儿童吞气症12例临床分析

目的 提高对儿童功能性胃肠疾病吞气症的临床认识和诊断水平.方法 回顾性分析12例儿童功能性胃肠疾病吞气症临床资料.结果 12例吞气症均符合儿童功能性胃肠病的罗马Ⅲ诊断标准.儿童吞气症临床主诉为腹胀12例(100.0%),可以看见的或不自主的吞气现象12例(100.0%),频繁嗳气11例(91.7%),食欲不振11例(91.7%),心理上有不同程度的压力8例(66.7%),反复腹痛6例(50.0%),慢性腹泻1例(8.3%)和急性腹痛2例(16.7%).腹胀晨起较轻,随着不自主的吞气现象和进食后逐渐开始明显,越进食越加重饱胀感.睡觉时腹胀基本消失.影像学检查显示胃肠道有大量气体,无液平面.结论 儿童吞气症是功能性胃肠疾病,容易漏诊和误诊,发病率有上升趋势.     

儿童吞气症35例临床特征及治疗分析

目的探讨儿童吞气症的临床特征、诊断和治疗。方法回顾分析2014年1月-2018年12月诊治的35例吞气症患儿的临床资料,并复习相关文献。结果 35例患儿中男24例、女11例,中位年龄57个月,中位病程3个月。35例患儿均有吞气样动作及腹胀表现,其次有腹痛或腹部不适20例(57.14%)、嗳气15例(42.86%)、呕吐11例(31.43%)、稀便10例(28. 57%)、肛门排气增多9例(25. 71%),其他少见表现为便秘6例(17. 14%)、食欲下降5例(14. 29%)、体质量下降5例(14.29%)、头痛2例(5.71%)。19例(54.29%)患儿有可疑诱因。主要辅助检查为X线平片发现胃肠道充气明显而无液平。给予针对诱因及病情的宣传教育,减少吞气样动作及对症处理。33例(94.29%)患儿缓解,2例(5.71%)合并智力发育迟缓者疗效不佳;5例(14.29%)症状反复。结论不同年龄儿童均可发生吞气症,且多有一定的诱因,主要表现为弥漫性腹胀及吞气样动作,X线平片胃肠道充气明显而无液平可为其唯一特征,针对诱因的治疗效果更明显。     

46例儿童吞气症单中心回顾性分析

目的 探讨儿童吞气症的临床特点。方法 对2011年10月至2019年9月南京医科大学附属儿童医院中心诊治的46例吞气症患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 46例吞气症患儿中,15例（33%）合并多发性抽动症（TS）。腹胀为最主要的症状（45例,98%）。24 h食管阻抗检测显示,24 h气体吞咽次数平均为341次,24 h气体反流次数平均为212次,直立位气体反流占总气体反流比例为95%。合并TS患儿与未合并TS患儿相比,吞气症状发生率明显高于单纯吞气症患儿（67% vs 6%,P < 0.001）,其他症状及24 h食管阻抗结果二者无明显差异。通过饮食调整、心理行为治疗及药物干预,患儿临床症状评分、儿童生活质量评分均得到明显改善,其中心理行为治疗为重要干预措施之一。结论 部分吞气症患儿合并TS,合并TS的患儿吞气症状更常见;心理行为治疗为吞气症患儿重要的治疗方法之一,患儿预后良好。     

46例儿童吞气症单中心回顾性分析

目的 探讨儿童吞气症的临床特点。方法 对2011年10月至2019年9月南京医科大学附属儿童医院中心诊治的46例吞气症患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 46例吞气症患儿中，15例（33%）合并多发性抽动症（TS）。腹胀为最主要的症状（45例，98%）。24 h食管阻抗检测显示，24 h气体吞咽次数平均为341次，24 h气体反流次数平均为212次，直立位气体反流占总气体反流比例为95%。合并TS患儿与未合并TS患儿相比，吞气症状发生率明显高于单纯吞气症患儿（67% vs 6%，P < 0.001），其他症状及24 h食管阻抗结果二者无明显差异。通过饮食调整、心理行为治疗及药物干预，患儿临床症状评分、儿童生活质量评分均得到明显改善，其中心理行为治疗为重要干预措施之一。结论 部分吞气症患儿合并TS，合并TS的患儿吞气症状更常见；心理行为治疗为吞气症患儿重要的治疗方法之一，患儿预后良好。     

