神经母细胞瘤相关的眼阵挛-肌阵挛综合征1例

目的 分析神经母细胞瘤(NB)相关的眼阵挛-肌阵挛综合征(OMS)的临床特征,提高对本病的认识.方法 NB相关的OMS患儿1例,结合文献对其临床特征予以分析.结果 NB可以 OMS为首发症状出现,主要症状为眼球阵挛、肌阵挛、共济失调、运动和语言发育倒退、易激惹.脑电图无异常放电,头颅MRI无异常改变.病初误诊为病毒性小脑炎,胸部常规影像学检查发现纵隔肿瘤,病理诊断为NB(分化型),肿瘤切除后OMS症状无明显改善,激素治疗OMS有效,眼球阵挛首先缓解,肌阵挛、共济失调恢复滞后,运动和语言发育倒退现象好转.结论 NB相关的OMS主要临床表现为眼球阵挛、肌阵挛、共济失调、行为改变.常规行躯干部影像学检查有助于NB的发现,肿瘤切除无助于OMS症状改善.绝大多数患儿可长期生存,但神经系统易遗留认知缺陷、行为异常,远期预后不良.     

儿童眼球阵挛-肌阵挛综合征14例临床特征及治疗分析

总结儿童眼球阵挛-肌阵挛综合征（OMS）的临床特征及对促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）治疗反应。方法　对北京大学第一医院儿科2006—2010年收治的14例OMS患儿的临床表现、体征、实验室检查及治疗效果、复发情况进行评估。结果　14例OMS中男8例,女6例。发病年龄12～44个月（平均20.7个月）,主要症状为眼球阵挛、肌阵挛、共济失调、睡眠障碍、易激惹。其中1例合并神经母细胞瘤。所有患儿脑电图均未见异常放电。明确诊断前14例均被误诊,其中7例误诊为急性小脑共济失调,3例误诊为癫痫,3例曾误诊为脑炎,1例误诊为遗传代谢病。14例均予ACTH治疗且均有效,7例在ACTH治疗后3～12个月（平均5.7个月）复发。结论　OMS是一种罕见的神经系统自身免疫性疾病,多见于婴幼儿,且与神经母细胞瘤相关。临床表现为快速、不自主、无规律的眼球运动（眼球阵挛）、肌阵挛、共济失调、睡眠障碍、行为改变,因目前对本病认识不足,易被误诊。ACTH治疗有效,但易复发且神经系统后遗症明显,远期预后不良。     

纵隔神经母细胞瘤伴眼阵挛-肌阵挛综合征及肠道功能异常一例并文献复习

目的:探讨纵隔神经母细胞瘤伴眼阵挛-肌阵挛综合征（opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome ,OMS ）的临床特征及诊治方法。方法:分析复旦大学附属儿科医院2020年10月收治的1例年龄为2岁10个月的纵隔神经母细胞瘤伴OMS及肠道功能异常女童的临床资料。以"神经母细胞瘤"、"眼阵挛-肌阵挛综合征"、...     

儿童神经母细胞瘤合并眼球阵挛-肌阵挛综合征1例

眼球阵挛-肌阵挛综合征(Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome,OMS)是一种少见的神经系统疾病。现报告1例典型病例。1病历摘要患儿女,10个月13天。以全身抖动1个月后,频繁眨眼、眼球乱动半个月为主诉于2011-01-28入成都市妇女儿童中心医院。患儿1个月前无诱因出现全身快速抖动一下或数下,醒睡均有,每日2～3次,未处理,半个月后自     

