对红霉素及苯唑西林耐药率均超过 75 % ,对万古霉素及环丙沙星高度敏感。几株革兰阴性杆菌对庆大霉素、阿米卡星及第三代头孢菌素敏感     

Skin and soft tissue infection

Abstract. Normal skin is heavily colonized by bacterial flora. The most common are the various nonpathogenic gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus epidermidis (coagulase-negative). Skin and soft tissue infections are usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Streptococcus pyogenes. This article discusses common and some not so common bacterial skin infections, including impetigo, folliculitis, furncles and carbuncles, cellulitis and erysipelas, gangrenous cellulitis, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome and scarlet fever. Impetigo and ecthyma are common bacterial infections of the skin commonly caused by S. aureus and / or Group A streptoccus. In mild and localized impetigo topical antibiotics whereas in widespread or severe one and in ecthyma systemic antibiotics like, cloxacillin, erythromycin, azithromycin or cephalexin should be used. Folliculitis, furunculosis and carbuncle are folliculocentric infections caused by S. aureus involving the variable depth and extent of the follicle(s) and surrounding tissue. These conditions can be treated with topical or systemic antibiotics like cloxacillin, cephalexin, erythromycin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid or vancomycin. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is a toxin mediated exfoliative dermatosis caused by S. aureus of phase group II. Intravenous penicillinase-resistant anti-staphylococcal antibiotics like methicillin, cloxacillin, cephalosporin or erythromycin are required. Erysipelas and cellulitis are acute infections of dermal and subcutaneous tissues caused most frequently by Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (erysipelas) or S. aureus requiring systemic antibiotics like oral or intravenous penicillin, erythromycin, cephalexin, cloxacillin, vacomycin, minocycline or ciprofloxacin depending upon the severity, suspected causative organism and culture/sensitivity results. Gangrenous cellulitis is characterized by infection with necrosis of skin and underlying subcutaneous tissue due to various pathogens occurring at different site. Ampicillin, gentamicin, and either metronidazole or clindamycin intravenously in standard doses are recommended for the treatment.     

四家儿童医院住院肺炎病例肺炎链球菌分离株的耐药性监测

目的：了解从我国住院肺炎儿童分离的肺炎链球菌对抗菌药物的敏感性状况,为临床用药提供依据。方法：肺炎链球菌分离自2006年2月~2007年2月在北京、上海、广州和深圳4家儿童医院住院的肺炎患儿,采用E试验法检测菌株对8种抗生素的敏感性。结果：279株肺炎链球菌对青霉素的不敏感率为86.0％,耐药率达23.3％。在检测的β内酰胺类抗菌药物中,肺炎链球菌对阿莫西林还保持着很高的敏感率（92.1％）,对头孢呋辛和头孢曲松的敏感率分别为19.0％和75.3％。几乎全部菌株（99.6％）对红霉素耐药。万古霉素和氧氟沙星的敏感率分别为99.6％和97.8％。17.6％的分离株对亚胺培南不敏感,以中介株为主。不同地区分离的肺炎链球菌对红霉素、万古霉素和氧氟沙星的敏感状况没有明显不同,但对其他几种抗菌药物的敏感性状况存在差异。结论：从肺炎住院儿童分离的肺炎链球菌对阿莫西林、万古霉素和氧氟沙星敏感率高,对头孢曲松和亚胺培南比较敏感,对青霉素、头孢呋辛和红霉素普遍不敏感或耐药。     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus in children with atopic dermatitis

Background: Skin infection and/or nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in children with atopic dermatitis (AD) is a risk factor for exacerbating disease or subsequent recurrent S. aureus infection. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibilities of S. aureus strains from AD children and determine the most appropriate choice of antibiotics. Methods: Nasal swabs from 168 healthy children with AD and 20 AD children with concurrent skin and soft‐tissue infections (SSTI) were collected in 2005–2008. S. aureus strains were further analyzed for and compared with antibiotic susceptibilities. Results: There were 78 (46.4%) healthy children with AD colonized with S. aureus, and 24 (30.8%) were methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Among the 20 SSTI‐infecting strains, 12 (60%) were MRSA. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that, after penicillin, colonizing and SSTI‐infecting strains had the highest rates of resistance to erythromycin (50% and 70%, respectively). All isolated strains were susceptible to vancomycin, rifampin, and mupirocin. Multi‐drug resistance was found in 70% of the colonizing and 50% of the SSTI‐infecting strains. D‐test assay revealed inducible clindamycin resistance in 75% of the colonizing strains. The most prevalent resistance gene was ermB which was present in 94.9% and 92.9% of colonizing and SSTI‐infecting strains, respectively. Conclusions: This study found that colonizing and SSTI‐infecting strains of S. aureus from AD children had a high prevalence of MRSA and multi‐drug resistance. Trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole, rifampin, fusidic acid and mupirocin appear to be more suitable for treatment and decolonization of S. aureus in AD children.     