内镜逆行阑尾炎治疗术在儿童急性阑尾炎中的应用

目的探讨运用内镜逆行阑尾炎治疗术(endoscopic retrograde appendicitis therapy, ERAT)治疗儿童急性阑尾炎的临床应用价值。方法收集2019年9月至2021年5月在山东大学齐鲁儿童医院诊断为急性阑尾炎并行ERAT治疗的64例患儿的相关资料。其中, 男47例, 女17例;年龄为(8.7±2.6)岁;从发病到入院就诊时间为(3.6±1.5) d, 范围为1～7 d。阑尾炎并粪石12例, 阑尾周围脓肿2例, 阑尾炎合并异物2例;非复杂性阑尾炎62例, 复杂性阑尾炎2例。主要临床表现为腹痛, 占96.9%(62/64), 其中右下腹固定点压痛33例, 上腹部或脐周痛26例, 转移性腹痛3例;恶心、呕吐占31.3%(20/64), 发热占10.9%(7/64), 腹泻占9.4%(6/64)。血常规检查显示白细胞升高占59.4%(38/64)。腹部B型超声检查结果提示阑尾腔增宽占45.3%(29/64), 阑尾粪石占18.8%(12/64), 阑尾周围脓肿占3.1%(2/64), 阑尾未见明显异常占32.8%(21/64)。14.1%(9/64)的患儿行腹...     

支气管扩张症38例临床特征

目的探讨儿童支气管扩张症的临床特点,为其早期诊断和及时治疗提供依据。方法收集复旦大学附属儿科医院1992年1月-2008年12月收治的38例支气管扩张症患儿(男21例,女17例;年龄4个月～15岁)的临床资料,从其病因、临床表现、肺功能、影像学检查及治疗等方面进行分析。结果支气管扩张症38例病因包括感染性因素27例(71.1%),免疫缺陷病3例(7.9%),支气管异物、先天性因素各2例(各5.3%),肺隔离症1例(2.6%),其他4例(10.5%)。临床表现为长期咳嗽38例(100%),咳痰30例(78.9%),咯血18例(47.4%)。影像学以胸部CT为依据,其中呈囊状、囊泡状改变29例(76.3%),柱状改变3例(7.9%),2种改变同时存在6例(15.8%)。结论儿童时期的肺部感染是支气管扩张症常见病因,特别是结核、麻疹及重症细菌性感染,而常见变异型免疫缺陷病患儿有发生支气管扩张症的危险。肺功能检查是评价支气管扩张症患者病变严重程度的重要手段。支气管扩张症的治疗应重在预防,对于反复肺部感染的患儿,有必要行高分辨率CT检查,以利于早期诊治。     

儿童吞气症78例病例系列报告

目的 提高临床对儿童吞气症的认识.方法 纳入2017年6月至2020年5月在广州市妇女儿童医疗中心消化科就诊、年龄1～18岁、诊断包括"吞气症"且遵医嘱进行门诊随访的连续病例,从病历系统中截取患儿的临床资料和随访记录.结果 78例吞气症患儿纳入本文分析,男51例、女27例,年龄1.4～12岁,<4岁13例(16.7％)...     