眼球阵挛-肌阵挛综合征的临床诊治分析

目的 总结眼球阵挛.肌阵挛综合征(OMS)的临床特征及治疗经验,以提高诊疗水平.方法 对北京大学第一医院儿科2006至2007年收治的6例OMS患儿的临床、实验室资料及治疗情况进行分析.结果 6例中男1例,女5例,发病年龄12～26个月(平均21个月),其中4例病前有前驱感染史.就诊时主要症状为眼球阵挛、肌阵挛、共济失调、睡眠障碍、行为改变(6例).1例尿检3-甲氧基-4-羟基-苦杏仁酸(VMA)阳性,4例患儿腹部B超提示肝脏轻度增大,3例脑电图背景活动减慢,所有患儿均未见癎样放电.头颅MRI检查1例示内侧纵束、顶盖脊髓束T2高信号,1例腹部CT示L3-4蛛网膜囊肿,余患儿胸腹部CT未见异常.6例均给予促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)治疗,急性期有效.2例在随访过程中复发.结论 OMS是一种罕见的神经系统疾病,临床表现为眼球阵挛,并伴肌阵挛、共济失调、睡眠障碍和行为改变,容易复发且神经系统后遗症明显.ACTH治疗有效.     

利妥昔单抗治疗复发性眼球阵挛-肌阵挛综合征的疗效观察

目的　总结利妥昔单抗对复发性眼球阵挛-肌阵挛综合征（OMS）的疗效。方法　分析北京大学第一医院儿科2012年9月至2015年10月收治的5例复发性OMS应用利妥昔单抗治疗前后的临床资料及随访情况。结果　5例发病年龄为13～20个月（平均16.8个月）,入院时病程10～31个月（平均病程16.8个月）。5例均在接受利妥昔单抗治疗前曾接受过激素、大剂量人免疫球蛋白单用或联合治疗,均疗效欠佳并复发。5例均接受利妥昔单抗治疗,随访最短14个月,最长46个月;其中4例临床症状基本控制,1例在随访中复发,但症状较前有减轻。用药期间及随访中未观察到明显不良反应。结论　对复发性的OMS患儿,利妥昔单抗可能是一种安全、有效的治疗手段,但需要大样本的随机对照研究进一步证实。     

颈部肌阵挛伴失神发作2例报告并文献复习

目的探讨儿童颈部肌阵挛伴失神发作的临床特征。方法回顾分析2例以颈部肌阵挛伴失神为发作类型的儿童癫痫的临床和脑电图特征,并复习相关文献。结果 2例均为男孩,起病年龄分别为7岁9个月、9岁10个月,出生史及生长发育史无异常,无遗传性疾病及癫痫家族史。头颅影像无异常。视频脑电图(VEEG)显示背景节律无异常,发作间期睡眠期记录到前头部或广泛性棘波、棘慢波,发作均表现为节律性摇头运动伴头颈向一侧偏转,伴意识障碍,持续约6～13 s;发作期脑电图为广泛性极高波幅3 Hz左右棘慢波节律爆发,一侧胸锁乳突肌伴有与棘波同步的约50 ms节律性肌电爆发且伴有强直电位,过度换气能诱发发作,无光敏感。基因检测无异常。患儿经丙戊酸钠治疗后发作控制。文献检索国外共报道经VEEG证实为颈部肌阵挛伴失神发作患儿4例,起病年龄为4岁9月～12岁,1种或2种抗癫痫药物治疗4个月～3年后发作控制。结论颈部肌阵挛伴失神发作是一种具有独立脑电-临床特征的全面性癫痫发作类型。     