B族链球菌的红霉素耐药基因研究

目的 比较不同地区B族链球菌（GBS）对红霉素耐药性的差异及耐药基因谱特点。方法 用琼脂稀释法，测定红霉素、克林霉素对不同地区（北京，广州，俄罗斯圣彼得堡）的113株GBS的最低抑菌浓度（MIC），同时用PCR和核酸杂交的方法，检测红霉素耐药基因mreA、mefA、ermA、ermB、ermC在该批菌株中的出现规律及其与红霉素耐药性的关系。结果 （1）北京、广州两地GBS菌株总耐药率为46％，与克林霉素耐药性的一致率为93．8％；所有ermA基因均来自北京菌株，而广州菌株不含该基因。（2）含ermA和（或）ermB基因的GBS占所有菌株的30．09％，其耐药率高达97．06％，在已检测的GBS菌株中未发现ermC基因。（3）分别有53株和18株含mreA和mefA的GBS以及1株含ermA的菌株仍对红霉素敏感。2株GBS不含上述任何一种基因，但仍对红霉素耐药。结论 （1）北京、广州两地GBS对红霉素普遍具有较高的耐药率，且与大环内酯－林可霉素－链阳性霉素B类抗生素之间存在较严重的交叉耐药，临床使用抗生素时应尽量避免重复选择此类抗生素；（2）ermA和ermB是决定我国北京、广州GBS对红霉素耐药的重要基因；（3）GBS的耐药性还有其他分子生物学机制参与。     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of skin-colonizing S. aureus strains in children with atopic dermatitis

Children with atopic dermatitis (AD) are prone to recurrent cutaneous and occasional systemic infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotic therapy represents an important component of the overall management of AD, especially during exacerbations of disease. Erythromycin is still widely used as a first-line antibiotic for this indication. We studied 115 consecutive children (mean age: 2.7 yr, range: 0.2-15) with moderate to severe AD (mean SCORAD: 43.2, range: 16-77) presenting to our outpatient department. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 100 of 115 (87%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed resistance against erythromycin in 18 and against roxithromycin in 19%, respectively. Six percentage of the strains were resistant or only intermediately susceptible to fusidic acid, 13% to amoxicillin and 1% to clindamycin. All strains isolated were susceptible to oxacillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefadroxil and cefuroxim. The high rate of primary resistance to macrolides should be born in mind when starting antibiotic therapy in children with AD. Since Gram-positive cocci represent the only relevant microbial agents in AD, first generation cephalosporins such as cefadroxil, whose antimicrobial spectrum is basically restricted to Gram-positive bacteria, would appear to be the ideal first-line antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial superinfections.     

2003-2008�걱����ͯҽԺŧ�崯����A��β��Ѫ���������������ҩ�����⼰emm�����о�

目的研究北京儿童医院脓疱疮患儿临床分离A组β溶血性链球菌(GAS)及其对抗菌药物的敏感性情况。方法收集北京儿童医院2003—2008年收治的1735例脓疱疮儿童皮损部位分离出的52株GAS菌株,采用琼脂稀释法测定9种抗菌药物的最低抑菌质量浓度(MIC)值;用聚合酶链反应方法对上述菌株进行大环内酯类抗生素耐药基因ermB、ermA和mefA检测以及emm分型情况。结果分离株对四环素及大环内酯类抗生素耐药率均为100%,MIC>256mg/L;对青霉素、头孢拉啶及氧氟沙星的敏感率高达100%。大环内酯类抗生素耐药基因ermB、ermA和mefA和阳性率分别为92.30%、7.70%和0;分离株的emm分型最常见的为emm12.0(53.85%),emm1.0(36.54%)。结论北京儿童医院收治的脓疱疮儿童GAS感染流行菌株对大环内酯类抗生素耐药率很高,主要耐药机制为ermB编码的23SrRNA甲基化酶导致靶位改变,在北京地区青霉素类和头孢菌素类抗生素仍是治疗GAS感染首选药物。     

Topical mupirocin vs. systemic erythromycin treatment for pyoderma

Although topical antibiotics have been considered less than effective agents in the treatment of "impetigo," recent experience suggests that topical therapy has a place as primary treatment of pyoderma and impetigo. This bacteriologically controlled, randomized study compared the safety and efficacy of mupirocin with oral erythromycin in the treatment of pyoderma and impetigo. A total of 29 mupirocin-treated and 30 erythromycin-treated patients completed the study. None of the mupirocin-treated patients reported adverse experiences compared with 4 erythromycin-treated patients who reported 6 adverse experiences. The mupirocin-treated group had a significantly higher benefit:risk ratio than the erythromycin-treated group as measured by the investigator's global evaluation (P = 0.01). Both treatments eradicated 100% of the two most common pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. Results from this study demonstrate that mupirocin is as effective as systemic erythromycin ethylsuccinate for treatment of pyoderma and impetigo.     

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Empyema in Children

Over a 14 year period, there were 20 patients who presented with staphylococcal empyema from whom methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was isolated. Twelve cases were community-acquired and 8 were hospital-acquired infections. Patients were treated with penicillinase-resistant penicillin, cephalosporin or carbapenem in combination with or without aminoglycoside. They were also treated with drainage or thoracentesis. However, they were refractory to treatment and 7 patients, 6 of whom were suffering from bacteremia, died. One bacteremic patient was treated with vancomycin and was cured. In an area of endemic MRSA, vancomycin may be the first choice in the initial treatment of staphylococcal empyema until antimicrobial susceptibility can be determined.