儿童腹腔结核病30例诊断分析

目的 提高对儿童腹腔结核病的认识和诊断水平.方法 回顾性总结北京儿童医院住院治疗的30例腹腔结核病例的临床特点、诊断过程及预后资料,探讨各种诊断方法的临床意义.结果 20例患儿初诊为上呼吸道感染、胃肠炎、消化不良等疾病,另6例诊断为肺结核,初诊即诊断为腹腔结核者仅4例.30例中21例(70%)有腹痛、腹胀,腹泻或便秘等症状;均有腹部阳性体征(腹腔积液1O例次,腹部揉面感9例次,腹部压痛8例次,腹部包块4例次,肝脾肿大3例次).24例伴发腹腔外结核.PPD阳性28例(93%),腹部超声结果全部异常.剖腹探查3例,结肠镜活检2例,均获确诊;24例获临床诊断患儿经正规抗结核治疗效果明显.结论 儿童腹腔结核病初诊时容易被误诊,应引起重视;大多数患儿具有消化道症状和体征;腹腔外结核的存在是协助诊断的重要依据;PPD检查和腹部超声检查是诊断的重要依据;结肠镜和剖腹探查能够获得确切诊断证据.     

儿童支气管扩张症22例临床分析

目的探讨儿童支气管扩张症的病因、临床表现、影像学改变、实验室检查以及治疗方法。方法对临床诊断为支气管扩张症的22例患儿的资料进行分析。结果患儿临床表现为进行性慢性持续性或间歇性咳嗽、咳痰、咯血、杵状指等;入院前多被诊断为支气管肺炎、哮喘或肺结核等;体液免疫异常16例(72.7%),细胞免疫异常15例(68.2%),普通X线胸片显示无异常4例(18.2%),高分辨率CT表现为单纯柱状即表现有双轨征3例(13.6%)、囊状葡萄串状阴影4例(18.2%)、蜂窝状2例(9.1%)、曲张形囊柱状即支气管呈粗细不均的改变6例(27.3%)、棒状或结节状2例(9.1%);病变累及左、右下叶12例(54.5%),右中叶8例(36.4%)。结论支气管扩张症的病因主要是肺部感染,病程迁延而危重,症状多持续或反复,易误诊或漏诊,依据临床表现和实验室以及必要的影像学检查是早期诊断的关键,治疗较困难,须采用综合治疗。     

��ͯ�������������Լ���

根据罗马Ⅲ标准,儿童上消化道功能性疾病包括呕吐和吞气症(青少年反刍综合征、周期性呕吐综合征、吞气症),腹痛相关的功能性胃肠病(功能性消化不良)。本文主要阐述周期性呕吐综合征和功能性消化不良。1小儿周期性呕吐综合征近年儿科界对周期性呕吐综合征(cyclic vomiting syn-drome,CVS)的定义[1]为:3次或更多次的发作性的顽固的恶心和呕吐,每次发作持续数小时至数日,2次发作间有长达数周至数月的完全无症状的间歇期。患者不存在任何代谢、神经、胃肠等各系统的异常。1.1流行病学[1-3]CVS确切的流行病学尚未完全清楚。20世纪60年代报道为…     

Clinical features of pathologic childhood aerophagia: early recognition and essential diagnostic criteria

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the early recognition and diagnosis of pathologic childhood aerophagia to avoid unnecessary diagnostic approaches and serious complications. METHODS: Between 1995 and 2003, data from 42 consecutive patients with pathologic childhood aerophagia, aged 2 to 16 years, were reviewed. An esophageal air sign was defined as an abnormal air shadow on the proximal esophagus adjacent to the trachea on a full-inflated chest radiograph. RESULTS: Of the 42 patients, the chief complaints were abdominal distention (52.4%), recurrent abdominal pain syndrome (21.4%), chronic diarrhea (11.9%), acute abdominal pain (7.1%) and others (7.2%). Mean symptom duration before diagnosis was 10.6 months (range, 1 to 60 months), and it exceeded 12 months for 16 (38.1%) patients. The clinical features common to all patients were abdominal distention that increased progressively during the day, increased flatus on sleep, increased bowel sound on auscultation and an air-distended stomach with increased gas in the small and large bowel by radiography. Visible or audible air swallowing (26.2%) and repetitive belching (9.5%) were also noted. Esophageal air sign was observed in 76.2% of the patients and in 9.7% of the controls (P=0.0001). The subgroups of pathologic childhood aerophagia divided by underlying associations were pathologic childhood aerophagia without severe mental retardation (76.2%), which consisted of psychological stresses and uncertain condition, and pathologic childhood aerophagia with severe mental retardation (23.8%). CONCLUSIONS: The common manifestations of pathologic childhood aerophagia may be its essential diagnostic criteria, and esophageal air sign may be useful for the early recognition of pathologic childhood aerophagia. Our observations show that the diagnostic clinical profiles suggested by Rome II criteria should be detailed and made clearer if they are to serve as diagnostic criteria for pathologic childhood aerophagia.     