系统化疗基础上联合大剂量丙种球蛋白及泼尼松对神经母细胞瘤患儿阵挛症状控制的可行性北大核心CSCD

目的探讨系统化疗基础上间断应用大剂量丙种球蛋白（HD－IVIG）冲击联合泼尼松免疫治疗控制神经母细胞瘤（NB）患儿阵挛症状的可行性。方法回顾性分析2011年5月至2017年2月首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院收治的8例合并阵挛症状的NB患儿的临床资料,包括一般资料、肿瘤情况、神经系统症状、治疗及预后等。随访截止至2017年3月1日。结果8例患儿中男3例,女5例;起病年龄10.0-35.5个月（中位年龄17.5个月）;出现阵挛症状至确诊后开始治疗时间为1.25-6.50个月（中位时间为3.60个月）。本组8例NB患儿均出现躯干及肢体阵挛等神经系统副肿瘤综合征表现,其中合并眼阵挛肌阵挛综合征（OMS）5例。患儿均初次就诊于首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院或当地医院神经科。原发瘤灶位于双侧肾上腺、骶前区各1例,单侧肾上腺、腹膜后、纵隔各2例。影像学检查显示仅1例原发瘤灶直径〉5 cm。除1例存在肿瘤局部椎体侵犯外,其他7例均未见远处转移。病初神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）升高4例;尿香草扁桃酸（VMA）升高1例;乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）升高5例,但均〈500 IU/L。8例患儿中,6例肿瘤病理类型为NB,其中分化型4例,分化差型2例;节细胞性神经母细胞瘤（GNB）2例,其中结节型1例,混杂型1例。肿瘤N－MYC均无扩增。临床分期：Ⅱ期5例,Ⅲ期3例。临床分组：中危组7例,低危组1例。除1例患儿因经济原因诊治不规律,阵挛症状未见明显改善,目前除失访外,其余患儿均在系统化疗基础上给予间断HD－IVIG冲击及泼尼松口服的免疫治疗：HD－IVIG在整体系统化疗6-8疗程期间多次冲击治疗（每疗程2 g/kg,每月1次）,应用丙种球蛋白的同时,给予患儿口服泼尼松,自足量开始口服,疗程1.0-5.5个月,平均3个月,后开始缓慢减量,随访至今,已停用激素者4例,总疗程8-12个月,平均10个月。4例患儿于治疗后1个月即阵挛症状好转,5-12个月症状消失;2例分别于治疗后3个月及停药后半年阵挛好转,其中1例治疗后1年症状完全消失,1例随访至今仍有轻度阵挛症状。除1例失访患儿外,其余患儿原发病定期瘤灶评估提示病情均处于稳定状态。结论系统规律化疗基础上间断应用HD－IVIG冲击联合泼尼松免疫治疗可有效控制NB患儿的阵挛症状。阵挛症状干预时间越早,神经系统症状恢复时间越快。     

并发眼阵挛肌阵挛综合征的神经母细胞瘤影像学特征及其在早期诊断中的价值

目的 探讨并总结儿童神经母细胞瘤并发眼阵挛肌阵挛综合征(NB-OMS)的肿物影像学特征,以指导临床早期诊断,避免误诊。方法 采用病例对照研究,以北京大学第一医院2007年1月—2022年12月诊断的NB-OMS患儿为病例组,按照1∶1的比例,收集同时期、同一家医院诊治、同年龄(月龄相差<6个月)、同性别的单纯神经母细胞瘤(NB)患儿为对照组,影像学资料由两位影像科医师重新读片分析。结果 (1) NB-OMS组患儿34例,男21例,女13例,发病中位年龄为18(6-48)个月;对照组发病中位年龄为20(8-50)个月。(2)所有NB-OMS患儿都因增强CT和/或MRI检查发现肿物而得到临床诊断,手术切除肿物病理证实诊断。(3) NB-OMS组患儿肿物位于肾上腺者仅占17.6%,其余均位于脊柱旁,其中位于胸椎旁、腰椎旁和骶椎旁者分别占32.4%、38.2%和11.8%;单纯NB组肿物位于肾上腺者占55.9%,其余分别位于胸椎旁(14.7%)、腰椎旁(14.7%)、骶椎旁(2.9%)和颈椎旁(11.8%)(P<0.01)。(4)与单纯NB组肿物影像特征相比,NB-OMS组肿物最大...     