Colon perforation due to pathologic aerophagia in an intellectually disabled child

Aerophagia, characterized by symptoms related to repetitive swallowing of air, is a functional gastrointestinal disorder. In some cases, severe aerophagia causes massive bowel distention and leads to volvulus, ileus, and even intestinal necrosis and perforation. A 10-year-old intellectually disabled boy was referred to our unit due to severe abdominal distention, bilious vomiting, no passage of feces and flatus during the previous 3 days. He had experienced episodes of severe abdominal distention and flatulence over the past 2-3 years. In the exploratory laparotomy, two old colonic perforations were found. Splenic flexura resection and diverting colostomy were performed. Rectal biopsy showed ganglionic architecture. During the fifth postoperative month, he was admitted to the emergency unit with severe abdominal distention. During this visit, we observed him swallowing air. For this reason, his primary illness was diagnosed as a pathologic aerophagia. The colostomy was closed 11 months following the first operation. His parents did not accept gastrostomy as a desufflator. For this reason, they were taught nasogastric tube installation for gastric distention. Briefly, if abdominal distention increases during the course of the day and increased flatus is observed during sleep, aerophagia could be the primary pathology. If aerophagia could cause complications, gastrostomy should be applied. If the parents refuse gastrostomy, the parents could perform nasogastric tube drainage.     

Observational study of children with aerophagia

Aerophagia is a rare disorder in children. The diagnosis is often delayed, especially when it occurs concomitantly with constipation. The aim of this report is to increase awareness about aerophagia. This study describes 2 girls and 7 boys, 2 to 10.4 years of age, with functional constipation and gaseous abdominal distention. The abdomen was visibly distended, nontender, and tympanitic in all. Documenting less distention on awakening helped to make the diagnosis. Air swallowing, belching, and flatulence were infrequently reported. The rectal examination often revealed a dilated rectal ampulla filled with gas or stool and gas. The abdominal X-ray showed gaseous distention of the colon in all and of the stomach and small bowel in 8 children. Treatment consisted of educating parents and children about air sucking and swallowing, encouraging the children to stop the excessive air swallowing, and suggesting to them not to use drinking straws and not to drink carbonated beverages. The aerophagia resolved in all in 2 to 20 months (mean=8 months).     

小儿胃肠功能衰竭的早期诊断和预后

目的 探讨胃肠功能衰竭的早期临床特点和预后。方法 回顾分析５３例胃肠衰竭者的临床资料。结果 小儿胃肠衰竭的发生率为２．６８％,早期症状可为单纯腹胀、大便潜血强阳性、腹胀并大便潜血强阳性和明显上消化道出血;而肠鸣音可亢进、减弱、消失,甚至正常。胃肠衰竭小儿平均伴有器官衰竭的数目为１．８３个,病死率为６０．４％,且死亡者较存活者的血糖高、肾功能差、心肌酶高,酸中毒严重。结论 胃肠衰竭小儿早期诊断困难,     

Gastrointestinal perforation in very low-birthweight infants

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous isolated gastrointestinal perforation (SIP) in very low-birthweight infants has been reported as a different disease entity from necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence and risk factors of NEC and SIP. METHODS: The authors reviewed the medical records of very low-birthweight infants who were admitted to Toho University Perinatal Center, Tokyo, Japan, between 1 January 1991 and 31 December 2002. The diagnosis of NEC was made with the finding of bloody gastric fluid or stool, abdominal distention, and abnormal abdominal X-ray findings such as pneumatosis intestinalis or fixed dilated intestinal loops. SIP was defined at laparotomy as the presence of an isolated gastrointestinal perforation surrounded by normal appearing bowel. RESULTS: A total of 556 very low-birthweight infants were included in this study. Of those, 15 infants were excluded because of major anomalies. Out of 541 infants, 14 were diagnosed to have NEC or gastrointestinal perforation. In total, 13 infants had gastrointestinal perforation and 10 were confirmed as SIP. Two SIP suggestive cases were included in SIP cases. There was only one case of NEC (0.2%) during 12 years in the authors' institute. Eight SIP cases had antenatal nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). The treatment with antenatal NSAID was significantly associated with the incidence of SIP (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The authors experienced only one proven case of NEC (0.2%), 12 cases of SIP (2.2%) among 556 very low-birthweight infants admitted during 12 years. Antenatal NSAID were strongly associated with SIP.     

Spectrum of digestive tract diseases 1985-1987 at the Pediatric Gastroenterology Outpatient Clinic of Dr. Pirngadi General Hospital, Medan

A retrospective study has been done on infants and children attending to the Pediatric Gastroenterology Outpatient Clinic of Dr. Pirngadi General Hospital in Medan, from 1985 through 1987. During the study there were 874 patients, 477 (54.58%) suffered from diarrhea, 209 (23.91%) had bloody stool, 20 (2.99%) jaundice, 57 (6.52%) abdominal pain, 48 (5.49%) abdominal distention, 30 (3.43%) vomiting, 13 (1.49%) constipation, and 20 (2.29%) others. Of all cases with diarrhoea, watery diarrhoea were found in only 319 (66.88%), diarrhoea with vomiting 84 (17.61%), and bloody diarrhoea 74 (15.51%). Stool examination in patients with diarrhoea revealed 144 (30.19%) cases with Candida albicans, while 16 (3.35%) of them with steatorrhoea. Of 63 patients with diarrhoea on which the clinitest had been performed, sugar intolerance were found in 30 (47.62%) cases.     

Aetiology of recurrent abdominal pain in a cohort of Sri Lankan children

Aims:   Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) has a multifactorial aetiology with many affected children having no evidence of organic pathology. This study assessed the functional and organic causes for RAP in a cohort of Sri Lankan children.
Methods:   Fifty-five Sri Lankan children (45.5% males, aged 5–15 years) having RAP were screened for organic diseases. RAP was defined using Apley criteria. Children without clinical or laboratory evidence of organic diseases were classified into functional gastrointestinal diseases (FGD) using Rome II and III criteria. Thirty-nine patients with functional RAP and 20 healthy children (50% males, age 5–15 years) from same area were tested for Helicobacter pylori using a stool antigen test.
Results:   Thirteen (23.6%) children had organic RAP. According to Rome II, 33 (60%), and according to Rome III, 39 (71%) (functional abdominal pain 19, irritable bowel syndrome nine, functional dyspepsia nine, abdominal migraine one, aerophagia one) children had FGD. Two (5.1%) patients and one (5%) control tested were positive for Helicobacter pylori ( P  > 0.05). Except for constipation, pain characteristics and associated symptoms were not significantly different between organic and functional RAP.
Conclusions:   Organic pathology accounted for symptoms in less than a quarter of Sri Lankan children with RAP. The majority had functional bowel diseases, of which the commonest was functional abdominal pain. Rome III criteria were more effective than Rome II criteria in identifying FGD. Helicobacter pylori infection did not appear to be associated with RAP.     