肌阵挛-失张力癫痫研究进展

肌阵挛-失张力癫痫过去称为肌阵挛-站立不能性癫痫(myoclonic-astatic epilepsy),于1970年由德国医生Hermann Doose首次报道,故又称Doose综合征。国际抗癫     

Acute transverse myelitis following an opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome: An unusual presentation

Opso-myoclonus syndrome (OMS) is a very rare and severe condition. Ataxia, opsoclonus, myoclonus and/or behavioral and sleeping disturbances define that autoimmune disorder syndrome which is paraneoplastic or triggered by an infection. Here, we report a 3 year-old immunocompetent boy who developed an atypical OMS which was later complicated by an acute transverse myelitis. Screening for neuroblastoma was negative and extensive infectious screening revealed an active HHV-6 infection confirmed by blood and cerebrospinal fluid PCR. A parainfectious disease was suggested and immunosuppressive treatment was initiated. After 2 years of follow-up, the patient has a left leg paresia needing a splint and is otherwise normal. Transverse myelitis can be associated with parainfectious OMS and earlier immunosuppressive treatment in these cases may be useful especially in young and immunocompetent children.     

Paraneoplastic opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome associated with inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor in a pediatric patient

Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (OMS) is a rare neurological syndrome caused by a paraneoplastic autoimmune process that affects children with neuroblastic tumors. Treatment includes corticosteroids, intravenous gamma globulin (IVIG), rituximab, and other immunosuppressive therapies. Here, we describe a patient diagnosed with OMS associated with a localized inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. The patient has no evidence of tumor recurrence following surgical resection with 8‐month follow‐up. The neurologic symptoms resolved with corticosteroids and IVIG. This case demonstrates that in children, neoplasms other than neuroblastoma may be associated with this paraneoplastic syndrome, and highlights the importance of evaluating patients with OMS for underlying malignancies.     

Immunological mechanisms in opsoclonus-myoclonus associated neuroblastoma

Opsclonus-myoclonus syndrome is a rare paraneoplastic disorder, often associated with malignancies including neuroblastoma (NB), the most common solid tumor of childhood derived from the sympathetic nervous system. The pathogenesis of this syndrome is still undefined but is suspected to be the result of an autoimmune response. In this respect, different autoantibodies binding to neurons or cerebellar Purkinje cells have been detected in OMS-associated NB. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis of NB affecting children with OMS demonstrated the presence of interstitial or perivascular lymphoid infiltrates resembling secondary lymphoid follicles. Immunophenotyping of these lymphoid cells showed the existence of a mesh of CD21⁺ follicular dendritic cells, numerous CD20⁺ B lymphocytes in the germinal center and the mantle zone of the follicle and few CD3⁺ T lymphocytes in a perifollicular area. Since information is lacking about the mechanism involved in ectopic lymphoid neogenesis of OMS-associated NB, we are currently investigating the role of different chemokines and their cognate receptors in the recruitment of lymphoid cells within tumor mass of OMS-associated NB. Here, we review some recent data about the pathogenesis of OMS-associated with NB.     

Chronic relapsing opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome: combination of cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone pulses.

Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (OMS) is a rare and debilitating disorder of unknown etiology affecting children and adults. Outcome is unfavourable; approximately 80% of children with OMS suffer from mild to severe neurological handicaps, mainly cognitive impairment. A standard therapy does not exist. Due to the possible immune-mediated mechanisms, treatment with steroids, ACTH, plasmapheresis and immunoglobulins can be successful. However, some children become steroid dependent and symptoms may reoccur after treatment has been finished. We present two girls with OMS, who had a prolonged clinical course lasting 4 and 9 years with many relapses. Both children developed symptoms around the age of two years. Diagnostic work-up to exclude neuroblastoma was negative. Several treatment modalities including oral steroids, dexamethasone pulses, immunoglobulin and cyclosporine were used without lasting success. In addition, cognitive impairment developed in both children. In order to prevent further clinical and mental deterioration, 6 pulses of cyclophosphamide in combination with dexamethasone pulses every 4 weeks were administered. Both children showed significant improvement of OMS symptoms. One girl is still symptom free 18 months after treatment, mild ataxia developed in the other after 12 months. Both children are mentally handicapped and in special need schools. We conclude that combination of cyclophosphamide pulses and dexamethasone pulse therapy is a therapeutic option even after a long clinical course to improve symptoms of OMS.     

Treatment of neuroblastoma-related opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome with high-dose dexamethasone pulses

Opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia-syndrome (OMS) represents a rare neuroblastoma-associated paraneoplastic syndrome that commonly results in neurologic deficits despite tumor resection and immunosuppressive therapy. We describe the response of five such children to high-dose dexamethasone pulses including two patients in whom previous glucocorticoids, rituximab, and cytostatic drugs were not successful. All patients had MYCN non-amplified tumors that were detected 1 to 7 months after the onset of the OMS or ataxia. This treatment resulted in a good partial response in three and in complete remission in two patients. Our results show that dexamethasone pulses are likely to be useful for both, first-line- and salvage-therapy for OMS-patients.     

Mycoplasma pneumoniae associated opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome in three cases

Opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome (OMS) is a rare acquired movement disorder occurring in all age groups, predominantly in infants. Although the exact pathogenesis is still undefined, there is strong evidence for a paraneoplastic or parainfectious immune process resulting in central nervous system dysfunction. Mycoplasma pneumoniae has been implicated in a number of immune-mediated neurologic diseases [28]. However, the association of M. pneumoniae and opsoclonus–myoclonus–ataxia syndrome is not well established so far. We present three cases with opsoclonus–myoclonus–ataxia syndrome in adolescents following an infection with M. pneumoniae. Monophasic disease course and full recovery correspond to the favorable prognosis known from parainfectious cases in young adults. This should affect therapeutic consideration. OMS should be added to the spectrum of M. pneumoniae-associated neurologic complications. Nevertheless, neuroblastoma has to be ruled out in all cases of OMS.     

Rituximab for treatment of opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome in neuroblastoma

Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (OMS) is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome that occurs in 2%-3% of patients with neuroblastoma. The cause of this syndrome is believed to be immune mediated, but the exact mechanism still remains unclear. There is an urgent need to improve our current strategies for treating patients with OMS, as many patients have significant long-term neurologic deficits and behavior disorders with current treatment approaches. Therapies that have shown to improve symptoms in these patients have ranged from ACTH and corticosteroids, to intravenous gammaglobulin and plasmapheresis. We report our experience with Rituximab in a patient with neuroblastoma and OMS.     

Pervasive developmental disorders not otherwise specified. A developmental-psychopathological approach for the development of made-to-measure treatment planning.

Diagnosis and classification of autism and related pervasive developmental disorders is both easy and difficult. Infantile autism is a characteristic syndrome on which many publications have appeared in the last 50 years. Conversely, the diagnosis and even the classification of children with pervasive developmental disorders related to autism is difficult. Although children with these disorders are twice as numerous as children with infantile autism, growing attention has been directed to at the latter group since the last decade. In this paper, autism and related disorders are described as a developmental disorder as well as a spectrum disorder. The spectrum of clinical symptoms can be explained, of which infantile autism is the most severe and prototypical manifestation. A working model is presented which accounts for all the problems of children with pervasive developmental disorders. An illustration of working with the model in practice is also given. The main lines of treatment and stages in treatment are briefly described.     

Opsoclonus-myoclonus and anti-Hu positive limbic encephalitis in a patient with neuroblastoma

Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (OMS) is seen in 2-3% of children with neuroblastoma and is believed to be caused by an autoimmune process elicited by the tumor. Although long-term neurologic sequelae are common in children with OMS, limbic encephalitis has not previously been reported. We report a child who developed limbic encephalitis associated with anti-Hu antibodies, 6 years after her initial diagnosis of neuroblastoma and OMS. This case demonstrates that patients with neuroblastoma and OMS are at risk for developing new paraneoplastic symptoms years after their original diagnosis and emphasizes the need for careful long-term follow-up.     

Opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome following rotavirus gastroenteritis

Opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome (OMS) is a rare neurologic disorder characterized by opsoclonus, myoclonus, ataxia and behavioral disturbance. In the pathogenesis, an autoimmune process with infectious or paraneoplastic trigger has been suggested. We describe the case of a 22‐month‐old girl with OMS following rotavirus gastroenteritis. Rotavirus should be considered in the differential diagnosis of OMS in children.