Functional gastrointestinal disorders in African American children in primary care

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) in a primary care setting and to assess the usefulness of pediatric Rome criteria. METHODS: The Questionnaire on Pediatric Gastrointestinal Symptoms (QPGS) assessing the pediatric Rome criteria was administered to 243 school-age children visiting a general pediatric clinic for annual school physicals. Pearson chi statistics were used to determine the association of various demographic factors with FGIDs. RESULTS: All children were African American, 47.7% were girls, and the mean +/- standard deviation age of the group was 10.7 +/- 3.9 years. QPGS detected 52 children (21.4%) with FGID. Diagnoses included aerophagia (6), abdominal migraine (1), cyclic vomiting syndrome (2), functional dyspepsia (2), functional abdominal pain syndrome (1), functional constipation (39) and functional fecal retention (1). Thorough clinical evaluation identified 47 (19.3%) children with FGIDs. Five of the children (2.1%) identified as having FGID on QPGS were felt not to have FGID by the examining physician. Children with FGIDs were not different from healthy children in age, insurance, parent's education, employment or number of children in the family. FGIDs were more common in girls (29/47 girls, P = 0.028). Children with FGIDs tended to live in single-parent households and miss school more often than children without FGIDs (P = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS: Functional gastrointestinal disorders are common among African American children and adolescents in a primary care setting and predominantly affect girls. Symptom-based criteria are useful in the diagnosis of pediatric FGIDs.     

先天性肠旋转不良84例

目的探讨先天性肠旋转不良的临床特点、诊治及转归。方法回顾性分析1993年1月-2010年12月本院收治的先天性肠旋转不良84例病例资料。84例均为小于3个月龄婴儿,均经手术或影像学检查证实为肠旋转不良。76例(90.5%)出现间歇性呕吐,69例(82.1%)有间歇性胆汁性呕吐,11例(13.1%)出现便血。63例行B超检查,阳性率为76.2%。51例次行上消化道造影或钡灌肠,总阳性率为98.0%。82例(97.6%)行Ladd’s手术治疗。结果先天性肠旋转不良术中发现肠扭转52例(63.4%);10例有肠管坏死、肠穿孔,6例有血便,严重肠坏死6例,2例死亡,4例术中放弃治疗。术中发现腹腔渗液22例,有乳糜样渗出4例,伴发消化道畸形22例。有肠坏死的患儿临床表现多伴便血、腹胀或发病时间长。结论间歇性胆汁性呕吐为肠旋转不良的主要表现,便血常预示肠扭转甚至肠坏死发生,需及时手术。B超对于患儿早期诊断有重要价值,消化道造影检出阳性率较高。并肠坏死、肠穿孔者病情危重,部分患儿预后不良。先天性肠旋转不良发现症状后早期诊断、手术治疗效果良好。     

2009-2010年南京地区5岁以下儿童轮状病毒性腹泻临床特点及分子流行病学研究

目的 了解2009年7月-2010年6月南京地区轮状病毒性腹泻的流行病学情况及病毒的血清及基因分型特点,为轮状病毒感染性腹泻的防治提供科学依据.方法 收集2009年7月-2010年6月本科随机留取水样泻患儿粪便标本300份,标本采集后立即保存于- 20℃冰箱,集中进行病毒检测和数据分析.使用ELISA法检测A组人类轮状病毒(HRV),应用Trizol法提取HRV RNA,反转录合成病毒cDNA,采用巢式反转录PCR法对HRV标本进行G血清型和P基因型分型.结果 300份患儿粪便标本中113份标本检测出A组HRV,阳性率为37.67％.G血清型最常见的为G3型[44份(38.94％)],其次为G2型[10份(8.85％)],G1型、G2+G3型各2份(1.77％),G9型1份(0.88％),未能分型54份(47.79％);P基因型最常见的为P[8]型[38份(33.63％)],其次为P[4]型[19份(16.81％)],未能分型56份(49.56％),未发现P[6]、P[9]、P[10]型.G血清型和P基因型组合以G3P[8]为主(18/113例,15.93％).南京地区HRV腹泻季节高峰在10月份-次年1月份,95.58％的腹泻儿童在2岁以前感染过HRV,HRV组发热率、腹泻次数、出现呕吐和脱水症状的概率与HRV阴性组比较差异均有统计学意义(Pa＜0.05).结论 HRV是引起南京地区婴幼儿水样泻的最主要的病原体,以G3P[8]为主要优势株.